Goethe, an important figure in 18th century German Freemasonry, developed a Masonic thought based on the assumptions of hermetic esotericism that influenced much of his poetic and scientific production. ===================Goethe importante figura della massoneria tedesca del XVIII secolo sviluppa un pensiero massonico fondato sui presupposti dell'esoterismo ermetico che influì su molta della sua produzione poetica e scientifica.

Subtractive schooling is a type of pedagogy that subtracts from the student aspects of her identity in order to assimilate and reshape her identity to fit the American mainstream. Here, I question the value of assimilation as it takes place in our public school systems. Currently, immigrant children are often made to feel inadequate for being culturally different. This is detrimental to their development as students given that at their young age they do not yet have the emotional maturity to (...) know that their experience, language and culture are legitimate and valuable. My goal is to shift the focus of subtractive schooling to one that fosters the growth of students through recognition. I suggest that John Dewey’s and Paulo Freire’s pedagogy of recognition is a helpful approach to this problem. Both Dewey and Freire’s pedagogy emphasize recognition as central to their pedagogy. (shrink)

Inauguration speech at chair number 18 of the Brasilian Academy of Philosophy.

Did you ever wonder why you are sometimes too tired to watch a film, and would rather watch some TV show? And then, you might end up watching five or six hours and binge watch an entire season, and yet feel too tired to commit yourself to a single 2-hour film piece. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, I will try to investigate whether there are any ontological differences in the form of a film or a television show. (...) Second, I will try to connect the newest neurological and psychological research regarding binging and attention span and see how seriality influences our brains. I will use the recent neurological findings to try to answer the question of why it seems easier to watch the same number of episodes rather than a single movie. Third, I will use David Lynch's and Mark Frost's third season of Twin Peaks as an example illustrating the blurry borders between a television show and a film, while contrasting it to the binge-watching phenomenon. (shrink)

Che cosa distingue, concettualmente, l’esattore delle tasse che esiga da un uomo, a pena di sanzioni, una determinata somma di denaro, dal bandito che gli intimi, sotto la minaccia di un’arma, di consegnargli la medesima somma? È sul soddisfacimento del requisito della giustizia che si fonda, come sostenne Agostino, l’eterogeneità tra uno Stato e un’accolita di furfanti? «Se non è rispettata la giustizia, che cosa sono gli Stati, se non delle grandi bande di ladri? Perché le bande di briganti che (...) cosa sono, se non dei piccoli Stati?». Il volume ripercorre le risposte più autorevoli fornite nel XX secolo, entro un orizzonte postmetafisico, alla domanda agostiniana: prima dell’avvento del regime nazista, la tesi che un’associazione a delinquere sia indistinguibile da uno Stato è stata sostenuta da Benedetto Croce, Santi Romano e Hans Kelsen; dopo l’esperienza del nazismo e delle sue atrocità, perpetrate in nome dello Stato e della legge, le questioni relative alla natura del diritto e alla relazione tra morale e diritto hanno assunto – come ha osservato Robert Alexy – «l’urgenza di un problema scottante», e la domanda filosofica sulla validità della legge ingiusta è apparsa ineludibile non solo ai maggiori filosofi del diritto (Herbert L.H. Hart, Alf Ross, Ronald Dworkin e lo stesso Alexy), ma alle stesse corti tedesche. (shrink)

This is a translation of Aristotle's Metaphysics V (Delta) 18-30 into Portuguese. (A different publication, with a different DOI, presents the commentaries that accompany this translation).

Combining typical knowledge to generate novel concepts is an important creative trait of human cognition. Dealing with such ability requires, from an AI perspective, the harmonization of two conflicting requirements that are hardly accommodated in symbolic systems: the need of a syntactic compositionality (typical of logical systems) and that one concerning the exhibition of typicality effects (see Frixione and Lieto, 2012). In this work we provide a logical framework able to account for this type of human-like concept combination. We propose (...) a nonmonotonic Description Logic of typicality called TCL (Typicality-based Compositional Logic). (shrink)

Pubblicato agli inizi degli anni Cinquanta del Novecento da Ernst Bloch (1885-1977), Gli strati della categoria della possibilità diventò in seguito il diciottesimo capitolo del suo Principio speranza. Vi è presentata un’indagine teorica e storica su che cosa sia la possibilità. Da Aristotele a Marx, passando per Averroè, Giordano Bruno e Hegel, lettrici e lettori ripercorreranno le proposte avanzate nella storia della filosofia per affrontare la questione del possibile, fino a scoprire la teoria della possibilità reale. Grazie alla sua particolare (...) struttura, che sviluppa l’argomentazione facendo emergere in ordine di complessità crescente i principali elementi dell’ontologia del non essere ancora, questo testo è una preziosa chiave per orientarsi nella lettura della filosofia di Bloch. (shrink)

Prima di commentare il libro, offro commenti su Wittgenstein e Searle e sulla struttura logica della razionalità. I saggi qui sono per lo più già pubblicati nell'ultimo decennio (anche se alcuni sono stati aggiornati), insieme a un elemento inedito, e nulla qui verrà come una sorpresa per coloro che hanno tenuto il passo con il suo lavoro. Come W, è considerato il miglior filosofo del suo tempo e il suo lavoro scritto è solido come una roccia e innovativo in tutto. (...) Tuttavia, la sua incapacità di prendere la Successiva W abbastanza sul serio porta ad alcuni errori e confusioni. Solo alcuni esempi: su p7 osserva due volte che la nostra certezza sui fatti di base è dovuta al peso schiacciante della ragione che sostiene le nostre affermazioni, ma W ha mostrato definitivamente in 'On Certainty' che non c'è possibilità di dubitare della vera struttura assiomatica delle nostre percezioni, ricordi e pensieri del sistema 1, poiché è essa stessa la base del giudizio e non può essere giudicata. Nella prima frase su p8 ci dice che la certezza è revisionabile, ma questo tipo di 'certezza', che potremmo chiamare Certezza2, è il risultato dell'estensione della nostra certezza assiomatica e non revisionabile (Certezza1) attraverso l'esperienza ed è completamente diversa in quanto proposizionale (vera o falsa). Questo è ovviamente un classico esempio della "battaglia contro l'intrattenere della nostra intelligenza per linguaggio" che W ha dimostrato più e più volte. Una parola- due (o molti) usi distinti. Anche il suo ultimo capitolo "L'unità della proposizione" (precedentemente inedito) trarrebbe grande beneficio dalla lettura dei due libri di W "On Certainty" o dei due libri di DMS su OC (vedi le mie recensioni) in quanto fanno chiaramente la differenza tra solo frasi vere che descrivono S1 e proposizioni vere o false che descrivono S2. Questo mi sembra un approccio di gran lunga superiore a S's prendendo le percezioni S1 come proposizionale dal momento che diventano solo T o F dopo che si inizia a pensare a loro in S2. Tuttavia, il suo punto che le proposizioni permettono dichiarazioni di verità e falsità reali o potenziali, del passato e del futuro e della fantasia, e quindi forniscono un enorme progresso rispetto alla società pre o protolinguistica, è cogente. Come egli afferma: "Una proposta è qualsiasi cosa che può determinare una condizione di soddisfazione... e una condizione di soddisfazione... è che tale e tale è il caso. Oppure, si deve aggiungere, che potrebbe essere o potrebbe essere stato o potrebbe essere immaginato per essere il caso. Nel complesso, PNC è una buona sintesi dei molti progressi sostanziali su Wittgenstein derivanti dal mezzo secolo di lavoro di S, ma a mio parere, W è ancora ineguagliabile una volta compreso ciò che sta dicendo. Idealmente, dovrebbero essere letti insieme: Searle per la chiara prosa coerente e generalizzazioni, illustrate con esempi perspicaci di W e brillanti aforismi. Se fossi molto più giovane scriverei un libro facendo esattamente questo. Coloro che desiderano un quadro aggiornato completo per il comportamento umano dalla moderna vista a due systems possono consultare il mio libro 'La struttura logica dellafilosofia, psicologia, Mind e il linguaggio in Ludwig Wittgenstein e John Searle' 2nd ed (2019). Coloro che sono interessati a più dei miei scritti possono vedere 'TalkingMonkeys--Filosofia, Psicologia, Scienza, Religione e Politica su un Pianeta Condannato--Articoli e Recensioni 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019) e Suicidal Utopian Delusions nel 21st Century 4th ed (2019). (shrink)

The Catena aurea entium of Henry of Herford is part of the work of re-elaboration of Aristotle’s natural-philosophical corpus, which characterised the European intellectual environment in the Late Middle Ages. In the central books of his encyclopaedia, Henry comments on the works of natural philosophy of Albert the Great, placing himself in continuity with the cultural project started by Albert in Cologne. The present article aims to compare the 5th book of the Catena aurea entium, which consists of a comment (...) per modum quaestionis on the Meteora of Albert the Great, with some meteorological quaestiones composed between the 13th and 15th centuries. This analysis will lead me to grasp the philosophical orientations and interpretation of Henry and also his reception of Albert the Great’s meteorology. In the 5th book, Henry introduces an extensive medical section taken from the pseudo-Aristotelian Problemata, in which he applies the Galenic medical principles to meteorology. Besides, in the quaestio 105 (V 1 105), he interprets Albert through the theological-poetic explanation of ancient origins on the sacrality of the number three and an excerpt from the Liber proverbiorum. (shrink)

These are the commentaries (or notes) for Aristotle's Metaphysics V (Delta) 18-30. This file must be read together with the translation into Portuguese, which has been published as a different item, with a different DOI. In the Introduction, I discuss many issues about Aristotle's jargon, Aristotle's style and Aristotle's awareness of many philosophical problems that nowadays we locate within the branch Philosophy of Language.

Can we simultaneously achieve the synergic goals by incorporating the landowners into nature protection, biodiversity conservation, and biomass energy promotion?

In this essay, I consider some logical treatises and commentaries from the first decades of the 12th century (many of which are still unedited) which contain a discussion on modalities and modal logic. After presenting a short catalogue of these sources and a description of their common features, I shall focus on some definitions of the modal term “necessarium” which are provided in them. As we will see, Abelard and logicians of his time advanced three different characterizations of this term: (...) necessity was either defined in terms of unavoidability (ineuitabilitas), or in terms of immutability and omnitemporality (impermutabilitas, sempiternitas), or again in terms of absolute necessity as opposed to conditioned one (necessitas absoluta vs. determinata). I argue that the temporal understanding of necessity in terms of omnitemporality, inherited from ancient sources and extensively used by Abelard and others in the first years of the twelfth-century, started to disappear in texts datable from around the 1120, perhaps due to several difficulties that were related to this definition when applied in logical contexts. I also discuss how the notion of necessitas determinata was used by Abelard’s contemporaries to qualify the modal status of present and past events, which were generally believed to be necessary only in a “weak” and harmless sense that did not prevent them from being contingent. -/- . (shrink)

It is always difficult to disentangle oneself from the changes in epoch-making cultural events that have taken place over several centuries. Freemasonry is an emblematic case. It was born around the seventeenth century and still exists in the twenty-first. The changes within it have been innumerable, showing that it is not a coherent and constant phenomenon in its evolution. There have been Masonic authors, of relevant presence in Western culture, who have nailed the fundamental principles of Masonic thought, of its (...) "doing" and of its "being": Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729 - 1781) and Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 - 1803). Francesco Angioni explores the sometimes abyssal differences between a way of "thinking" about the Freemasonry of the two Authors and that of today. It is the critical research of understanding the differences between a Masonic thought built on solid foundations and the construction of multiple walls of composite architecture that is not characterized by a coherent project. ============== È sempre difficile districarsi tra i cambiamenti di eventi culturali epocali che si sono svolti nel corso di più secoli. La Massoneria è un caso emblematico. Essa nasce intorno al XVII secolo ed esiste ancora nel XXI. I cambiamenti al suo interno sono stati innumerevoli, palesando che non è un fenomeno coerente e costante nel suo evolversi. Ci sono stati Autori massonici, di rilevante presenza nella cultura occidentale, che hanno inchiodato i principi fondamentali del pensiero massonico, del suo "fare" e del suo "essere": Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729 – 1781) e Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 – 1803). Francesco Angioni esplora le differenze talora abissali tra un modo di "pensare" la Massoneria dei due Autori e quello di oggi. È la ricerca critica di comprensione delle diversità tra un pensiero massonico edificato su solide fondamenta e la costruzione di molteplici mura di composita architettura che non si caratterizza per un progetto coerente. (shrink)

In Germany, between the last decades of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th centuries, four fundamental figures of German and European culture emerged: Lessing the great playwright, Herder the promoter of the epistemological foundations of modern linguistics and of the emerging historical-social sciences, Goethe the supreme poet and novelist, and Fichte the eminent philosopher. They were all Freemasons and basic authors of Masonic thought. The most significant works of these authors have been chosen, which summarize the interpretative (...) modalities of the complex Masonic reality of the 18th century. The book analyses Lessing's five Dialogues for Freemasons, highlighting his austere vision in the search for the essence of Freemasonry. Of Herder's two Masonic Dialogues, the connotation in the sense of Humanity of a Freemasonry that leaves the Enlightenment to set out towards new goals of pure and spiritual thought is noted. Among Goethe's poetic works, two in particular highlight the depth of a Masonic thought pervaded by a sophisticated and modern hermeticism. Fichte's Lessons on Freemasonry are framed in his complex philosophical thought and in his complicated experience of Masonic life. ========== Nella Germania tra gli ultimi decenni del XVIII e i primi del XIX secolo emergono quattro figure fondamentali della cultura tedesca ed europea: Lessing il grande drammaturgo, Herder promotore delle basi epistemologiche della moderna linguistica e delle nascenti scienze storico-sociali, Goethe il sommo poeta e romanziere, Fichte l’eminente filosofo. Erano tutti Massoni e autori basilari del pensiero massonico. Di questi Autori sono state scelte le opere più significative che sintetizzano le modalità interpretative della complessa realtà massonica del ‘700. Nel libro si analizzano i cinque Dialoghi per Massoni di Lessing evidenziando la sua visione austera nella ricerca dell’essenza della Massoneria. Dei due Dialoghi massonici di Herder è rilevata la connotazione nel senso dell’Humanität di una Massoneria che esce dall’Illuminismo per avviarsi a nuove mete di pensiero puro e spirituale. Tra le opere poetiche di Goethe due in particolare evidenziano la profondità di un pensiero massonico pervaso di un sofisticato e moderno ermetismo. Le Lezioni sulla Massoneria di Fichte sono inquadrate nel suo complesso pensiero filosofico e nella sua complicata esperienza di vita massonica. (shrink)

This essay examines the way in which the modal concept of necessity was discussed and analyzed in some eleventh- and early twelfth-century sources, such as Peter Damian’s De divina omnipotentia, Anselm of Canterbury’s Cur deus homo and several anonymous commentaries on Aristotle’s De interpretatione that were presumably composed in the first two decades of the twelfth century by logicians connected to William of Champeaux’s and Peter Abelard’s milieu. My aim is to offer a comparison of these different sources with respect (...) to their use of the Boethian distinction between two types or kinds of necessity, namely, the “absolute” or “simple” necessity that is involved in statements like “God is necessarily immortal” or “it is necessary for humans to be animals”, and the “conditional” or “temporal” necessity that is at stake when we say, for instance, that someone necessarily walks when he is walking. (shrink)

Among the many forms of artistic expression that characterize the digital era, remix occupies a rather central position. At the same time, however, the success of remix as an artistic practice raises several hard questions. What is original and what is derived? How can we sort out and make sense of questions concerning origination and derivation in situations where one thing is appropriated, reused, and repurposed for something else? What theory of moral and aesthetic value can accommodate and explain these (...) situations where authorship, authority, and origination are already distributed across a network of derivations, borrowings, and re-appropriated found objects? This paper develops a response to these questions, and it does so in three steps or movements. The first briefly introduces the concept of remix and the opportunities and challenges that this now wide-spread, content creation practice presents to existing models and theories of moral and aesthetic value. The second outlines the three elements of what I call “remixology”—a new axiology (or theory of moral and aesthetic value) that is designed to scale to these new opportunities and challenges. The third and final movement investigates the consequences of this proposal, demonstrating how remixology can be read backwards through time, providing us with some new perspectives on artistry and creativity in all human endeavors, and read forwards into the emerging challenges that have been made available by innovations in algorithmic content generation and computational creativity. (shrink)

SUMMARY. The works of Alexander of Aphrodisias were written a few decades after the publication of the most successful -astrology hand- book in antiquity, Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos Syntaxis, which attempts to naturalize astrology, i.e. to make it agree with Aristotelian theory of science. A comparison of the doctrines between the Tetrabiblos and some passages of Alexander'p works on fate demostrates a noteworthy con¬vergere of the two scholars, and probably a dependence of the lasi great greek Aristotle's exegete on the theories of (...) Ptolemaic astrology, at least in reference to three points: theory of fate; justification of de- vining as a technical and naturai conjecture about man's fate; ana¬lysis of the stars' influence on the sublunary world in physical and phi¬losophical terms. (shrink)

According to Robert Sleigh Jr., “The opening remarks of DM.18 make it clear that Leibniz took the results of DM.17 as either establishing, or at least going a long way toward establishing, that force is not identifiable with any mode characterizable terms of size, shape, and motion.” Sleigh finds this puzzling and suggests that other commentators have generally been insufficiently perplexed by the bearing that the DM.17 has on the metaphysical issue. In this brief paper, I examine the solution that (...) Sleigh offers to his puzzle, and present an alternative way of understanding the relationship between these two sections of the Discourse. (shrink)

Cette note devait introduire à un public anglophone la traduction de la « Lettre de Louis Althusser datée du 18 mars 1966 et adressée au Comité central du PCF », elle est ici enrichie dans une version livrée au public français. Elle apporte le contexte historique et théorique nécessaire à la compréhension des interventions « anti-humanistes » de Louis Althusser qui questionne les choix politiques opérés par le PCF au cours des années 1960. Nulle part ailleurs, dans les écrits publiés (...) d’Althusser, nous ne voyons aussi clairement les enjeux politiques imbriqués dans son projet philosophique, ni comment ce projet évolua progressivement d’une entreprise « théoriciste » à la recherche d’une philosophie en lien plus étroit avec la pratique. Cette lettre nous paraît de la plus haute importance pour les spécialistes de l’œuvre d’Althusser, les historiens de la pensée marxiste, mais aussi plus largement à tous ceux qui s’intéressent à l’importance que peut revêtir le travail d’Althusser dans les débats actuels dans le champ de la philosophie marxiste. (shrink)

In this paper, I expand my upon earlier linguistic research (Lian, 2023), which delved into the genre of abstracts from Western philosophical papers. I engage with the philosophical ramifications emanating from the guidelines established for crafting philosophy paper abstracts (Lian, 2023) and underscore their significance in the domain of academic philosophical writing. A pivotal focus of this research is to navigate the intricate philosophical challenges posed by cross-disciplinary investigations bridging applied linguistic statistics with philosophical paper composition, specifically, the nuanced interpretation (...) of linguistic findings in a manner palatable to philosophers. My exploration probes into the dynamics of various concepts within Inter-Disciplinary Research (IDR), highlighting the complexities in reconciling semantic intuitions related to the notions of "Method (M)" and "Conclusion (C)". I delineate three philosophical stances: (1) deferring to scientific authority, (2) recognizing domain-specific terminologies, and (3) interrogating peripheral scientific theories. I posit that these stances significantly influence the ways philosophers engage with and resolve the cross-disciplinary semantic and theoretical contentions stemming from the rhetorical structures of "Method (M)" and "Conclusion (C)". This work proposes avenues to attain either "theoretical coherence" or "disciplinary synthesis", thereby fostering enhanced cross-disciplinary collaboration and fortifying academic discourse across diverse fields. -/- Keywords: Inter-Disciplinary Research (IDR), Applied linguistics, Philosophical writing, Genre Analysis, Rhetorical Moves 本研究將先介紹筆者的語言學碩士論文（連，2023），如何分析《東吳哲學學報》2017年至2021年西方哲學論文摘要語體的修辭語步特徵與提供寫作建議，並試圖從哲學圈內人的角度，對連（2023）的哲學寫作 建議進行批判性的反思，探討哲學教師或新手哲學家可以如何看待華文哲學論文摘要的寫作建議。接著，筆者將問題聚焦在跨領域學科（應用語言學統計結果與哲學論文寫作）之間的哲學問題，即——哲學家應如何看待語言學家 針對哲學論文的研究結果。筆者將考慮領域間研究（IDR）的語言與詞語概念關係。而藉由討論上述跨領域研究中語義直覺分歧的問題，筆者提出了三種可能的哲學態度：(1)服從科學權威、(2)尊重特定領域用詞、(3 )質疑邊緣科學理論。筆者認為，上述三種態度對於哲學家如何看待「方法(M)」和「結論(C)」這兩項跨領域語義概念分歧和可能理論分歧有著重要的影響。筆者希冀藉由提出相關解決方案來尋求「理論統一」或「領域整 合」的可行性，最終得以促進跨領域合作與跨學門間良好學術交流的互動成長。 -/- 關鍵詞：領域間研究（IDR）、應用語言學、哲學寫作、語體分析、修辭語步 . (shrink)

Nell’era attuale, già profondamente segnata da un genere di violenza e di terrore che sta assumendo forme inconcepibili e proporzioni incontrollabili, sempre più s’impone una sfida educativa la cui sostanza più densa l’autrice del saggio ritiene essere rappresentata dall’educazione a un bene assoluto e radicale che non lasci spazio a compromessi e che possa costituire una risposta efficace e drastica al male assoluto al quale, la storia e la Shoah insegnano, è possibile arrivare. Educatori ed educandi devono tutti sentirsi coinvolti, (...) personalmente e come membri attivi di una collettività, in un processo responsabile di autoeducazione e di educazione alla libertà interiore, l’unica che può condurre l’uomo a un rifiuto fattivo e categorico di ogni forma di sopruso, di violenza e di prevaricazione contro l’uomo e contro la vita. È in questo tipo d’impegno formativo-culturale e sociale che vanno collocate le iniziative organizzate dalla Rete Universitaria per il Giorno della Memoria, dai Corsi di Storia e didattica della Shoah alle ricerche scientifiche e pubblicazioni che ne scaturiscono. (shrink)

Hindi maikakaila ang bilis ng paglaganap ng Katolisismong dala ng mga Kastila sa bansang Pilipinas; isang dahilan kung bakit tuluyan nang naiangkla sa pagkatao ng bawat Pilipino ang kahalagahan ng salitang relihiyon. Isa sa mga patunay ng pagkakaroon ng mahigpit na pagyakap ng mga Pilipino sa Katolisismo ay ang mga heritage church na matatagpuan sa Pampanga. Dahil dito, nabansagan ang mga Kapampangan na hindi lamang mahusay sa kusina, kundi pati na rin sa pagkakaroon ng masidhing pagpapahalaga sa kultura-pananampalatayang iniwan ng (...) kanilang mga ninuno. Ito ang naging inspirasyon ng papel, ang makita ang kulturapananampalatayang mayroon ang mga Kapampangan noong ika-18 siglo sa pamamagitan ng paghimay sa talasalitaan ng Kapampangan na isinulat ni Fray Diego Bergaño (1690-1747). Sa pamamagitan ng kwalitatibong pag-aaral at deskriptibong pagaanalisa, ginamit ang talasalitaan ni Bergaño na unang nailimbag noong 1732 bilang pangunahing teksto ng pananaliksik. Inalam at itinala ang mga salitang makikita rito na may kaugnayan sa relihiyon na umusbong sa panahong iyon. Sa tulong din ng panayam mula sa mga paring Kapampangan at ilang taong maalam sa kultura-pananampalatayang Kapampangan, nakagawa ng naratibo ang mga mananaliksik na nagsilbing tulay sa muling pagsilip sa kultura sa pagdarasal, paniniwala sa mga masasamang elemento at sumpa, pagsasabuhay ng pamahiin, tradisyon sa patay, konsepto sa mga bagay na makikita sa loob at labas ng simbahan, at sanhi ng pagkakasala ng mga Kapampangan sa kasaysayan.Ipinakita sa kabuuan ng pag-aaral ang transpormasyong naganap sa kultura-pananampalatayang Kapampangan -- mula sa nakaraan tungong kasalukuyan. (shrink)

This article is devoted to the analysis of the socio-semiotic theory of M.Foucault, which allows clarifying the phenomenal horizon in the socio-political space. Social semiotics is viewed as a grammar of a separate sign system that describes the area of a specific communicative phenomenon controlled by a system of meanings. Power, using semiotic techniques, marking space, creates a disciplined body, a disciplined person, and a disciplined consciousness. The means of coercion reveal those on whom they influence but also manifest the (...) very place of Power. At the same time, Power, functioning as a draft mechanism, attracts and extracts both the norm and deviations, which it tirelessly monitors. Specific ways of speaking, pronouncing, and certain constructions of signs and symbols that shape the social space reveal the space for the manifestation of Power. Through the use of the technique of signs that permeates the entire social space, Power is economically and efficiently distributed throughout the body of society, codifies all possible behavior, and therefore reduces the indefinite area of all possible actions. All human gestures and actions can be interpreted as semantic units that can be rationally explained and systematized. (shrink)

Paradiso 2’s sustained direct address warns readers unprepared for its complexities to “turn back to see your shores again…for perhaps losing me, you would be lost,” but then offers the “other few” who crave “the bread of angels” the promise of a marvel that would rival the deeds of the mythological hero Jason. I will argue that, by appearing to impose this choice on its readers, this direct address in fact activates the craving for the bread of angels (for who, (...) by obeying the interpretive imperative to make such a decision, would not also be one who thereby does choose to pursue the bread that is promised in return for this obedience?). In other words, the very act of interpreting the representation of readers as divided into those who are capable of allegorical interpretation and those who are not constructs and activates the will of a single readership for the Divine Comedy and, consequently, challenges us to provide an articulation of what it means even to read or to misread the Divine Comedy. (shrink)

Tiến sĩ kinh tế Vương Quân Hoàng, giảng viên Viện Quản trị Kinh doanh FPT (FSB), đã có 18 công trình nghiên cứu được đăng lên các tạp chí quốc tế uy tín trong năm 2016.

Translation and Annotation of 'Svarajya Siddhi' of Gangadharendra Sarasvati from the nineteenth century. This text is considered one of the five Siddhi texts, the other four being Naishkarmya Siddhi, Advaita Siddhi, Ishta Siddhi, and Brahma Siddhi. These texts have a very great value in Advaita Vedanta.

Summary, page 467: "This book is concerned with the influence of Hume’s metaphysics and moral philosophy in 18th-century Europe and it is divided into two main parts. The first part is focused on the exposition of Hume’s metaphysics and moral philosophy in their historical context, because this topic is still mostly unknown in Croatia. The second part deals with the influence of Hume’s metaphysics and moral philosophy on selected European thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment until the beginning of the (...) French Revolution in 1789.". (shrink)

According to the Ontology of Knowledge the Universe is representation: we will show in this article that : - The nature of meaning "animates" the subject's representation and imposes time on it. - "Becoming oneself", condition of possibility of any representation, imposes on the subject the aesthetic intuition of space. - The objects of my representation come to exist by separation of my own existence following the preprint of a multiplicity of meaning-attractors in my Individuation.

Purpose: To develop proposals on the directions of institutional support for the processes of creativity of the Ukrainian economy. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis of trends in the creativity of the Ukrainian economy is carried out and proposals are developed for conceptualizing institutional support for these processes. The authors set out to develop proposals for institutional support for creativity processes and offer recommendations for systematic updating of Ukrainian legislation in the areas of state regulation of high-tech business. The information base was the (...) information materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, the statistical databases of the European Commission, OECD and World Bank for the period 2014–2020. The research methodology is based on scientific tools that include comparative analysis and economic and mathematical modeling. Findings: Building a national program of public investment in creative development will allow us to systematically approach the issue of institutional support for technological breakthroughs. Research limitations/implications: Recommendations on the development and improvement of legislative instruments of deregulatory policy, harmonization with European standards are substantiated. Directions of systematic updating of legislation on guaranteeing foreign investment of creative projects and targeted investment of joint research projects of academic science and creative organizations are proposed. The implementation will allow a systematic approach to the issue of institutional support for the technological breakthrough of Ukraine. Originality/value: There is a need to step up institutional activities in the field of organizing research centers, introduce targeted investment in the academic science and research activity of creative organizations. (shrink)

Ratio, Volume 34, Issue 1, Page 81-84, March 2021.

Review of Godlove's book Kant and the Meaning of Religion in Kantian Review.

In §18 of Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason, Leibniz says: ”Thus our happiness will never consist, and must never consist, in complete joy, in which nothing is left to desire, and which would dull our mind, but must consist in a perpetual progress to new pleasures and new perfections.” -/- This passage is typical in Leibniz’s Nachlass. Universal perfection creates in us joy or pleasure of the mind and its source is our creator, God. When this joy (...) is constant, we reach happiness and wisdom which is a kind of standing state of virtue, readiness to practice charity in the best of all possible worlds. However, it also indicates that our knowledge is never perfect. Perfecting our knowledge is a never-ending process which gives us joy in itself and motivates us to act in imitation of God. In this way some passions advance our knowledge and we can create ourselves a passionate habit of knowing more about the world and its perfection. In this paper I try to see this process of self-perfection from a cognitive rather than ethical point of view. While it is clear that in the final stage of wisdom we act mostly on our volitions which are founded on clear and distinct perceptions, it is less clear what cognitive status is to be attributed to our initial perceptions of perfection, our emotions and finally, the intellectual emotions which lead us to perfection and God. I will also reflect the role of the minute perceptions in our struggle for happiness. My argument is that a central cognitive role in Leibniz’s views on self-perfection is held by clear, but confused perfections which are subjective, undemonstrable impressions, shades, feelings. Therefore our ethical action is largely founded on passing, minute feelings rather than on deliberated conscious volitions, although the goal in Leibniz’s moral theory is to change this fact. -/- My discussion is founded on several texts from Leibniz’s later philosophy, such as the discussion following from New System of the Nature and the Communication of Substances of 1695, Leibniz’s letter to Queen Sophie Charlotte of 1702 (also known as On What is Independent in Sense and Matter), New Essays on Human Understanding (1704), Theodicy (1710) and naturally Leibniz’s most important epistemological text, Meditations of Truth, Knowledge and Ideas (1684). (shrink)

Paper 18 Defines patriarchal radicalization, imprinted on the mind to change it from being a thinking organ to being a belief-organ. I claim that rights to correct information and factual names about the speech-making species can only be sapient rights.

This is an 18,500 word bibliography of philosophical scholarship on Beauty which was published online in the Oxford Bibliographies Online. The entry includes an Introduction of 800 words, 21 x 400-word sub-themes and 168 annotated references. INTRODUCTION Philosophical interest in beauty began with the earliest recorded philosophers. Beauty was deemed to be an essential ingredient in a good life and so what it was, where it was to be found and how it was to be included in a life were (...) prime considerations. The way beauty has been conceived has been influenced by an author’s other philosophical commitments, metaphysical, epistemological and ethical and such commitments reflect the historical and cultural position of the author. For example, beauty is a manifestation of the divine on earth to which we respond with love and adoration; beauty is a harmony of the soul which we achieve through cultivating feeling in a rational and tempered way; beauty is an idea raised in us by certain objective features of the world; beauty is a sentiment which can nonetheless be cultivated to be appropriate to its object; beauty is the object of a judgment by which we exercise the social, comparative and inter-subjective elements of cognition and so on. Such views on beauty not only reveal underlying philosophical commitments but also reflect positive contributions to understanding the nature of value and the relation of mind and world. One way to distinguish between beauty theories is according to the conception of the human being that they assume or imply, for example, where they fall on the continuum from determinism to free will, ungrounded notions of compatibilism notwithstanding. For example, theories at the latter end might carve out a sense of genuine innovation and creativity in human endeavours while at the other end of the spectrum authors may conceive of beauty as an environmental trigger for consumption, procreation or preservation in the interests of the individual. Treating beauty experiences as in some respect intentional, characterises beauty theory prior to the twentieth century and since, mainly in historically inspired writing on beauty. On the other hand, treating beauty as affect or sensation has always had its representatives and is most visible today in evolutionary inspired accounts of beauty (though not all evolutionary accounts fit this classification). Beauty theory falls under some combination of metaphysics, epistemology, meta-ethics, aesthetics and psychology. While in the twentieth century beauty was more likely to be conceived as an evaluative concept for art, recent philosophical interest in beauty can again be seen to exercise arguments pertaining to metaphysics, epistemology, meta-ethics, philosophy of meaning and language in addition to philosophy of art and environmental aesthetics. (shrink)

Ο Νίτσε – αλλά και πιο πριν ο Σπινόζα και ο σύγχρονός του Σοπενάουερ -ηταν αυτός που συνόψισε την κληρονομιά της κρίσιμης φιλοσοφίας του 18ου αιώνα δείχνοντας στο έργο του το μέλλον της ψυχολογίας βάθους του εικοστού αιώνα. Από τότε το ασυνείδητο μέρος της ψυχής ασκεί αποφασιστική επιρροή στην ανθρώπινη αντίληψη, αυτή η ιδέα όμως εξελίχθηκε σε μεγάλο βαθμό στη δυτική σκέψη με τον Φρόυντ που την εισήγαγε στο στερέωμα της σύγχρονης πνευματικής ανησυχίας. Ήδη, από τις εισαγωγικές του διαλέξεις ο (...) Φρόυντ, θεωρούσε ότι η ψυχανάλυση αντιπροσώπευε το τρίτο χτύπημα στην παιδική αφέλεια του ανθρώπου, το πρώτο ήταν η θεωρία του Κοπέρνικου για το ηλιοκεντρικό σύστημα και η δεύτερη ήταν η θεωρία της εξέλιξης του Δαρβίνου. Η ψυχανάλυση αποκάλυψε ότι όχι μόνο η Γη δεν είναι το κέντρο του σύμπαντος, όχι μόνο ο άνθρωπος δεν είναι το προνομιούχο επίκεντρο της κοσμικής δημιουργίας, αλλά ακόμη και ο ανθρώπινος νους και το ενσυνείδητο εγώ, η πολύτιμη αίσθηση της ύπαρξης ενός λογικού εαυτού, είναι μόνο μια πρόσφατη και επισφαλής ανάπτυξη από την αρχέγονη ταυτότητα της φύσης, και το ανθρώπινο εγώ δεν είναι καθόλου κύριος του σπιτιού του, αντίθετα είναι ενεργούμενο μη συνειδητών ενορμήσεων και παθών. -/- -/- Και πάλι, όπως ο Κοπέρνικος και όπως ο Καντ, αλλά σε ένα εντελώς νέο επίπεδο, ο Φρόυντ έφερε τη θεμελιώδη αναγνώριση ότι αυτό που αποκαλούμε ‘’πραγματικότητα’’ του ‘’αντικειμενικού κόσμου’’ διαμορφώνεται συμβολικά, εν πολλοίς από τις ασυνείδητες δυνάμεις που υποκινούν τον ψυχισμό του υποκειμένου, αυτό συνέβαλλε περαιτέρω στην αποδυνάμωση του ανθρώπινου ναρκισσισμού, αλλά και στη σχετικοποίηση της αλήθειας και στην απομυθοποίηση του γνωστικού εγχειρήματος.. Αλλά ενώ ήταν ο Φρόυντ που ανασήκωσε το πέπλο των ψευδαισθήσεων και των αυταπατών, ο Jung ήταν εκείνος που ανέλαβε να διερευνήσει πιο συστηματικά τις φιλοσοφικές συνέπειες των ανακαλύψεων της δομικής ψυχολογίας. Εν μέρει αυτό συνέβη επειδή ο Jung είχε μελετήσει την κριτική φιλοσοφία του Κάντ, την οποία θεωρούσε ότι ήταν η μητέρα της σύγχρονης ψυχολογίας, ήταν ενημερωμένος για την επιστημολογικές επισημάνσεις που είχε διατυπώσει ο Carl Popper και βέβαια λόγω της πνευματικής του ιδιοσυγκρασίας ήταν αποστασιοποιημένος από τον επιστημονισμό-θετικισμό που ελλόχευε στη σκέψη του Φρόϋντ. -/- -/- -/- ΑΡΧΕΤΥΠΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ -/- -/- Ο Φρόυντ, τόσο στο Τοτέμ και Ταμπού, όσο και στο Μωυσής και μονοθεϊσμός, επικαλείται σαφώς την έννοια μιας συλλογικής κληρονομιάς αρχέγονων αναμνήσεων. Έκανε λόγο για μεταφορά αρχετυπικών εμπειριών και τραυμάτων μέσω του ασυνειδήτου του ανθρώπινου είδους. Η ίδια ιδέα των κληρονομικών ή φυλετικών αρχέτυπων αναμνήσεων, υπονοείται στην μεταψυχολογία του Πέραν της αρχής της ηδονής, όπου μιλάει για τον Οιδίποδα, για το μύθο του φόνου στην πρωτόγονη ορδή, προβαίνει στην αναλυτική διάκριση της ψυχικής δομής σε Υπερ-Εγώ Εγώ και Αυτό, διερευνά την αντινομική φύση των θεμελιωδών ενορμήσεων του Έρωτα και του Θανάτου, με άλλα λόγια είχε δεχτεί δηλαδή τα ένστικτα ως ουσιαστικά αρχέτυπα. Αλλά οι αναγωγιστικές του υποθέσεις και ο επιστημονισμός-θετικισμός που διαπερνούσε το έργο του, περιόρισαν δραστικά την έρευνα των αρχετύπων και του συλλογικού ασυνειδήτου. Άλλωστε, όπως ο ίδιος ο Φρόυντ αναγνώριζε, επρόκειτο για μυθολογικές κατασκευές, για δραματουργικές μεταφορές και εικονιστικές αλληγορίες, εξίσου ζωτικές για την κατανόηση του ανθρώπινου δράματος όσο και η αγνωστικιστική-επιστημονική κοσμοθεωρία του. -/- Η ιδέα, λοιπόν, του συλλογικού ασυνειδήτου, όπου το ψυχικό υλικό και οι αρχέτυπες εικόνες, όπως τα όνειρα, οι αναμνήσεις, οι σπερματικές εικόνες, ενσωματώνονται και μεταφέρονται από γενιά σε γενιά διαμέσου των χιλιετιών είναι γνώρισμα που χαρακτηρίζει τόσο τη σκέψη του Φρόυντ όσο και του Jung. Η διαφορά έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι η φροϋδική ψυχανάλυση σκόπευε να απαλλάξει την ανθρώπινη ψυχή από την παιδικότητα των μεταφυσικών δοξασιών, αντίθετα η ψυχολογία του Jung αντλούσε στοιχεία από τη θρησκευτική εμπειρία για πολλές από τις βασικές της κατηγορίες και έβλεπε τη θρησκεία ως αναγκαίο εξελικτικό παράγοντα στην ιστορία και στην υγεία της ανθρώπινης ψυχής. Έτσι, η σύγκρουση Φρόυντ και Jung, πέραν από τις διαφορετικότητα των ιδιοσυγκρασιών, μπορούμε να πούμε ότι ήταν μια επιστημολογική διαμάχη ανάμεσα στον αγνωστικισμό και την υπερβατική πίστη, σ΄ένα βαθύτερο επίπεδο μια μονομαχία ανάμεσα σε μια νέα μυθολογία, υποκατάστατο πίστης και σε μυθολογικό σύστημα που ήθελε να επαναφέρει τους αρχαίους θεούς. Ο Φρόυντ επιχείρησε να ξορκίσει τους πανάρχαιους μύθους του ανορθολογισμού και της πίστης στο υπερφυσικό και ο Jung επιχείρησε να αποκαταστήσει την παλιά λατρεία και τον ιερό μύθο, την ‘’ομορφιά και τον σκοπό της αρχαίας θρησκείας’’, όπως υποστήριζε ο ίδιος. Ο Φρόυντ γνήσιο τέκνο του ουμανιστικού ανθρωπισμού πίστευε στο διαφωτισμό του Λόγου και της επιστήμης, παρά το γεγονός ότι θεωρούσε ότι και αυτή η συμβολική μορφή συνιστά εκλογίκευση και εξειδανίκευση, αλλά επέμενε ότι ήταν η μόνη συμβολική μορφή η οποία αυτοελέγχεται και αυτοδιορθώνεται, δηλαδή δεν είναι δογματικό και αυταρχικό γνωστικό σύστημα. Ο Jung, από την άλλη πλευρά, διαβλέπει το υπαρξιακό κενό που επιφέρει η απομάγευση του τεχνικο-επιστημονικού κόσμου στη σύγχρονη ψυχή και πασχίζει να διασώσει τη μαγεία, επαναφέροντας τη μεταφυσικό στοιχείο και τη θρησκευτική ιερότητα της ζωής, όπως αυτή εκφραζόταν στους αρχαίους μύθους. -/- Όλοι οι παραπάνω λόγοι, μεταφυσικοί, ψυχολογικοί, κοινωνιολογικοί και βιογραφικοί, οι οποίοι διαφοροποιούν τον Φρόυντ από τον Jung, μπορούν να συνοψιστούν στη διαφορετική αντίληψη όσον αφορά τον χρόνο. Ο Φρόυντ είχε, κυρίως, μια γραμμική θεώρηση του χρόνου, αναγνώριζε και αποδεχόταν την οριστική και αμετάκλητη θνητότητα του ανθρώπου και το πεπερασμένο των δυνατοτήτων του και πάσχιζε να τον συμφιλιώσει με την αναπόφευκτη εντροπία της δημιουργίας, η οποία θα επαναφέρει τον άνθρωπο στη φυσική κατάσταση της ανόργανης ύλης. Σ΄αυτή την κατάσταση, τη φυσική κατάσταση της ανόργανης ύλης, θα συναντήσει ξανά τη γαλήνη και την ανάπαυση, αυτό το ον, που όσο ζει, δεν εξισορροπεί τη σχέση του με το περιβάλλον, βρίσκεται σε μια κατάσταση μη-ισορροπίας, ασυμμετρίας, κατάσταση που δημιουργεί την επίγνωση του χρόνου, του εγώ-εαυτού και του επικείμενου θανάτου. Το βέλος του χρόνου καθορίζεται από την αυξανόμενη εντροπία, δηλαδή από την κατεύθυνση που αυθόρμητα ακολουθεί ένα σύστημα προσπαθώντας να ισορροπήσει. Το γεγονός ότι ο άνθρωπος νοιώθει ‘’αταίριαστος’’, σε σχέση με το περιβάλλον του, αποτελεί από τη μια το ελατήριο της εξέλιξης και της δημιουργικής αλλαγής του, αλλά από την άλλη βιώνει άφατο πόνο και διχασμούς οδυνηρούς. -/- Ο Jung, είχε, κυρίως, μια κυκλική θεώρηση του χρόνου, είχε ως όραμά του την Ονειρική εποχή των αρχαϊκών εποχών, όπου η φυσική αντιστοιχία του ανθρώπου με τους κύκλους της ζωής – ενσωματωμένη μέσα στη βαθιά ριζωμένη πίστη της μετενσάρκωσης και της ανάστασης-αναγέννησης- καθησύχαζε και κατεύναζε το φόβο του θανάτου. Ο υποσυνείδητος φόβος του θανάτου, αναιρείτο από την αναζωογονητική υπόσχεση του κυκλικού χρόνου, σ΄αυτή την προ-προσωπική κατάσταση του όντος, σύμφωνα με την αφήγηση του Jung, το πλάσμα εκείνο ταίριαζε με το περιβάλλον του και δεν είχε κανένα λόγο να αλλάξει, βρισκόταν σε μια άχρονη κατάσταση ύπαρξης. -/- Εξελικτική ιστορία ή αδιαφοροποίητη επανάληψη του Ίδιου αρχετυπικού κοσμικού προτύπου; Χρόνος ή Άχρονο, Ύλη ή Πνεύμα, Πολιτισμός ή Φύση, αυτές είναι μερικές από τις διαφοροποιήσεις ή και αντιθέσεις που αντιπαραθέτουν τη Φρουδική επιστημολογία με τη Γιουγκιανή και βέβαια ταλαιπωρούν συνολικά τη μεταφυσική, δηλαδή, τη φιλοσοφική ιστορία. Αν δεχτούμε την κυκλική περιστροφή των αρχετυπικών δομών, τότε αποδεχόμαστε τη μεταφυσική της αναγκαιότητας ενός αυτόνομου μοτίβου που επαναλαβάνεται αέναα και δεν γνωρίζει διαφοροποίηση, δηλαδή αποδεχόμαστε μια μεταφυσική της ουσίας ή αλλιώς μια πάγια και αμετάβλητη ανθρώπινη φύση. Αυτό συνδηλώνει μια οντολογία του άχρονου και αιώνιου κόσμου που επαναλαβάνεται αέναα. Από την άλλη, αν δεχτούμε τη γραμμική αντίληψη της εξελικτικής ιστορίας της φύσης, αναγνωρίζουμε συνεχείς διαφοροποιήσεις και αλλαγές που δεν έχουν σχέση με κληρονομημένες διαχρονικές μορφές και μοτίβα συμπεριφοράς της ανθρώπινης εμπειρίας, αυτό σημαίνει ότι αποδεχόμαστε το αέναο γίγνεσθαι της δημιουργίας. -/- Από τη μια η δομή που επαναλαμβάνεται και από την άλλη μια δομή, ανοιχτή και σε διαδικασία δόμησης. Θα λέγαμε ότι οι αρχετυπικές δομές των αμετάβλητων στοιχείων και η εξελικτική φυσική ιστορία των μεταβλητών, συνυπάρχουν, συν-διαμορφώνονται και συν-μεταβάλλονται. Τα αρχέτυπα ως καλούπι μορφοποιούν τις εμπειρίες που μεταβάλλονται και οι εμπειρίες μορφοποιούν το καλούπι που μεταβάλλεται –δίχως καλούπι και εμπειρίες να ταυτίζονται ή να διακρίνονται-, σαν ένα κύκλωμα ανάδρασης που μεταβολίζει τα αντίθετα, τα αναιρεί και τα εγγράφει στον σφαιρικό χωροχρόνο που μεταμορφώνεται απροσδιόριστα. Ενδεχομένως, να μπορούμε να αναγνωρίσουμε έναν συνολικό αρχέτυπο ρυθμό στην κοσμική εξέλιξη της συνείδησης, ξεκινώντας από μια αρχέγονη αδιαφοροποίητη ενότητα, μια συγχωνευτική και συμβιωτική κατάσταση, οδεύουν σε μια σταθερή μετακίνηση προς διαφοροποίηση, σταδιακή ενδυνάμωση της αυτόνομης ανθρώπινης διάνοιας, την αργή σφυρηλάτηση του υποκειμενικού εαυτού που τη συνοδεύει η απογοήτευση για την έλλειψη σύνδεσης με τον κόσμο, την απόσυρση στο ασυνείδητο, την οικουμενική αποξένωση, τη ριζική αποδόμηση και, τέλος, ίσως, την ανάδυση μιας συμμετοχικής συνείδησης ​​που επανασυνδέεται με το συμπαντικό, με την πλήρη σημασία του όρου. -/- -/- Ο ΑΟΡΑΤΟΣ ΡΥΘΜΟΣ -/- Μια ριζική προσέγγιση δεν βλέπει αυτές τις δυνάμεις –τα αρχετυπικά μοτίβα και τις εξελικτικές μεταβολές-, ούτε ως ανταγωνιστικές, ούτε ως συμπληρωματικές, ούτε και τις συνθέτει σε μια αδιαφοροποίητη ενότητα. Αυτό που παρουσιάζεται υπό την όψη της δυαδικότητας κυριαρχείται από έναν ενιαίο και πολλαπλασιαζόμενο ρυθμό: οι δύο εκδηλώσεις ούτε ταυτόσημες είναι, αλλά ούτε διαχωρισμένες, ενεργούν και ενιαία και διαφοροποιημένα. Μπορούμε να αναλάβουμε τις δυαδικές αντιθέσεις και να τις εγγράψουμε στον σφαιρικό χωροχρόνο και στις μεταμορφώσεις του που τον διαφοροποιούν απροσδιόριστα. Ο σφαιρικός χωροχρόνος, οι μεταμορφώσεις ‘’του’’, αδιαχώριστος από το μηδέν, δεν είναι, δημιουργείται και καταστρέφεται ταυτοχρόνως. Ανατρέχοντας πέραν των διακρίσεων, διασχίζοντάς τες, έχουμε να σκεφτούμε το αινιγματικό κέντρο από όπου προέρχονται οι μεταγενέστερες διαφοροποιήσεις και αντιθέσεις, οι οποίες ενέχουν αυτό το κέντρο άσχετα αν το αγνοούν. Το μετέωρο αυτό κέντρο – το διαρθωμένο και εν κινήσει σύνολο – δεν δρά σαν αιτία, πραγματική, μεταφυσική ή μεταφορική, αλλά αυτό το κέντρο, παρόν-απόν, ένα και διαφοροποιημένο μαζί, γνωρίζει πολλαπλές μεταμορφώσεις, χωρίς να μπορούμε να πούμε ποιά διάσταση προηγείται και ποιά έπεται. -/- Θα λέγαμε ότι η εξελικτική διαδικασία εμπλουτισμού της συνείδησης είναι η κατανόηση της εξελικτικής διαδικασίας μέσω της συνείδησης, για να κλείσει ο κύκλος ανάδρασης ανάμεσα στην ύλη και το νου και να διαβούμε το κατώφλι της εξόδου προς το μεγάλο Όλον. Αυτό έχει ήδη συμβεί, ο χωροχρόνος ‘’τυλίγεται γύρω από τον εαυτό του’’ για να σχηματίσει τη σφαίρα της αχρονικότητας, όχι την άχρονη ισορροπία (όπου δεν υπάρχει ούτε παρελθόν, ούτε παρόν, ούτε μέλλον, μια κατάσταση που καταλύεται η Σκέψη, ο Λόγος και η Συνείδηση και γλυστράμε στο βάραθρο του αβυσσαλέου Μηδενός) αλλά τον καθολικό χρόνο της συνείδησης (όπου παρελθόν, παρόν και μέλλον, συνυπάρχουν, ενιαία και τρισδιάστατα, δηλαδή κάθε διάσταση περιλαμβάνει και τις άλλες δύο, όπως εκδηλώνονται συγχρονικά, διαχρονικά και πανχρονικά, τόσο τοπικά, όσο πλανητικά και συμπαντικά). Ακόμα, βέβαια, το ανθρώπινο είδος βρίσκεται σε μια κοιλάδα που το τυλίγει η ομίχλη, ο δρόμος για να φτάσει ψηλά στην κορυφή και να ατενίσει καινούργιους ορίζοντες είναι μακρύς και επικίνδυνος, έχει να αναρριχηθεί γκρεμούς, όμως το μέλλον υπάρχει ήδη στο παρόν, έχει υπάρξει στο παρελθόν. Ο δρόμος για τις απάτητες και αφώτιστες κορυφές διέρχεται μέσα από τον θάνατο του εγώ-εαυτού και στοχεύει την κατεύθυνση της ενιαίας διόρασης του κόσμου. Οι άνθρωποι, που δεν είναι άνθρωποι, αλλά ερευνητές και πειραματιστές ή καλύτερα διαβάτες που οδοιπορούν, δίχως να γνωρίζουν προς ποιά ακριβώς κατεύθυνση στοχεύει η πορεία τους και γιατί, ήδη βρίσκονται σε διαδικασία ανάληψης και ξεπεράσματος, μετατοπισμένοι σ΄έναν τόπο, μη τοπολογικό και σ΄έναν χρόνο, μη χρονολογικό, στον Κόσμο, όχι τον φυσικοεπιστημονικό, τον Κόσμο, ως Εν-Παν, ως Παν-Τίποτα. (shrink)

Dopo mezzo secolo di oblio, la natura della coscienza è ora l'argomento più caldo nelle scienze comportamentali e nella filosofia. A partire dal lavoro pionieristico di Ludwig Wittgenstein negli anni '30 (i libri blu e brown) e dagli anni '50 ad oggi dal suo logico successore John Searle, ho creato la seguente tabella come euristica per promuovere questo studio. Le righe mostrano vari aspetti o modi di studio e le colonne mostrano i processi involontari e i comportamenti volontari che (...) comprendono i due sistemi (processi duali) della struttura logica della coscienza (LSC), che possono anche essere considerati come la struttura logica della razionalità (LSR-Searle), del comportamento (LSB), della personalità (LSP), della realtà (LSOR), dell'intenzionalità (LSI) -il termine filosofico, filosofico la Psicologia Descrittiva della Coscienza (DPC) , la Psicologia descrittiva del Pensiero (DPT) –o meglio, il Linguaggio della Psicologia Descrittiva del Pensiero (LDPT), termini introdotti qui e nei miei altri scritti molto recenti. Coloro che desiderano un quadro aggiornato completo per il comportamento umano dalla moderna vista a due systems possono consultare il mio libro 'La struttura logica dellafilosofia, psicologia, Mind e il linguaggio in Ludwig Wittgenstein e John Searle' 2nd ed (2019). Coloro che sono interessati a più dei miei scritti possono vedere 'Talking Monkeys--Filosofia, Psicologia, Scienza, Religione e Politica su un Pianeta Condannato--Articoli e Recensioni 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019) e Suicidal Utopian Delusions nel 21st Century 4th ed (2019). (shrink)

Background: Besides regulatory learning skills, learning also requires students to relate to their social context and negotiate it as they transition and adjust to medical training. As such, there is a need to consider and explore the role of social and cultural aspects in student learning, particularly in problem-based learning, where the learning paradigm differs from what most students have previously experienced. In this article, we report on the findings of a study exploring first-year medical students’ experiences during the first (...) semester of an undergraduate problem-based learning medical program at an African medical school. Method: We employed a qualitative case study approach using in-depth interviews with 23 first-year medical students. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 25 years. All students were bi/multilingual (some spoke three to five languages), with English as the learning language. We conducted an inductive thematic analysis to systematically identify and analyze patterns in the data using the Braun and Clarke framework. Results: Before medical school, students worked hard to compete for admission to medical school, were primarily taught using a teacher-centered approach, and preferred working alone. At the beginning of medical school, students found it challenging to understand the problem-based learning process, the role of the case, speaking and working effectively in a group, managing a heavy workload, and taking increased responsibility for their learning. By the end of the first semester, most students were handling the workload better, were more comfortable with their peers and facilitators, and appreciated the value of the problem-based learning approach. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of interrogating contextual sociocultural factors that could cause tension when implementing problem-based learning in non-western medical schools. Adjustment to problem-based learning requires a conceptual and pedagogic shift towards learner-centered practice, particularly concerning self direction, the role of the case, and collaborative learning. As such, there is a need to develop and implement research informed learning development programs that enable students to reflect on their sociocultural beliefs and practices, and enhance their regulatory learning competence to optimize meaningful and early engagement with the problem based learning process. (shrink)

PLEASE NOTE: This is the corrected 2nd eBook edition, 2021. ●●●●● _Critique of Impure Reason_ has now also been published in a printed edition. To reduce the otherwise high price of this scholarly, technical book of nearly 900 pages and make it more widely available beyond university libraries to individual readers, the non-profit publisher and the author have agreed to issue the printed edition at cost. ●●●●● The printed edition was released on September 1, 2021 and is now available through (...) all booksellers, including Barnes & Noble, Amazon, and brick-and-mortar bookstores under ISBN 978-0-578-88646-6. ●●●●● In light of the length of this book, readers who would like to have a more detailed description of the book's objectives and method may find it helpful to read the detailed and clearly written Wikipedia entry about this work: From the Wikipedia search page, use the search phrase "Critique of Impure Reason". At least at the time of this writing (11/29/2021), the Wikipedia entry is well-researched and accurate. ●●●●● In addition, a "Primer on Bartlett's CRITIQUE OF IMPURE REASON" has been made available by the author. It is available under its title through PhilPapers and other philosophy online archives. ●●●●● COMMENDATIONS OF THIS WORK, from the back cover of the published edition: ●●●●● “I admire its range of philosophical vision.” – Nicholas Rescher, Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, author of more than 100 books. ●●●●● “Bartlett’s _Critique of Impure Reason_ is an impressive, bold, and ambitious work. Careful scholarship is balanced by original analyses that lead the reader to recognize the limits of meaning, knowledge, and conceptual possibility. The work addresses a host of traditional philosophical problems, among them the nature of space, time, causality, consciousness, the self, other minds, ontology, free will and determinism, and others. The book culminates in a fascinating and profound new understanding of relativity physics and quantum theory.” – Gerhard Preyer, Professor of Philosophy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, author of many books including _Concepts of Meaning_, _Beyond Semantics and Pragmatics_, _Intention and Practical Thought_, and _Contextualism in Philosophy_. ●●●●● “[This work’s] goal is of a unique and difficult species: Dr. Bartlett seeks to develop a formal logical calculus on the basis of transcendental philosophical arguments; in fact, he hopes that this calculus will be the formal expression of the transcendental foundation of knowledge.... I consider Dr. Bartlett’s work soundly conceived and executed with great skill.” – C. F. von Weizsäcker, philosopher and physicist, former Director, Max-Planck-Institute, Starnberg, Germany. ●●●●● “Bartlett has written an American “Prolegomena to All Future Metaphysics.” He aims rigorously to eliminate meaningless assertions, reach bedrock, and place philosophy on a firm foundation that will enable it, like science and mathematics, to produce lasting results that generations to come can build on. This is a great book, the fruit of a lifetime of research and reflection, and it deserves serious attention.” — Martin X. Moleski, former Professor, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, studies of scientific method, the presuppositions of thought, and the self-referential nature of epistemology. ●●●●● “Bartlett has written a book on what might be called the underpinnings of philosophy. It has fascinating depth and breadth, and is all the more striking due to its unifying perspective based on the concepts of reference and self-reference.” – Don Perlis, Professor of Computer Science, University of Maryland, author of numerous publications on self-adjusting autonomous systems and philosophical issues concerning self-reference, mind, and consciousness. ●●●●● ●●●●● The _Critique of Impure Reason: Horizons of Possibility and Meaning_ comprises a major and important contribution to philosophy. Thanks to the generosity of its publisher, this massive 885-page volume has been published as a free open access eBook (3.75MB) as well as an open access printed edition. It inaugurates a revolutionary paradigm shift in philosophical thought by providing compelling and long-sought-for solutions to a wide range of philosophical problems. In the process, the work fundamentally transforms the way in which the concepts of reference, meaning, and possibility are understood. The book includes a Foreword by the celebrated German philosopher and physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. ●●●●● In Kant’s _Critique of Pure Reason_ we find an analysis of the preconditions of experience and of knowledge. In contrast, but yet in parallel, the new _Critique_ focuses upon the ways—unfortunately very widespread and often unselfconsciously habitual—in which many of the concepts that we employ _conflict_ with the very preconditions of meaning and of knowledge. ●●●●● This is a book about the boundaries of frameworks and about the unrecognized conceptual confusions in which we become entangled when we attempt to transgress beyond the limits of the possible and meaningful. We tend either not to recognize or not to accept that we all-too-often attempt to trespass beyond the boundaries of the frameworks that make knowledge possible and the world meaningful. ●●●●● The _Critique of Impure Reason_ proposes a bold, ground-breaking, and startling thesis: that a great many of the major philosophical problems of the past can be solved through the recognition of a viciously deceptive form of thinking to which philosophers as well as non-philosophers commonly fall victim. For the first time, the book advances and justifies the criticism that a substantial number of the questions that have occupied philosophers fall into the category of “impure reason,” violating the very conditions of their possible meaningfulness. ●●●●● The purpose of the study is twofold: first, to enable us to recognize the boundaries of what is referentially forbidden—the limits beyond which reference becomes meaningless—and second, to avoid falling victims to a certain broad class of conceptual confusions that lie at the heart of many major philosophical problems. As a consequence, the boundaries of _possible meaning_ are determined. ●●●●● Bartlett, the author or editor of more than 20 books, is responsible for identifying this widespread and delusion-inducing variety of error, _metalogical projection_. It is a previously unrecognized and insidious form of erroneous thinking that undermines its own possibility of meaning. It comes about as a result of the pervasive human compulsion to seek to transcend the limits of possible reference and meaning. ●●●●● Based on original research and rigorous analysis combined with extensive scholarship, the _Critique of Impure Reason_ develops a self-validating method that makes it possible to recognize, correct, and eliminate this major and pervasive form of fallacious thinking. In so doing, the book provides at last provable and constructive solutions to a wide range of major philosophical problems. ●●●●● CONTENTS AT A GLANCE ▪▪▪▪▪ Preface ▪▪▪▪▪ Foreword by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker ▪▪▪▪▪ Acknowledgments ▪▪▪▪▪ Avant-propos: A philosopher’s rallying call ▪▪▪▪▪ Introduction ▪▪▪▪▪ A note to the reader ▪▪▪▪▪ A note on conventions ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART I ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ WHY PHILOSOPHY HAS MADE NO PROGRESS AND HOW IT CAN ▪▪▪▪▪ 1 Philosophical-psychological prelude ▪▪▪▪▪ 2 Putting belief in its place: Its psychology and a needed polemic ▪▪▪▪▪ 3 Turning away from the linguistic turn: From theory of reference to metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 4 The stepladder to maximum theoretical generality ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART II ▪▪▪▪▪ THE METALOGIC OF REFERENCE ▪▪▪▪▪ A New Approach to Deductive, Transcendental Philosophy ▪▪▪▪▪ 5 Reference, identity, and identification ▪▪▪▪▪ 6 Self-referential argument and the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 7 Possibility theory ▪▪▪▪▪ 8 Presupposition logic, reference, and identification ▪▪▪▪▪ 9 Transcendental argumentation and the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 10 Framework relativity ▪▪▪▪▪ 11 The metalogic of meaning ▪▪▪▪▪ 12 The problem of putative meaning and the logic of meaninglessness ▪▪▪▪▪ 13 Projection ▪▪▪▪▪ 14 Horizons ▪▪▪▪▪ 15 De-projection ▪▪▪▪▪ 16 Self-validation ▪▪▪▪▪ 17 Rationality: Rules of admissibility ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART III ▪▪▪▪▪ PHILOSOPHICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE METALOGIC OF REFERENCE ▪▪▪▪▪ Major Problems and Questions of Philosophy and the Philosophy of Science ▪▪▪▪▪ 18 Ontology and the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 19 Discovery or invention in general problem-solving, mathematics, and physics ▪▪▪▪▪ 20 The conceptually unreachable: “The far side” ▪▪▪▪▪ 21 The projections of the external world, things-in-themselves, other minds, realism, and idealism ▪▪▪▪▪ 22 The projections of time, space, and space-time ▪▪▪▪▪ 23 The projections of causality, determinism, and free will ▪▪▪▪▪ 24 Projections of the self and of solipsism ▪▪▪▪▪ 25 Non-relational, agentless reference and referential fields ▪▪▪▪▪ 26 Relativity physics as seen through the lens of the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 27 Quantum theory as seen through the lens of the metalogic of reference ▪▪▪▪▪ 28 Epistemological lessons learned from and applicable to relativity physics and quantum theory ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ PART IV ▪▪▪▪▪ HORIZONS ▪▪▪▪▪ 29 Beyond belief ▪▪▪▪▪ 30 _Critique of Impure Reason_: Its results in retrospect ▪▪▪▪▪ ▪▪▪▪▪ SUPPLEMENT ▪▪▪▪▪ The Formal Structure of the Metalogic of Reference ▪▪▪▪▪ APPENDIX I ▪▪▪▪▪ The Concept of Horizon in the Work of Other Philosophers ▪▪▪▪▪ APPENDIX II ▪▪▪▪▪ Epistemological Intelligence ▪▪▪▪▪ References ▪▪▪▪▪ Index ▪▪▪▪▪ About the author. 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