The theme of ren nei yi wai (rnyw) 仁內義外 in the Mencius has been crucial for the understanding of traditional Confucian/Mencian xin-xing theory. However, contemporary studies inspired by new discoveries in the Guo Dian Chu Jian and/or Western analytical tradition pose challenges to the conventional understanding of rnyw and/or xin-xing. Despite their innovativeness, these discoveries and/or interpretations appear to be divorced from the original text. Through a contextual review of both those relevant studies and the debate of rnyw/xin-xing in the (...) original (con)text, this study uncovers a hitherto neglected ‘inclusive methodology’ in Mencius’ philosophy. Mencius’ inclusive vision provides invaluable insights into a means of not only creatively reading the Mencius in close connection with the original text, but also fostering an effective comparative study between Chinese and Western cultures/philosophies. (shrink)