I discuss a short string of five sentences in Metaphysics V.5, 1015b6-9 relating demonstration to necessity. My proposal is that Aristotle focuses his attention on the demonstration as a demonstration. Other interpretations reduce the necessity in question to the modality of the component sentences of the demonstrations (the conclusion and the premises). My view does not deny that the modality of the component sentences is important, but takes seriously the idea that a demonstration itself should be understood as necessary—as not (...) capable of being otherwise. A demonstration cannot be different from what it is in the sense that [i] its components cannot be different from what they are, [ii] its components must be related to each other exactly in the way they are related. Demonstrations aim at the fully appropriate explanation of a given explanandum—and each demonstration is individuated by the explanandum it takes. Thus, the basic idea is that, for the target explanandum that individuates a given demonstration, the premises delivering the fully appropriate explanation cannot be replaces with different ones. I show how this proposal, which explains Aristotle’s language in 1015b6-9 accurately, does not make demonstrations ‘melt down into conditional necessity’, first, because the modality of the component sentences is still importantly involved, second, because the explanatory relation expressed in a demonstration is a necessary fact in the real world, so that the demonstration itself is also necessary (in the way I have explained) inasmuch as it captures that fact. (shrink)

Buku ini merupakan adaptasi tesis yang disusun penulis selama menempuh pendidikan S2 atau Program Magister di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Mungkin sebagian pembaca asing dengan istilah Inkar As-Sunnah, tetapi tidak bagi sebagian pembaca lainnya. Inkar As-Sunnah merupakan salah satu golongan dalam Islam yang berusaha menolak otoritas As-Sunnah terlebih bila otoritas itu disetarakan dengan Al-Quran. Golongan ini juga dikenal dengan istilah Quraniyun, yaitu mereka yang hanya percaya bahwa otoritas tertinggi adalah Al-Quran. Al-Quran wahyu mutlak dari Tuhan dan wahyu (...) satu-satunya, tidak membutuhkan otoritas lain bernama As-Sunnah. Melalui buku ini, penulis berusaha menjelaskan bagaimana alur pikir Inkar As-Sunnah dari kerangka filsafat khususnya epistemologi. Selama ini yang terjadi adalah adanya anggapan sinis dan tuduhan terhadap golongan Inkar As-Sunnah tanpa mengetahui terlebih dahulu landasan berpikir mereka. Alih-alih melakukan penghakiman, penulis berusaha membongkar secara objektif bagaimana pemikiran Inkar As-Sunnah terkait sumber pengetahuan yang otoritatif dengan menyoroti pemikiran ketiga tokohnya: Rashad Khalifa, Edip Yuksel dan Sam Gerrans. (shrink)

Through the explorations of excellent scholars, this book provides a new understanding of Plato's _Theaetetus_, an absolute masterpiece which contains fundamental insights – about the nature of human cognition, perception, rationality – which are still at the centre of the contemporary debate.

Como dijo Ramón y Cajal, “mientras el cerebro continúe siendo un misterio, el universo también lo será”. El mejor ejemplo de esto son las emociones involucradas en la toma de decisiones, en donde aún no existe un consenso sobre cómo definirlas desde un punto de vista neurológico y teórico correlacionados. Se sabe que las emociones permiten dar significado a hechos y eventos; que son estados cerebrales desde donde la persona hace planes de acción y toma distintas decisiones, pero no todos (...) los autores están de acuerdo en que puedan ser explicadas únicamente como cambios físicos o marcadores somáticos: tensión muscular, frecuencia cardíaca o temperatura corporal. También ocurren cambios en el cerebro en términos de neurotransmisores, pero aún se desconocen los detalles de algunos de estos procesos emergentes. Por eso se consideró una revisión sistemática de los trabajos de los especialistas y una interpretación desde la neuroética fundamental como disciplina filosófica —como filosofía del cerebro— que hace posible la habilitación de un andamiaje teórico conceptual capaz de explicar y comprender algunos de los correlatos neurales asociados a la toma racional y no racional de las decisiones, y la aspiración de explicaciones teóricas subyacentes. (shrink)

In placing education at the centre, as The Main Enterprise of the World, Philip Kitcher has undertaken a monumental task. He has come to the field of philosophy of education captivated by the importance of its substantive preoccupations for the advancement of democratic aims. Accordingly, his book argues that the most salient obstruction to preparing citizens who will contribute to society is the seeming irreconcilability of the demands of industry, on the one hand, and of students’ personal growth, on the (...) other. In spite of his desire to accommodate diverse accounts of the human good, and his recognition of the formative role of culture, broadly conceived, there are strains in his account of human fulfilment deriving from the disjunction of the self and others. It is not evident, on his Deweyan onto-epistemology, that there is adequate attention to the imprint on an individual, and on the beliefs they come to form, of proximal social groups. The nature of the balance between ‘in-group’ and ‘out-group’ influences, between those that are near and those that are far, can profoundly affect the plausibility of Kitcher's account of a socially based sense of fulfilment. (shrink)

This research was conducted on the basis of research references from Microsoft Indonesia regarding the adoption of artificial intelligence in Indonesia which obtained research results that there were 14% of employees and leaders of technology-based companies in Indonesia who were still skeptical of the adoption of artificial intelligence. This study aims to provide a theoretical overview from the point of view of the philosophy of communication science in responding to considerations about the good and bad 'doubt' or skepticism of 14% (...) of employees and company leaders towards the adoption of the Artificial Intelligence platform by Microsoft companies in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative method using a literature study approach. The reference books in the form of books that are the primary sources in this research are books entitled Aristotle Physic Book VIII and the book Philosophy of Communication Studies: Introduction to Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology. The results show that from the point of view of the philosophy of science, the essence of AI is a tool or means as well as a machine that is created with components that resemble and play a role as if the mind is capable of creating or creating like humans. AI is made human as a co-creator which in principle remains limited and will never be perfect 'in se' so it is appropriate that a tone of skepticism accompanies it. (shrink)

En este artículo se debaten tres aspectos del concepto de la moral: el primero se refiere a la puesta en duda de la existencia misma, no sólo del concepto sino de la posible o imposible fundamentación de lo moral per se. En segundo lugar, la positivización del término llevado a lo normativo como una búsqueda de objetividad de lo moral y, el tercer aspecto, la crítica a la moral imperativa desde posturas dogmáticas. Se defiende que no es suficiente la perfectibilidad (...) de las leyes desde un punto de vista de la moralidad, sino que existe lo que podríamos llamar un fundamento personal, y al mismo tiempo, colectivo de comprensión del Derecho; entendido como el bienestar individual y colectivo para la realización de una vida plena en la polis. La moralidad, por tanto, si bien no es posible definirla en modo explicativo, racional, necesita de una base en valores compartidos con aspiraciones objetivistas y, al mismo tiempo, universalistas. (shrink)