Abstract
The article is devoted to an objective assessment of the role of Sabina Spielrein – one
of the Russian pioneers of psychoanalysis – in the forming of theoretical basis of analytical
psychology. A bibliographic review precedes the main part, in order to show the prevailing
bias towards the consideration of personal life and the subjective features of Spielrein’s creativity, and not her ideas. In the first part the author briefly considers Spielrein’s contribution
to the empirical justification and further development of the complex theory and shows how
her ideas are related to Jung's representations on the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the
psyche as a result of complex building-up and about the psychogenesis of schizophrenia.
In particular, it is noted that Spielrein is the first one who clearly formulate a hypothesis,
according to which our psyche a priori does not constitute anything integral, but is a combination of many complexes. In the second part the author focuses on the concept of speciespsyche, which anticipates the concept of collective unconscious. He draws parallels between
the ideas of Spielrein and Jung on the role of collective unconscious contents of the psyche in
shaping the individual's current psychic experience. In particular, the author focuses on the
idea that every experience is always both conscious and unconscious, and if it does not superimpose the entire history of similar experiences inherited from the ancestors then it does not
reach the needed level of intensity. In the same part the author points out three factors that
do not allow us to assert with complete confidence that the concept of species-psyche is the
exclusive merit of Spielrein, even though she published her ideas before Jung. The third part
gives an assessment of the contribution of Spielrein to the development of Jung’s and Freud’s
views on the destruction. The author points out the two main sources of Spielrein’s reflection
on the destruction nature. The first is the ideas of the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov
concerning the instinct of normal death. The second is Jung's ideas about the ambivalent
nature of the libido. The author also demonstrates the close connection between the notion of
species-psyche and the concept of destruction. Then a distinction is made between the simple
static instinct of self-preservation and the ambivalent dynamic instinct of preservation
of the species. In addition, the author compares Spielrein’s and Jung’s views on the essence
of the destruction with the views of Freud. For this purpose a distinction is made between the
death instinct as a positive drive for transformation through the destruction and the death
instinct as the drive to completely destruction or stop of all processes.
Дается оценка роли С.Н. Шпильрейн в формировании теоретического базиса аналитической психологии. Демонстрируется значимость ее научного вклада в развитие представлений К.Г. Юнга о комплексе, фило- и онтогенезе психики, психогенезе шизофрении, коллективном бессознательном и деструкции. Особый акцент делается на последние два момента. Кроме того, выявляются некоторые различия в понимании сущности феномена деструкции С.Н. Шпильрейн, К.Г. Юнгом и З. Фрейдом.