Over recent decades, several global tech giants have gained enormous power while at the same time generating various disputes with their end-users, local governments, and regulators. We propose that the Jewish concept of covenant can help the above parties, legal scholars, and wider society, in addressing this complex legal reality. We present the challenge of disequilibrium between the above four parties against the main points of conflict: the requirement of customer consent; clear contractual provisions upon entry; options for reasonable customer (...) exit; limitations on the platform’s ability to exercise unilateral termination; profile-based discrimination; and liability for mere intermediation. We introduce the biblical concept of covenant, and we review its unfolding in Jewish tradition. Further, we conceptualize three main covenantal principles: (1) responsibility—God and humans are both conceived as moral agents; (2) reciprocity—God as a caring law giver, open to human appeals; and (3) reasonability—divine instruction as initially intelligible. We demonstrate how the latter principle of explainability is exercised in the biblical law narratives and how the story of Balaam stresses the significance of moral agency that cannot hide behind “mere intermediary” claims. In light of this analysis, we revisit the relationship between tech giants and tech users to demonstrate how covenantality offers novel ways to conceptualize the noted conflicts between the parties. (shrink)

The proposed paper presents an argument in favor of a Rawlsian approach to ethics for Internet technology companies (den Hoven & Rooksby, 2008; Hoffman, 2017). Ethics statements from such companies are analyzed and shown to be utilitarian and teleological in nature, and therefore in opposition to Rawls’ theories of justice and fairness. The statements are also shown to have traits in common with Confucian virtue ethics (Ames, 2011; Nylan, 2008).

Digital technologies not only to transform the social and cultural reality; they are making changes in the human nature. Therefore, it makes sense to speak about Silicon Race (SiRace). Iron men descends from the world history scene. This process is irreversible, but realizing in emerging with the prospects and the risks that accompany them, we can direct the efforts to ensure that reforging the iron men will be successful.

Silicon Valley pretende ofrecer un mundo de «soluciones» tecnológicas a problemas sociales complejos. Atentas a la desconfianza social sobre esa posibilidad, algunas empresas apuestan ahora por el metaverso, una realidad virtual en la que todo es fantasía: incluso las soluciones que promueven.

The view that phenomenally conscious robots are on the horizon often rests on a certain philosophical view about consciousness, one we call “nomological behaviorism.” The view entails that, as a matter of nomological necessity, if a robot had exactly the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as a phenomenally conscious being, then the robot would be phenomenally conscious; indeed it would have all and only the states of phenomenal consciousness that the phenomenally conscious being in question has. We experimentally (...) investigate whether the folk think that certain (hypothetical) robots made of silicon and steel would have the same conscious states as certain familiar biological beings with the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as the robots. Our findings provide evidence that the folk largely reject the view that silicon-based robots would have the sensations that they, the folk, attribute to the biological beings in question. (shrink)

The concept of artificial intelligence is not new nor is the notion that it should be granted legal protections given its influence on human activity. What is new, on a relative scale, is the notion that artificial intelligence can possess citizenship—a concept reserved only for humans, as it presupposes the idea of possessing civil duties and protections. Where there are several decades’ worth of writing on the concept of the legal status of computational artificial artefacts in the USA and elsewhere, (...) it is surprising that law makers internationally have come to a standstill to protect our silicon brainchildren. In this essay, it will be assumed that future artificial entities, such as Sophia the Robot, will be granted citizenship on an international scale. With this assumption, an analysis of rights will be made with respect to the needs of a non-biological intelligence possessing legal and civic duties akin to those possessed by humanity today. This essay does not present a full set of rights for artificial intelligence—instead, it aims to provide international jurisprudence evidence aliunde ab extra de lege lata for any future measures made to protect non-biological intelligence. (shrink)

As if 2020 were not a peculiar enough year, its fifth month has seen the relatively quiet publication of a preprint describing the most powerful Natural Language Processing (NLP) system to date, GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer-3), by Silicon Valley research firm OpenAI. Though the software implementation of GPT-3 is still in its initial Beta release phase, and its full capabilities are still unknown as of the time of this writing, it has been shown that this Artificial Intelligence can comprehend (...) prompts in natural language, on virtually any topic, and generate relevant, original text content that is indistinguishable from human writing. Moreover, access to these capabilities, in a limited yet worrisome enough extent, is available to the general public as of the time of this writing. This paper presents select examples of original content generated by the author using GPT-3. These examples illustrate some of the capabilities of GPT-3 in comprehending prompts in natural language and generating convincing content in response. We use these examples to raise specific, fundamental questions pertaining to the intellectual property of this content and the potential use of GPT-3 to facilitate plagiarism. Our goal is to instigate not just a sense of urgency, but of a present tardiness on the part of the academic community in addressing these questions. (shrink)

This case examines the rise and fall of WeWork—a company that experienced one of the most dramatic changes of fortune in technology company history. For several years, WeWork was a Silicon Valley darling, growing at breakneck speed with visionary Adam Neumann at the helm. By some estimates, Neumann’s company was worth $47 billion in January of 2019. But when the company filed paperwork in preparation for going public later that year, investors balked at the details revealed in the documents: (...) billions of dollars in losses and lots of questionable behavior on the part of Neumann (including numerous conflicts of interest involving his personal business dealings). The IPO was postponed and later withdrawn; Neumann was forced to step down as CEO; and by May of 2020 the company’s valuation had dropped to $3 billion. Exploring this recent history will provide an opportunity to ask what lessons can be drawn from the rise and fall of WeWork, and from the economic and social context that enabled its growth. (shrink)

Effective altruism has become a worldwide phenomenon. The movement combines empathy and reason in the attempt to improve the world. Adherents don’t let moral gut instincts dictate their altruistic efforts, but use evidence and reflection to do the most good they can. Effective altruism originated, and primarily grew, in strongly secular environments—such as philosophy departments or Silicon Valley. So far, a religious perspective on this movement has been lacking. What can people of faith learn from effective altruism? What may (...) they criticise? What can effective altruism in turn take from religion? This volume offers a first examination of these questions, covering various Christian as well as Jewish and Buddhist perspectives. (shrink)

Schröedinger’s question “what is life?” was a real challenge for the scientific community and this still remains as an opened question, because in spite of the important advances in various scientific branches like philosophy, biology, chemistry and physics,, each of them assesses life from its particular point of view to explain the life’ characteristic features, so not a coherent and well structured general model of life was reported. In this paper life is approached from informational perspective, starting from earlier Draganeacu's (...) philosophic concepts, showing that actually life is structured by matter and information. Therefore, it is analyzed carbon-matter properties on the basis of which the living structures are composed, giving rise not only of a considerable number of carbon-based compounds, but serving now beside silicon, as an useful material for micro/nanostructure applications. Such specific properties refers to the high ability of carbon to associate/dissociate in chemical reactions regulated/facilitated by informational (Bit unit) YES/NO bistable mechanisms to form macro/small molecules with complementary properties, reactive info-functional pathways of transduction, relaying, amplification, integration, spreading, modulation, activation and positive/negative feedback reactions, like in the informational microelectronic/microsystems circuits. It is argued that the negentropy invoked earlier in Schrödinger's analysis is a consequence of informational-assisted structuration/organization of the cell and human organism. From the analysis of inter/intra-communication mechanisms in the cell and comparing with the outcomes described by the Informational Model of Human Body, it is deduced that, the living organisms operate on the basis of three main streaming circuits assuring the living functions: (1) the metabolic matter-related circuit; (2) the operative informational circuit; (3) the epigenetic informational circuit for the gradual integration of information in the central informational structure – DNA. It is founded on these bases the Informational Model of the Living Structures, and the Informational System of the Living Structures (ISLS), with similar functions on the entire living scale size, from unitary to multicellular living structures, composed by seven informational systems, namely [CASI (center of acquisition and storing of information), CDC (center of decision and command), IRSS (info-reactive sentient system), MIS (maintenance info-system), GTS (genetic transmission system), IGG (info-genetic generator) and IC (info-connection)]ISLS, and are identified the specific functions of each of them. The living structures operate thus like self-“polarized" bipolar info-matter informational devices by means of the stand-by metabolic matter-related circuit, and react/respond to the external/internal informational stimuli, which modulate their functionality, returning an external reaction signal (“attitude"), for adaptation and survival. (shrink)

(1) This is Part 2 of the semantic theory I call TM. In Part 1, I developed TM as a theory in the analytic philosophy of language, in lexical semantics, and in the sociology of relating occasions of statement production and comprehension to formal and informal lexicographic conclusions about statements and lexical items – roughly, as showing how synchronic semantics is a sociological derivative of diachronic, person-relative acts of linguistic behavior. I included descriptions of new cognitive psychology experimental paradigms which (...) would allow us to precisely measure the two constituents of semantics – meaning and reference – both at the level of individual speech acts and at the level of societal convergences, i.e. at both the token and type levels. -/- (2) In the Introduction, I recapitulate the arguments of Part 1. The Introduction also develops some analytic philosophical and lexical semantics themes not discussed in Part 1. -/- (3) After the Introduction, I present neural TM (nTM) as a theory of the neural mechanisms and processes which give rise to these person/occasion-relative acts of linguistic behavior. I develop nTM at three levels, the first two of which describe linguistic/semantic functions independently of their cortical locations. At the first level, I describe individual word-to-word and word-to-object connections. At the second level, I describe the corresponding structuralist networks of which they are the individual components. At this level, I introduce some key linguistic concepts of TM – its graded meaning, reference, and generalization sets, and the types of statements which express various levels of word-to-word and word-to-object relationships among lexical items which, because of the constraints they impose on the use of those lexical items in statements we produce and comprehend, are concepts. This constitutes the second structural level of nTM. -/- (4) At the third level, I associate the non-localized structures of the previous levels with cortically located neural structures and with the fasciculi that connect them. I distinguish neural areas in which primary (phonetic) and secondary (orthographic) lexicons are stored in long-term memory. I also describe the embodied concepts which co-exist in the anterior temporal lobes with the images they lexicalize. These concepts are often said to name physical objects and their features, although what they in fact name are kinds of physical objects and features. I describe how conceptual constraints and referential constraints interact to channel our intentions to say how things are into statements which are semantically well-formed, and which consequently successfully communicate information. -/- (5) Following this presentation of nTM, I examine five prominent neural semantic theories. I point out what is wrong with each of them as far as their explanations of semantics are concerned, and I also indicate how nTM can replace the “semantic cores” of those theories. -/- (6) The two basic mistakes made by neuroscience semantic theories, as I will explain, are (i) that all but one of them regard semantics as a matter of the association of words with perceptual images, and of generalizations from those associations; and (ii) that they all rely on an unspecified set of neural structures which purportedly encode the meaning of concepts in abstraction from their phonological and orthographic forms. nTM maintains, in contrast, that there are no abstract neural representations of semantic content. Neural constraints on our linguistic behavior, especially on our ascriptive and co-ascriptive use of words, express the semantic constraints on those words which make them concepts. That is the semantic content of words. -/- (7) I next consider several results from neuroscience experimental data which have been given one interpretation by one or another of the standard neurosemantic theories, but to which nTM gives a different interpretation. I include several predictions which I have found neither confirmed nor disconfirmed in the experimental neuroscience literature. -/- (8) After a concluding section in which I summarize the major changes to neurosemantic theory introduced by TM, and the analytic philosophy of language and lexical semantics contexts within which TM is situated, there follows an appendix in which I discuss neural net AI, and make some recommendations for implementing nTM in silicon. (shrink)

Once known as the city of silk, Suzhou 苏州 has become the centre of wedding dress production, selling paradise on earth for one day, including copies of the last royal wedding dress, out of shops at the foot of mythic Tiger Hill. Suzhou is also the host of what is known as the Silicon Valley of the East. It has attracted millions of migrants searching for a better future; millions of tourists visit every year to experience the past, strolling (...) through the gardens and courtyards of its Old Town. The contrasts could hardly be more apparent. Slow time, and fast time, and the time of the in-between, are woven into the city’s complex spatial fabric. This is a conversation by eight authors in eight frames on a city that connects them. (shrink)

John Searle has argued that the aim of strong AI of creating a thinking computer is misguided. Searle’s Chinese Room Argument purports to show that syntax does not suffice for semantics and that computer programs as such must fail to have intrinsic intentionality. But we are not mainly interested in the program itself but rather the implementation of the program in some material. It does not follow by necessity from the fact that computer programs are defined syntactically that the implementation (...) of them cannot suffice for semantics. Perhaps our world is a world in which any implementation of the right computer program will create a system with intrinsic intentionality, in which case Searle’s Chinese Room Scenario is empirically (nomically) impossible. But, indeed, perhaps our world is a world in which Searle’s Chinese Room Scenario is empirically (nomically) possible and that the silicon basis of modern day computers are one kind of material unsuited to give you intrinsic intentionality. The metaphysical question turns out to be a question of what kind of world we are in and I argue that in this respect we do not know our modal address. The Modal Address Argument does not ensure that strong AI will succeed, but it shows that Searle’s challenge on the research program of strong AI fails in its objectives. (shrink)

DOENÇAS CAUSADAS POR ALIMENTAÇÃO INADEQUADA    Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE E-mail: [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399  INTRODUÇÃO Das muitas doenças esporádicas que podem afetar os animais, as mais frequentes afetam o aparelho digestivo ou são causadas pelo consumo de alimentos inadequados. Nas alterações que ocorrem no estômago e intestino é muito estreita a relação entre as doenças e a alimentação. Por um lado, os alimentos em más condições, sujos, ácidos, umedecidos, contaminados ou administrados (...) em excesso, causam logo lesões; igual ocorre quando muda-se bruscamente o regime alimentar ou se o animal come plantas tóxicas. Seja por uma causa ou por outra, uma vez produzida a alteração digestiva, os animais aproveitam-se do pior dos alimentos, alterando-se, como consequência, a ruminação. Com essa ingestão inadequada de alimentos inadequados e/ou contaminados ou fora do padrão nutricional, produzem-se diarreias ou constipações e inclusive o animal deixa de comer, pelo que podem ocorrer novas perturbações e confusão dos efeitos com as causas. Em outros casos, a alimentação com rações mal calculadas e deficientes em algum elemento nutritivo necessário causa, ao cabo do tempo, sintomas de carências minerais e vitamínicas, e inclusive doenças que podem ser graves. DIARRÉIA  Quando as fezes expelidas pelos animais são mais líquidas do que o normal, são alteradas ou saem mais frequentemente do que o habitual, diz-se que têm diarreia. Na verdade, é um sintoma que pode ser devido a causas muito diversas. Frequentemente são produzidas por algum alimento inadequado ou por germes infecciosos cujas toxinas alteram o intestino. Se são graves podem levar o animal à óbito, sobretudo quando o mesmo é jovem. Para evitá-las há de se tomar precauções higiênicas como as seguintes: 1. Não dar aos lactentes mais leite do que o devido; ao preparar os leites artificiais devem ser utilizadas as proporções recomendadas pela casa que vende o produto e a temperatura adequada. As amas de leite automáticas e os recipientes que tenham contido leite devem ser lavados muito bem. Os restos de leite tornam-se, ligeiramente, em um ambiente propício para o aparecimento de nichos de micróbios. 2. Não utilizar os restos alimentares que ficam nos comedouros; estes devem ser limpos de cada vez, especialmente se foram administrados alimentos úmidos ou quando se tratam da alimentação de crias. 3. Não mude bruscamente a alimentação dos animais. Os alimentos novos devem ser fornecidos em quantidades muito pequenas; depois, a ração será gradualmente aumentada, à medida que os dias passam. Esse procedimento é realizável tanto para a administração de concentrados quanto para forragens. Um bom exemplo para a administração de novos alimentos é a graduação em 10/100, ou seja, colocar 10 partes do novo alimento em 100 da usada na propriedade. E ir aumentando esse percentual conforme o tempo passa. Observe um exemplo em que foi usado o farelo com milho e soja com o fornecimento de forrageira (capim-elefante): Fornecimento de alimentos por graduação Alimento Número de dias Quantidades Milho + Soja 1 - 10 100% 10 - 20 95% 20 - 30 90% 30 - 40 85% 40 - 50 80%  Capim-elefante 1 - 10 0% 10 - 20 5% 20 - 30 10% 30 - 40 15% 40 - 50 20% Tabela 1: Fornecimento graduado de novos alimentos na alimentação animal. FONTE: SILVA, E. I. C. da., 2019. A tabela acima demonstra um exemplo prático realizado em uma propriedade que obteve êxito. Consiste na explicação do método do fornecimento graduado de novos alimentos na dieta dos animais, uma vez que o fornecimento precoce de grandes quantidades de ingestão de alimentos alternativos e novos, podem acarretar complicações no aparelho digestivo do animal. Note que o fornecimento de capim-elefante, sendo uma forrageira, é essencial para a alimentação e dieta dos animais, porém ela é fornecida gradativamente aos animais, e não é totalmente substituível do concentrado. 4. Não aproveitar alimentos mofados ou alterados por fermentações anormais. Se forem resíduos de alimentação humana, deve-se cozinhá-los previamente. 5. Assegurar-se que a água é potável e não está contaminada. 6. Assegurar que a ração contenha sempre alimentos ricos em vitamina A (protege a mucosa intestinal, entre outras coisas). Ao nascer, os animais devem tomar colostro suficiente para adquirir as células de defesa do organismo. 7. Evitar qualquer contato ou relação entre os alimentos e os excrementos, procurando manusear os alimentos longe do solo, das camas, dos estrumes, dos aterros ou das coisas que entraram em contato com tais matérias. Os animais com diarreia devem ficar sem comer durante um dia (em muitos casos, devem ser amordaçados para que se consiga tal feito) e depois dar-lhes alimentos leves que sejam bem digeridos. Mas o mais importante é que bebam água o suficiente para evitar a desidratação. Melhor que a água é o soro, ou água em que se dissolveram 8 g de sal e uma pitada de bicarbonato por litro. Para os animais lactantes com diarreia, além de lhes suprimir o leite, são dados dois litros de infusão de chá ou água morna na qual se tenham dissolvido 9 g de sal e 50 g de glucose por litro (estas quantidades podem ser pesadas na farmácia). Em seguida, o veterinário irá aconselhar, em cada caso, o medicamento mais conveniente e o zootecnista a dieta mais adequada. METEORISMO OU TIMPANISMO É o acúmulo de gases no aparelho digestivo, especialmente na pança dos ruminantes e no ceco dos equinos. Não podendo expelir os gases (que geralmente formam espuma com os líquidos digestivos), o ventre vai inchando e pode atingir um volume enorme. Se o processo é agudo, o animal se prostra e mal pode respirar, de modo que em pouco tempo pode vir à óbito.  Com exceção do inchaço da pança causado por acidentes nos ruminantes (pedaços de batata atravessados no esófago) ou por certas doenças (por exemplo, inchaço dos gânglios tuberculosos), o meteorismo deve-se à ingestão inadequada de alimentos. Geralmente, o meteorismo ou timpanismo ocorre em animais que são forçados a mudar bruscamente de alimentação, passando de um regime rico em minerais e vitaminas em uma pequena quantidade (concentrados) a outro rico em fibras (volumosos), saem ao pasto pela primeira vez em primaveras chuvosas, comem forrageiras molhadas ou quentes ou ingerem, em pouco tempo, quantidades demasiadas de capins, alfafa ou demais forrageiras.  Os animais propensos, devem ser alimentados tendo em conta tais circunstâncias e deve-se buscar a melhor forma de evitar tais problemas; assim deve-se evitar o pastoreio de leguminosas muito jovens ou com orvalho, e convém dar algum feno antes de sair ao pasto pelas manhãs. Não convém as farinhas muito moídas. Quando o meteorismo já se encontra presente e o animal está inchado, pode-se tentar solucionar o problema dando-lhe quarto a meio litro de óleo de soja com água, mas é pouco efetivo. Outros aconselham leite, aguardente, silicones etc., porém não se consegue grande êxito. Não devem ser fornecidos produtos como o amoníaco, ou derivados deste, uma vez que dão sabor à carne, caso o animal seja destinado ao matadouro. Às vezes se consegue algo colocando o animal em uma inclinação (terço anterior mais alto) e movendo uma corda sob a língua enquanto ele é pressionado no ventre com os punhos para forçar o arroto. Observe um dos métodos utilizados em uma propriedade para o combate ao meteorismo:   São muito úteis as sondas de borracha ou de plástico que entram pela boca ou pelas narinas do animal e chegam até a pança. Em muitos casos, esse método de introdução da sonda esofágica permite a saída dos gases e resolve-se o meteorismo; além disso, servem para administrar os líquidos necessários, quando os animais lactantes se negam a ingeri-los. As sondas utilizadas em bovinos e equídeos medem, normalmente, 2,25 m de comprimento e cerca de 25 mm de diâmetro; as utilizadas em ovinos têm 1,5 m e 5 mm de diâmetro, porém as dimensões, para ambas as espécies, podem variar. Alguns agricultores combatem o meteorismo lançando pela sonda vários litros de água quente. Outros utilizam certos detergentes antiespumantes ou poloxaleno numa dosagem de 10-12 g/animal/dia em casos de meteorismo grave, mas o que se aconselha é chamar o veterinário para que aconselhe sobre o tratamento adequado. Em casos mais graves, faz-se necessário o uso do trócar para puncionar a pança dos ruminantes (furo no lado esquerdo) ou o ceco dos equídeos (lado direito) pelo método de tratamento denominado trocaterização. É um instrumento semelhante a um punhal de folha cilíndrica colocada numa cânula ou bainha; crava-se o instrumento no lado esquerdo do animal (bovinos) e depois deixa-se no animal a cânula oca para que por ela possam sair os gases (também são fornecidos líquidos por essa passagem). Observe:                         CONCLUSÃO A mal administração de alimentos numa propriedade pode ocasionar diversos problemas futuros, dois mais expressivos foram tratados nesse breviário. Os alimentos oferecidos aos animais devem ser de qualidade igual aos disponíveis para os humanos. Alimentos em contato com microrganismos (bactérias, fungos, protozoários, vírus etc.) podem servir de vetores a inúmeras doenças. A diarreia é uma doença que pode ser evitada mediante programas rígidos de manejo sanitário dos alimentos, na administração essencial e não exagerada e no manejo dos animais no pasto e na ingestão de alimentos. O timpanismo ou meteorismo é uma enfermidade que afeta, especialmente, o rúmen de bovinos e ovinos, além do ceco de equinos; uma enfermidade que pode ser tratada ou prevenida mediante os mesmos programas de análise e segurança dos alimentos fornecidos à pasto ou à cocho para os animais. Deve-se estar atento ao que os animais comem, pois muitas doenças são facilmente tratadas quando se sabem as causas e os sintomas para que, com isso, se possa fornecer o melhor tratamento e o remédio equivalente.           Respeite os direitos autorais. Todos os direitos são reservados para Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva. A reprodução total ou parcial do trabalho sem a autorização prévia do autor, confere infração ao artigo 184 do Código Penal e da Lei 9610/98, sendo assim, os respectivos infratores estarão submetidos à privação da liberdade por até um ano. Endereço para correspondência: [email protected]  Contato: (82)98143-8399 Recife, 2019.     REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BORGES, J. C. de A. Timpanismo em ruminantes. Infoescola. Disponível em: Acesso em: novembro de 2019. PATRÍCIO, A. M. P. C. As principais afecções gástricas dos bovinos. 2012. 107f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária). Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, 2012. ROLLÁN, M. G. Sanidad ganadera. 2ª ed. Madrid: Servicio de Extensión Agraria, 1990. pp. 13-17. . (shrink)

Electrochemical assisted abrasive flow finishing is a newly developed hybrid finishing process which is used to finish the internal parts of work piece having complicated geometry to large extent. In electrochemical assisted abrasive flow machining higher abrasion of the material was detected due to the combine effect of ECM and AFF processes. In Electrochemical aided abrasive flow machining a electrolyte is added to the prepared media .This media consist a kind of polymeric carrier and abrasive particles that are hydrocarbon gel, (...) Al2O3, Silicon based polymer, and NaI Sodium iodide as electrolytic salt. In this experimental research different process parameters such as voltage, abrasive concentration, Number of cycle, molal concentration and diameter of rod were considered at different levels for response characteristic of surface roughness Ra and material removal MR based on Taguchi method using standard L27 orthogonal array OA for the plan of experimentation. To determine the contribution of each parameter analysis of variance was used. Sandeep Singh | Sunil kumar "Experimental Research Work to Optimize Process Parameters into Electro Chemical Abrasive Flow Machining using Taguchi Methodology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017 . (shrink)

Felix Maschewski und Anna-Verena Nosthoff untersuchen Facebook als Beispiel einer besonders eindringlichen Form „kybernetischer Gouvernementalität“ und nehmen das „soziale“ Netzwerk dazu als psychopolitisches System von Affekten und Aktivierungen in den Blick. Dabei analysieren sie v.a. die zugrundeliegende »Sozialphysik des Anstoßes« und ihre implizite kybernetische Logik, um den so forcierten (behavioristischen) Subjektbegriff zu beleuchten. In diesem Konnex wird nicht nur dargestellt, wie das gouvernementale Unternehmen qua feedbacklogischer Programmatik die Entscheidungen, das Verhalten oder gar die Wünsche seiner Nutzer_innen antizipiert und auf diese (...) Weise indirekt ‚regiert‘, sondern auch, welche Konsequenzen die konsumtive Plattformlogik für das Politische selbst zeitigt. Letztlich zeigt sich, dass digitale Apparaturen entgegen dem insb. im Silicon Valley populären Narrativ von einer technologischen Neutralität keineswegs bloße Mittel, sondern zuallererst Machtinstrumente sind. (shrink)

Human actions and decisions are most of the times not only grounded on emotional reactions, they are irrationally debasing. While such emotions and heuristics were perhaps suitable for dealing with life in the Stone Age, they are woefully inadequate in the Silicon Age. The substitution of traditional news agencies and communication platforms in Nigeria with social media networks has not only increased human capacities, it has aided the common good and further eased communication and increased the human knowledge base. (...) For instance, the Silicon Valley in the state of California in the United State of America has proved the extent to which human ingenuity can be exerted in beneficial ways. Here in, the top of the multibillion-dollar communication companies like Apple, eBay, Cisco, Lockheed, Hewlett Packard (HP), Google, Netflix, Facebook, Oracle, Tesla, etc. whose yearly budgets far exceed the entire yearly budget of Nigeria, has proved that, ICT remains the building blocks of contemporary communities. The state of California for instance prides herself as the 6th largest economy of the world after France and Brazil. This romantic picture of ICT is but only one chapter of the ICT divide. In today’s world, the scale and speed of the highly partisan news and falsehoods that circulate in the human environment is deafening. In politics and governance for instance, the populist have exploited the ICT effectively and without restraints, to access power and authority. Today, we are in the era of post-truth, an era in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief. An era that harbours corruption of intellectual integrity and damage to the whole fabric of democracy. The battle to protect information integrity and expose fake news becomes sine qua non. We shall in this paper explore the dark side of the age of information, a side that has been exploited by the media mavens, political hacks, and ideological propagandists who promote lies, illusion, confusion, and other forms of demented or manipulated imagination. In doing this, we shall proceed as follows: i. Historicize the concept of ‘fake news’ here referred to as post-truth. ii. Interrogate the concept of ‘information’ and its goal in human affairs iii. Evaluate the nexus between ‘truth’ values in ‘information’, ‘Misinformation’ and ‘dis-information’ iv. Situate the role of Philosophy in the era of post-truth. (shrink)

Purpose of the article is to identify the religious factor in the teaching of transhumanism, to determine its role in the ideology of this flow of thought and to identify the possible limits of technology interference in human nature. Theoretical basis. The methodological basis of the article is the idea of transhumanism. Originality. In the foreseeable future, robots will be able to pass the Turing test, become “electronic personalities” and gain political rights, although the question of the possibility of machine (...) consciousness and self-awareness remains open. In the face of robots, people create their assistants, evolutionary competition with which they will almost certainly lose with the initial data. For successful competition with robots, people will have to change, ceasing to be people in the classical sense. Changing the nature of man will require the emergence of a new – posthuman – anthropology. Conclusions. Against the background of scientific discoveries, technical breakthroughs and everyday improvements of the last decades, an anthropological revolution has taken shape, which made it possible to set the task of creating inhumanly intelligent creatures, as well as changing human nature, up to discussing options for artificial immortality. The history of man ends and the history of the posthuman begins. We can no longer turn off this path, however, in our power to preserve our human qualities in the posthuman future. The theme of the soul again reminded of itself, but from a different perspective – as the theme of consciousness and self-awareness. It became again relevant in connection with the development of computer and cloud technologies, artificial intelligence technologies, etc. If a machine ever becomes a "man", then can a man become a "machine"? However, even if such a hypothetical probability would turn into reality, we cannot talk about any form of individual immortality or about the continuation of existence in a different physical form. A digital copy of the soul will still remain a copy, and I see no fundamental possibility of isolating a substrate-independent mind from the human body. Immortality itself is necessary not so much for stopping someone’s fears or encouraging someone’s hopes, but for the final solution of a religious issue. However, the gods hold the keys to heaven hard and are unlikely to admit our modified descendants there. (shrink)

Generation of clean energy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Solar energy is the most abundantly available renewable energy source which would be supplying more than 50 of the global electricity demand in 2100. Solar cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy directly with an appeal that it does not generate any harmful bi products, like greenhouse gasses. The manufacturing of solar cells is actually based on the types of semiconducting or non semiconducting (...) materials used and commercial maturity. From the very beginning of the terrestrial use of Solar Cells, efficiency and costs are the main focusing areas of research. The definition of so called emerging technologies sometimes described as including any technology capable of overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit of power conversion efficiency 33.7 percent for a single junction device. In this paper, few promising materials for solar cells are discussed including their structural morphology, electrical and optical properties. The excellent state of the art technology, advantages and potential research issues yet to be explored are also pointed out. Md. Samiul Islam Sadek | Dr. M Junaebur Rashid | Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmood "Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017 . (shrink)

A nadie sorprende decir que lenguaje y dinero son sistemas simbólicos o sistemas de intercambio de información. Tampoco sorprende a nadie resaltar el hecho de que las computadores funcionan esencialmente con la versión más formalizada del lenguaje. Pero si hiciésemos las conexiones no opondríamos el lenguaje a la técnica, reservando la poesía para el primero y la técnica al segundo. El lenguaje posee un elemento estructural, formal, “maquínico” que le permite copiarse en toda una población. Éramos ya máquina antes de (...) inventar una. Pero este acontecimiento de producir una máquina fuera de nosotros, de darle energía a un “inconsciente” es un acto inédito. Si entendiéramos cómo es que el capitalismo contemporáneo se realiza a través de la virtualidad informática comenzaríamos a contemplar la posibilidad de que ahora sean los algoritmos y no la ambición subjetiva lo que producirá las nuevas burbujas inmobiliarias. O al menos entenderíamos que mientras más extendemos el mundo hacia regiones virtuales, el capital lo sigue para crear ahí nuevos nichos de mercado. Y viceversa, la expansión virtual del dinero exige la creación de nuevos programas, algoritmos, portales de inversión y de consumo. (shrink)

The article introduces the concept of "surveillance-capitalist biopolitics" to problematize the recent expansion of "data extractivism" in health care and health research. As we show, this trend has accelerated during the ongoing Covid pandemic and points to a normalization and institutionalization of self-tracking practices, which, drawing on the "quantified self", points to the emergence of a "quantified collective". Referring to Foucault and Zuboff, and by analyzing key examples of the leading "Big Tech" companies (e.g., Alphabet and Apple), we argue that (...) contemporary forms of digital biopolitics are privatized, opaque, flexible, and not limited to the state. Instead, especially through the integration of wearable technologies, the biopolitical regulation of bodies is increasingly mediated by private tech companies. These companies rely on a questionable narrative of participation, responsibility, and care despite owning, and ultimately controlling, access to intimate health data and the proprietary algorithms mediating this data. The article shows that the proliferation of "surveillance-capitalist biopolitics" ultimately strengthens not only market power but also the epistemic and infrastructural power of the dataowning and gadget-producing firms. Finally, against an exclusively repressive and negative reading of biopolitics, and to effectively counter the forms of power emerging from surveillance-capitalist biopolitics, we propose four dimensions that are central to its democratizationnamely privacy/individual sovereignty, democratic deliberation, pluralism, and epistemic equality. -/- DOI: 10.1007/s41358-021-00309-9. (shrink)

This book explores how robotics and artificial intelligence can enhance human lives but also have unsettling “dark sides.” It examines expanding forms of negativity and anxiety about robots, AI, and autonomous vehicles as our human environments are reengineered for intelligent military and security systems and for optimal workplace and domestic operations. It focuses on the impacts of initiatives to make robot interactions more humanlike and less creepy. It analyzes the emerging resistances against these entities in the wake of omnipresent AI (...) applications. It unpacks efforts by developers to have ethical and social influences on robotics and AI, and confronts the AI hype that is designed to shield the entities from criticism. The book draws from science fiction, dramaturgical, ethical, and legal literatures as well as current research agendas of corporations. Engineers, implementers, and researchers have often encountered users' fears and aggressive actions against intelligent entities, especially in the wake of deaths of humans by robots and autonomous vehicles. The book is an invaluable resource for developers and researchers in the field, as well as curious readers who want to play proactive roles in shaping future technologies. (shrink)