Against the ideology of conflict in which uncompromising violence is the winning attribute in the contest for political supremacy and superiority, Plato seeks to balance the oppositions of masculinity and femininity evenly in the single soul, to rethink manliness and allow it to be a disposition developed out of gentleness as well as spiritedness, and allowing men to draw on feminine characteristics to construct a new ideal of human nature. Socrates, we have seen, argues that guardian natures must be both (...) gentle and spirited, and that a harmonious tension between these traits is conducive to the good of the soul and the city. There is no equivalent re-evaluation of womanliness however, no interest in re-evaluating the female role in the generation of children, and no interest in re-assessing the ontological dependencies of form and matter and their relation to reproduction and identity. Plato complicates and allows variations within the logic of gender relations which privilege the male as ideal, but these moves could not remove that structural inequality. Meanwhile, real women continue to be born withsexed bodies on whichgendered meanings are already inscribed (in a variety of different ways as deformed, inchoate, and lacking specificity), providing the ground and matter on which a creative principle gets to work and produces children, ideas and meanings.Ultimately, reason is master of the self in service of which spirit and gentleness are employed, and the inclusion of feminine gentleness into that service is no threat to the dominance of patriarchal hierarchy; both conceptually and empirically, woman and women remain source and resource for the patriarchal order. Reforming gender roles and abolishing the patrilinear genealogy is Plato's well-intentioned aim, but his failure to achieve this is inevitable, I have argued, as long as a specific identity for woman remains untheorised and a maternal genealogy unrecognized. Unless the ideal human being is re-conceptualised, giving a specific identity and value to the different morphologies of male and female humans, ignoring gender will never allow women an equivalentvalue: for, if women may be queens, this necessarily makes men their kings in the ideal republic. (shrink)

La mètis des Grecs - ou intelligence de la ruse - s'exerçait sur des plans très divers mais toujours à des fins pratiques : savoir-faire de l'artisan, habileté du sophiste, prudence du politique ou art de pilote dirigeant son navire. La mètis impliquait ainsi une série d'attitudes mentales combinant le flair, la sagacité, la débrouillardise... Multiple et polymorphe, elle s'appliquait à des réalités mouvantes qui ne se prêtent ni à la mesure précise ni au raisonnement rigoureux. Engagée dans le devenir (...) et l'action, cette forme d'intelligence a été, à partir du Vème siècle, refoulée dans l'ombre par les philosophes. Au nom d'une métaphysique de l'être et de l'immuable, le savoir conjectural et la connaissance oblique des habiles et des prudents furent rejetés du côté du non-savoir. Reconnaître le champ de la mètis, ses marques " en creux " aux différents niveaux de pratique et de pensée de la société grecque - de la chasse à la médecine, de la pêche à la rhétorique - c'est, pour les auteurs de ce livre, réhabiliter une " catégorie " que les héllénistes modernes ont largement méconnue. (shrink)

This is a timely re-appraisal of feminist political thinkers and their male contemporaries, providing a re-evaluation of feminist humanism.