"The location of the author’s investigations, the body itself rather than the sphere of subjective representations of self and of function in cultures, is wholly new.... I believe this work will be a landmark in future feminist thinking." —Alphonso Lingis "This is a text of rare erudition and intellectual force. It will not only introduce feminists to an enriching set of theoretical perspectives but sets a high critical standard for feminist dialogues on the status of the body." —Judith Butler Volatile (...) Bodies demonstrates that the sexually specific body is socially constructed: biology or nature is not opposed to or in conflict with culture. Human biology is inherently social and has no pure or natural "origin" outside of culture. Being the raw material of social and cultural organization, it is "incomplete" and thus subject to the endless rewriting and social inscription that constitute all sign systems. Examining the theories of Freud, Lacan, Merleau-Ponty, Foucault, Deleuze, Derrida, etc. on the subject of the body, Elizabeth Grosz concludes that the body they theorize is male. These thinkers are not providing an account of "human" corporeality but of male corporeality. Grosz then turns to corporeal experiences unique to women—menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, menopause. Her examination of female experience lays the groundwork for developing theories of sexed corporeality rather than merely rectifying flawed models of male theorists. (shrink)

The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, Husserl's last great work, is important both for its content and for the influence it has had on other philosophers. In this book, which remained unfinished at his death, Husserl attempts to forge a union between phenomenology and existentialism. Husserl provides not only a history of philosophy but a philosophy of history. As he says in Part I, "The genuine spiritual struggles of European humanity as such take the form of struggles between (...) the philosophies, that is, between the skeptical philosophies--or nonphilosophies, which retain the word but not the task--and the actual and still vital philosophies. But the vitality of the latter consists in the fact that they are struggling for their true and genuine meaning and thus for the meaning of a genuine humanity.". (shrink)

Indispensable for students of Beauvoir’s philosophy and existentialism, Vintges’s book will prove valuable as well in courses on ethics, postmodernism, and feminist theory." —Ethics "... a highly informative book." —Teaching ...

The aim of this paper is to show that Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex has been mistakenly interpreted as a theory of gender, because interpreters have failed adequately to understand Beauvoir's aims. Beauvoir is not trying to explain facts, events, or states of affairs, but to reveal, unveil, or uncover (découvrir) meanings. She explicates the meanings of woman, female, and feminine. Instead of a theory, Beauvoir's book presents a phenomenological description of the sexual difference.

This series presents issues which are central to 20th-century European thought, but unfamiliar to students of Anglo-American philosophy. In this book the author traces the development of the concept of situation through the work of Gabriel Marcel, Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty.

This paper problematizes the analogy that Hubert Dreyfus has presented between phenomenology and cognitive science. It argues that Dreyfus presents Merleau-Ponty''s modification of Husserl''s phenomenology in a misleading way. He ignores the idea of philosophy as a radical interrogation and self-responsibility that stems from Husserl''s work and recurs in Merleau-Ponty''s Phenomenology of Perception. The paper focuses on Merleau-Ponty''s understanding of the phenomenological reduction. It shows that his critical idea was not to restrict the scope of Husserl''s reductions but to study (...) the conditions of possibility for the thetic acts. Merleau-Ponty argued, following Husserl''s texts, that the thetic acts rest on the basis of primordial pre-thetic experience. This layer of experience cannot, by its nature, be explicated or clarified, but it can be questioned and unveiled. This is the recurrent task of phenomenological philosophy, as Merleau-Ponty understands it. (shrink)

: Shannon Sullivan's critique of Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is based on the argument that, due to his concept of the "anonymous body," his theory of intersubjectivity omits the particularities of bodies, such as gender. I argue that Merleau-Ponty's "anonymous body" (le corps phénoménal) is not in fact "neutral" as Sullivan suggests, and moreover that he does not ignore differences but rather provides us with the idea of difference as a process of differentiation. Additionally, I argue that Sullivan's concept of (...) "hypothetical construction," which is introduced as an alternative to Merleau-Ponty, turns out to be a conscious construction, not reflecting upon its very conditions. Thus, Sullivan's account fails by presupposing what in fact needs to be explained: the particularities. (shrink)

Using newly available documentary evidence in diaries and letters, the authors present a startling new view of one of the legenday sexual and intellectual partnerships of the 20th century--the relationship between the matriarch of modern feminism and and father of existentialism.

Husserl und die transzendentale Intersubjektivität analyses the transcendental relevance of intersubjectivity, and argues that an intersubjective transformation of transcendental philosophy can already be found in phenomenology, especially in Husserl. Husserl eventually came to believe that an analysis of transcendental subjectivity was a conditio sine qua non for a phenomenological philosophy. Drawing on both published and unpublished manuscripts the book examines his reasons for this conviction and delivers a detailed analysis of his radical and complex concept of intersubjectivity, showing that precisely (...) his reflections on transcendental intersubjectivity are capable of clarifying his phenomenological core-concepts, thus making possible a new understanding of his philosophy. Against this background the book then attempts to establish to what extent the phenomenological approach to intersubjectivity can contribute to the current discussions of intersubjectivity. This is achieved through a systematic confrontation with the language-pragmatical positions of Apel and Habermas. Die Abhandlung untersucht die transzendentale Relevanz der Intersubjektivität und zeigt, daß eine intersubjektive Transformation der Transzendentalphilosophie schon innerhalb der Phänomenologie - besonders der Husserlschen - zu finden ist. Husserl gelangte zu der Auffassung, daß eine Analyse und Einbeziehung der transzendentalen Intersubjektivität als conditio sine qua non für eine phänomenologische Philosophie zu betrachten sei. Die Gründe, die Husserl zu dieser Überzeugung führten, werden herausgearbeitet. Dabei weist die Analyse des radikalen und komplexen Begriffs der Intersubjektivität auf, daß erst seine Überlegungen zur transzendentalen Intersubjektivität viele phänomenologische Grundbegriffe ins rechte Licht stellen können und darüber hinaus ein neues Grundverständnis seiner Phänomenologie ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Frage, inwieweit die Phänomenologie zur gegenwärtigen Intersubjektivitätsdiskussion beitragen kann, durch eine systematische Auseinandersetzung mit der sprachpragmatischen Intersubjektivitätstheorie von Apel und Habermas beantwortet. (shrink)

Edition de 150 pages manuscrites laissées par Merleau-Ponty à sa mort et devant constituer les premiers chapitres d'un grand ouvrage intitulé "Le visible et l'invisible". Elles devaient introduire à un nouveau départ pour la pensée philosophique, les concepts fondamentaux de la philosophie moderne étant considérés comme des postulats résultant eux-mêmes déjà d'une interprétation singulière du monde. Le dernier tiers du volume rassemble des notes de travail, éparses, rédigées en vue de l'oeuvre, et qui peuvent en éclairer le sens. Une substantielle (...) postface de Claude Lefort cherche à dégager le sens qu'aurait eu "Le visible et l'invisible" dans le parcours, interrompu. (shrink)

"Dans l'œuvre d'art ou dans la théorie comme dans la chose sensible, le sens est inséparable du signe. L'expression, donc, n'est jamais achevée. La plus haute raison voisine avec la déraison. "Cette tension essentielle ainsi formulée par l'auteur sous-tend l'ensemble des essais réunis ici sous trois grandes perspectives : celle de l'art, celle de la philosophie et celle de la politique. L'étude consacrée à Cézanne comme celle qui analyse le cinéma du point de vue de la psychologie moderne s'attachent l'une (...) et l'autre à montrer la démarche créatrice cherchant sans cesse, face à "l'énigme du monde", quelles réponses nouvelles apporter à l'interrogation humaine. L'examen de l'existentialisme permet de clarifier les positions adoptées, dès la fin de la Seconde Guerre, par rapport à Hegel et à Marx, ainsi que de maintenir une réflexion politique et critique, en dépit de la débâcle prévue du communisme, sans retomber dans les séductions d'une "fin de l'histoire". C'est pourquoi, très courageusement, l'auteur entreprend, sous le titre "La guerre a eu lieu", un bilan général des années de guerre et d'immédiate après-guerre qui fait aujourd'hui écho à la conférence de Camus, "La crise de l'homme". Outre sa valeur historique, qui permet d'établir une sorte d'état des lieux des années 1944-1948 en France, ce recueil confirme toute l'ampleur et la richesse des intérêts et des problématiques qui caractérisent la pensée d'un auteur qu'on peut ainsi redécouvrir. -- Back cover. (shrink)

If one interprets transcendental subjectivity as an isolated ego and in the spirit of the Kantian tradition ignores the whole task of establishing a transcendental community of subjects, then every chance of reaching a transcendental self- and world-knowledge is lost. Krisis (Ergänzung), 120.

____Ethics of Eros__ sheds light on contemporary feminist discourse by questioning the basic distinctions and categories in feminist theory. Tina Chanter uses the work of Luce Irigaray as the focus for a critique of French and Anglo-American feminism as it is articulated in the debate over essentialism. While these two branches of feminism represent opposing views, Chanter advocates a productive exchange between the two.

Challenges Beauvoir's self-portrait and argues that she was a philosopher in her own right.

This dissertation is meant as a call for philosophers to turn, and feminists to return, to Simone de Beauvoir's landmark tome The Second Sex. My central claim is that in this book Beauvoir establishes her own genuinely original kink in the history of philosophy by discovering a way to appropriate the tradition that is grounded in questions about her being a woman. I argue that Beauvoir's discovery provides a model for a way to think philosophically about sex difference that dispels (...) the air of self-contradiction hovering around the idea of "feminist philosophy." I further argue that Beauvoir's using her own identity as a touchstone as well as an object of investigation in her appropriation of the philosophical tradition demonstrates a surprising faithfulness to the tradition and hence opens up new vistas of possibility for the discipline. ;Specifically, I focus on Beauvoir's appropriations in The Second Sex of Descartes and Hegel. The substantial "Introduction" to The Second Sex, I claim, is to be seen as a rewriting of Descartes' first and second Meditations, during the course of which the supposedly gender-neutral question "What is a man?"--posed by Descartes directly after the famous discovery of the cogito in Meditation II--is displaced by Beauvoir's decidedly gender-specific question "What is a woman?" ;Beauvoir's attempts to come to terms with this fact issue, I claim, in her finding a way to account for her long-standing interest in the master-slave dialectic of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. I prepare for describing this account by considering, first, the appropriation of the dialectic in the early work of Jean-Paul Sartre, Beauvoir's life-long companion. While Beauvoir is ordinarily regarded as having simply transplanted the interpretation of Hegel's concept of the "other" found in Being and Nothingness into The Second Sex, I find that it is precisely here that her independence from Sartre is most dramatic. It is central to my view of Beauvoir philosophically and historically to specify my differences on this point--differences that stem from the way I read her relationship to Descartes and to Hegel--even from those scholars who recognize Beauvoir's originality, including Michele Le Doeuff, Eva Lundgren-Gothlin, Toril Moi, and Debra Bergoffen. Specifically, I characterize Sartre as committed to philosophizing at a certain level of abstraction and engaging in a particular form of fault-finding that exemplifies a limited, however common, mode of philosophical inheritance pointedly abjured by Beauvoir in The Second Sex. I also chronicle Beauvoir's pre-Second Sex attempts to express her interest in the dialectic and demonstrate that what is missing at this early stage is not a sense of the possibilities latent in Hegel's thinking but the productive terms in which to express these possibilities. Finally, I show how Beauvoir's coming to take her identity as a woman seriously, as something that can serve as the object of a philosophical investigation, opens up a way of understanding Hegel's depiction of the figures of master and slave that exposes the stake both men and women have in exploiting sex difference so as to avoid experiencing a sense of metaphysical isolation--of, this means, avoiding the starting point both of genuinely reciprocal recognition and of modern philosophy. (shrink)

Shannon Sullivan's critique of Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is based on the argument that, due to his concept of the “anonymous body,” his theory of intersubjectivity omits the particularities of bodies, such as gender. I argue that Merleau-Ponty's “anonymous body” is not in fact “neutral” as Sullivan suggests, and moreover that he does not ignore differences but rather provides us with the idea of difference as a process of differentiation. Additionally, I argue that Sullivan's concept of “hypothetical construction,” which is (...) introduced as an alternative to Merleau-Ponty, turns out to be a conscious construction, not reflecting upon its very conditions. Thus, Sullivan's account fails by presupposing what in fact needs to be explained: the particularities. (shrink)

Reproduit quatre conférences faites en 1946 et 1947 sous ce titre au Collège de philosophie, et interroge la notion de temps comme limitation même de l'être fini ou comme relation de l'être fini à Dieu (Electre).

After the success of the hardback, students and academics will welcome the publication of this book in paperback. The aim of the book is to explore the connection between two perspectives that have had a profound effect upon contemporary thought: post–modernism and feminism. Through bringing together and systematically analysing the relations between these, Hekman is able to make a major intervention into current debates in social theory and philosophy. The critique of Enlightenment knowledge, she argues, is at the core of (...) both post–modernism and feminism. Each also offers a basis for critical reflections about the other. In particular, post–modern philosophy provides a means of criticizing aspects of contemporary feminism and thus contributing to the development of a more sophisticated approach to current feminist issues. (shrink)