In “Diversifying Effective Altruism’s Longshots in Animal Advocacy”, Matthew C. Halteman acknowledges the value of aspects of the EA method but considers two potential critical concerns. First, it isn’t always clear that effective altruism succeeds in doing the most good, especially where long-shots like foiling misaligned AI or producing meat without animals are concerned. Second, one might worry that investing large sums of money in long-shots like these, even if they do succeed, has the opportunity cost of failing adequately (...) to combat systemic injustice in the shorter term. This chapter explains each of these reservations and goes on to suggest some exciting new initiatives—institution-building in Black veganism, higher education, and religious communities—that could mitigate these reservations, energize and diversify the movement, and remain true to the EA method of supporting underexploited but potentially high-impact causes that produce non-fungible goods otherwise unlikely to be funded. (shrink)

Critics of private charity often claim that the well-off should instead assist the disadvantaged through political reform. The present article explores this idea with reference to effective altruism, a powerful new paradigm in the ethics of philanthropy. Effective altruism presses the relatively affluent not only to give generously, but also to subject their practical deliberations to rigorous evaluations of impartiality and cost-effectiveness. The article contends that the movement’s sophisticated methods are not sufficient to overcome the worries of institutionalist critics. At (...) the same time, it shows that a transition from assistance to advocacy faces underappreciated and serious limitations. The measurement-based methods that allow effective altruists to identify promising assistance programs do not carry over well to political reform. In addition, unleashing greater private wealth into politics may exacerbate unequal opportunities for political influence. The article closes with preliminary suggestions for overcoming these concerns and connects them to broader developments in the politics of philanthropy. (shrink)

Effective Altruism is a popular social movement that encourages individuals to donate to organizations that effectively address humanity’s most severe poverty. However, because Effective Altruists are committed to doing the most good in the most effective ways, they often argue that it is wrong to help those nearest to you. In this paper, I target a major subset of Effective Altruists who consider it a moral obligation to do the most good possible. Call these Obligation-Oriented Effective Altruists (OOEAs), and their (...) movement Obligation-Oriented Effective Altruism (OOEA). I argue that insofar as this variety of OOEA seems to commit us to refrain from helping the people right in front of us, there is something intuitively wrong about it. In response, I introduce an alternative model that embraces partiality: Mutual Aid. Mutual Aid is a network of community members, usually from the same geographical region, who share a commitment to offer, receive, and exchange material goods, wealth, and social support. I recommend Mutual Aid as a liberatory model, which—through empathy, solidarity, and care—mobilizes community building and provides a catalyst for community advocacy. As such, we should resist the claims of OOEAs that partially distributing our funds to people or causes we care about is morally wrong or even less than ideal. We do not have a moral obligation to use our funds “effectively;” rather, we have a broader obligation to address human suffering, and Mutual Aid is one moral alternative for discharging this duty. (shrink)

Religion constitutes an important element in every society as regards coping with the demands as well as vicissitudes of life. Mental health issues are becoming a recurrent decimal in societies overwhelmed by stress and other social factors. This paper examines how the presence of religious beliefs affects how some Christians respond to cases that have to do mental health. At the same time, it surveys how a near absence of religious attitude, that is, clinical medicine approach to mental health issues (...) betters the state of those suffering from these psychopathologies. This work sees participatory partnership approach as an effective means of correcting unhealthy biases that prevent a better understanding of mental health care. Sociological theory of structural functionalism will be used in assessing how religion can reinvent itself in areas that are associated with mental health. Ethnographic methodology through quantitative analysis of administered questionnaire is used as a research tool for this research. Three persons were also interviewed. The research findings show that religion is a crucial agent of socialization that can change how religious beliefs impact on mental health and there is need for medical professionals to collaborate with pastoral agents. (shrink)

By using multilevel mediation involving 322,589 posts made by 384 musicians over 104 weeks, we simultaneously analyze the short-term and long-term effects of charity-related signaling on sales, with social media engagement as the mediator. Specifically, we compare the effects of charity-related signals with those of two other types of signals: mission-related (i.e., promoting music and commercial products) and non-mission-related (i.e., other posts that do not relate to the other two categories). In the short term, the indirect effect of using (...) charity signaling on sales (through engagement) is positive, though smaller than the effects of mission-related and non-mission related signals. However, in the long term, the indirect effect of regularly using charity-related signaling on sales (through long-term engagement) is greater than for the effects involving the other types of signals. We derive from these findings three main implications for the business ethics literature. First, in the long term, the mutual economic benefits of charity signaling should encourage both entities (i.e., musicians and charities) to go beyond short-term, transactional philanthropy. Second, because it is profitable for musicians to partner with charities in the long-term, our research argues that charities have extensive bargaining power in such co-branding decisions. Third, our research highlights the importance of studying the longitudinal aspects of co-branding decisions involving non-profit organizations; the financial outlook of such decisions could greatly vary depending on the timeframe (i.e., short vs. long). (shrink)

Currently, there are many advocacy interventions aimed at reducing animal consumption. We report results from a lab (N = 267) and a field experiment (N = 208) exploring whether, and to what extent, some of those educational interventions are effective at shifting attitudes and behavior related to animal consumption. In the lab experiment, participants were randomly assigned to read a philosophical ethics paper, watch an animal advocacy video, read an advocacy pamphlet, or watch a control video. In (...) the field experiment, we measured the impact of college classes with animal ethics content versus college classes without animal ethics content. Using a pretest, post-test matched control group design, humane educational interventions generally made people more knowledgeable about animals used as food and reduced justifications and speciesist attitudes supporting animal consumption. None of the interventions in either experiment had a direct, measurable impact on self-reported animal consumption. These results suggest that while some educational interventions can change beliefs and attitudes about animal consumption, those same interventions have small impacts on animal consumption. (shrink)

Levy (2021 Levy, N. (2021). Bad beliefs: Why they happen to good people. Oxford University Press.[Crossref], [Google Scholar]) argues that bad beliefs predominately stem from automatic (albeit rational) updating in response to testimonial evidence. To counteract such beliefs, then, we should focus on ridding our epistemic environments of misleading testimony. This paper responds as follows. First, I argue that the suite of automatic processes related to bad beliefs extends well beyond the deference-based processes that Levy identifies. Second, I push back (...) against Levy’s claim that bad beliefs stem from wholly rational processes, suggesting that, in many cases, such processes are better characterized as arational. Finally, I note that Levy is too quick to dismiss the role that individuals can play in cleaning up their own epistemic environments, and I suggest one route through which this is possible. (shrink)

Should the government censor dangerous anti-vaccination propoganda? Should it restrict the praise of terrorist groups, or speech intended to promote discriminatory attitudes? In other words, should the government curb the advocacy of dangerous ideas and actions (i.e. 'harmful advocacy'), or should the government take a more permissive approach? Strong free speech supporters argue that citizens should be free to engage in and to hear harmful advocacy, arguing that restrictions are deeply objectionable at best, and, at worst, wholly (...) impermissible. To support their position, strong free speech supporters have offered a wide range of arguments and ideas. One of the most interesting arguments revolves around the idea that restrictions on harmful advocacy are deeply insulting to citizens. The worry, broadly understood, is that this kind of censorship is demeaning, treats citizens as though they are stupid, or as though they are children. As such, even when censorship is effective in preventing harms to citizens, it nonetheless comes at the significant political cost of failing to properly respect the citizenry at large. By contrast, so the thought goes, an alternative political scheme that prohibits censorship, or permits it only in exceptional cases, does a better job of respecting citizens as independent, rational, morally responsible agents. This alternative political system may, sometimes, be less effective at preventing speech harms. But it is a political system where citizens can stand tall and hold their heads high. In this paper, I consider and reject three versions of the worry that censorship is insulting. §1 explores the idea that censorship is insulting qua involving a negative appraisal of the citizens being interfered with. The key idea here is that censorship involves a lack of what Stephen Darwall terms ‘appraisal respect’, insofar as the government is suggesting that citizens cannot be trusted to manage their own beliefs and intentions. Drawing on the work of Thomas Nagel, §2 explores the idea that censorship diminishes the political status of citizens. Finally, §3 explores the suggestion that censorship is incompatible with a full appreciation of the thinking nature of citizens, and thus involves a lack of what Darwall would term ‘recognition respect’. The paper argues that censorship is not necessarily premised upon an insulting view of the citizenry. On the contrary, it argues that the best kind of censorship stems from a rich appreciation of the diverse range of capabilities, needs, vulnerabilities, and responsibilities of citizens, as well as the need for co-operation between citizens if societal flourishing is going to be achieved on a large scale. Granted, such a vision places an emphasis on the imperfections and liabilities of citizens – at least when compared to the rather solitary, highly intellectual creature one sometimes finds in the philosophical literature. Still, such a vision of citizens as imperfect falls well short of being genuinely insulting. To err is human. And there’s nothing insulting about being treated like a human. (shrink)

Sociology, as conceived by Comte, was to put an end to the anarchy of opinions characteristic of liberal democracy by replacing opinion with the truths of sociology, imposed through indoctrination. Later sociologists backed away from this, making sociology acceptable to liberal democracy by being politically neutral. The critics of this solution asked 'whose side are we on?' Burawoy provides a novel justification for advocacy scholarship in sociology. Public sociology is intended to have political effects, but also to be funded (...) by the politically neutral state. He argues that public sociology is institutionally neutral, but that committing to an organic relation with a social movement is legitimate as a matter of the sociologist's personal value choice. Although this produces side-taking sociology, by improving the case for particular standpoints it serves to improve democratic discussion generally, which is an appropriately neutral public aim. (shrink)

What influences the Northern media’s coverage of events and abuses in explicit human rights terms? Do international NGOs have an impact, and, if so, when are they most effective? This article addresses these questions with a regression analysis of human rights reporting by The Economist and Newsweek from 1986 to 2000, covering 145 countries. First, it finds that these two media sources cover abuses in human rights terms more frequently when they occur in countries with higher levels of state repression, (...) economic development, population, and Amnesty International attention. There is also some evidence that political openness, the number of battle deaths, and civil societies affect coverage, although these effects were not robust. Second, it finds that Amnesty International’s press releases appear to have less impact on media coverage when dis- cussing abuses in countries that are central to the media’s zone of concern. Indeed, Amnesty’s press advocacy may be more effective when addressing violations in lesser-noticed countries. The article attributes this to the saturation of coverage of abuses in highly mediatized countries. Cumulative attention by multiple journalists and others raises a country’s media profile but also makes it more difficult for any one voice to be heard. The authors conclude that Amnesty’s press advocacy may have greater media impact when focused- ing on abuses in countries located away from the media’s core areas of concern. Overall, the authors are encouraged by the Northern media’s sensitivity to actual patterns of repression and Amnesty’s lobbying, since both indicate that the media is potentially a useful ally in efforts to combat abuses worldwide. Yet, the discouraging effects of poverty on the media’s human rights coverage are cause for concern. (shrink)

In this article, it is argued that a significant internal tension exists in John Rawls' political liberalism. He holds the following positions that might plausibly be considered incongruous: (1) a commitment to tolerating a broad right of freedom of political speech, including a right of subversive advocacy; (2) a commitment to restricting this broad right if it is intended to incite and likely to bring about imminent violence; and (3) a commitment to curbing this broad right only if there (...) is a constitutional crisis. By supporting a broad right of freedom of political speech in Political Liberalism, he allows militant intolerant people such as Jihadists, White Supremacists and Neo-Nazis to advocate publicly their dangerously intolerant beliefs. Public advocacy of dangerously intolerant beliefs can be construed as subversive advocacy. As demonstrated by the historical examples of the Weimar Republic and the Second Spanish Republic, militant intolerant groups could use a right of subversive advocacy to threaten the stability of liberal democracies. Hence, by allowing them to exercise a broad right of freedom of political speech, Rawls could jeopardize that which he intends to defend, namely the actual political stability of a liberal democratic order. Lastly, Rawls' conception of ideal constitutional interpretation, which privileges a broad right of freedom of political speech, might be insufficient to deal effectively with the threat posed by militant intolerant groups. Yet a tradition of American constitutional interpretation that balances freedom of speech with other important constitutional and/or political values has overcome a civil war, two world wars, the Cold War and the 9/11 terrorist attacks without abandoning democracy or permanently renouncing those values. Still, Rawls' ideal approach to constitutional interpretation might, in hindsight, help us to understand some of the excesses and deficiencies of American jurisprudence in times of emergency.<br><br><br><br>. (shrink)

It has become more common recently for epistemologists to advocate the pragmatic encroachment on knowledge, the claim that the appropriateness ofknowledge ascriptions is dependent on the relevant practical circumstances. Advocacy of practicalism in epistemology has come at the expense of contextualism, the view that knowledge ascriptions are independent of pragmatic factors and depend alternatively on distinctively epistemological, semantic factors with the result that knowledge ascriptions express different knowledge properties on different occasions of use. Overall, my goal here is to (...) defend a particular version of contextualism drawn from work by Peter Ludlow, called ‘standards contextualism.’ My strategy will be to elaborate on this form of contextualism by defending it from various objections raised by the practicalists Jason Stanley, Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath. In showing how standards contextualism can effectively repel these criticisms I hope to establish that standards contextualism is a viable alternative to practicalism. (shrink)

For the past few years in the United States, almost daily there’s a headline about new proposed abortions restrictions. Conservatives cheer, liberals despair. But who is right here? Should abortion be generally legal or should it be banned? Is it usually immoral or is it usually not wrong at all? These same questions, of course, are asked in other countries. To many people, answers to these questions seem obvious, and people with different or contrary answers are, well, just wrong. But (...) how can we know? In particular, could anyone know that abortion is not wrong and should be legal? If so, how? And how would anyone effectively, persuasively, communicate that knowledge? One important set of answers depends on this idea: critical thinking. Critical thinking can help people know, not merely believe or feel, that their perspectives on issues are true or correct, and it can help them persuade others to understand and accept that knowledge. We are philosophy professors who teach courses in critical thinking and its applications to ethical, political, scientific, and legal issues. In our 2019 open-access book, Thinking Critically About Abortion: Why Most Abortions Aren’t Wrong & Why All Abortions Should be Legal, we apply well-confirmed methods of critical thinking to the most discussed arguments about abortion. Critical thinking can be operationalized as skills. Three key critical thinking skills involve defining words, identifying the structures of arguments, and evaluating explanations. Understanding these and other critical thinking skills can only help improve conversations and advocacy about abortion. Let’s see them in action. (shrink)

The objective of Working Group 4 of the COST Action NET4Age-Friendly is to examine existing policies, advocacy, and funding opportunities and to build up relations with policy makers and funding organisations. Also, to synthesize and improve existing knowledge and models to develop from effective business and evaluation models, as well as to guarantee quality and education, proper dissemination and ensure the future of the Action. The Working Group further aims to enable capacity building to improve interdisciplinary participation, to promote (...) knowledge exchange and to foster a cross-European interdisciplinary research capacity, to improve cooperation and co-creation with cross-sectors stakeholders and to introduce and educate students SHAFE implementation and sustainability. To enable the achievement of the objectives of Working Group 4, the Leader of the Working Group, the Chair and Vice-Chair, in close cooperation with the Science Communication Coordinator, developed a template to map the current state of SHAFE policies, funding opportunities and networking in the COST member countries of the Action. On invitation, the Working Group lead received contributions from 37 countries, in a total of 85 Action members. The contributions provide an overview of the diversity of SHAFE policies and opportunities in Europe and beyond. These were not edited or revised and are a result of the main areas of expertise and knowledge of the contributors; thus, gaps in areas or content are possible and these shall be further explored in the following works and reports of this WG. But this preliminary mapping is of huge importance to proceed with the WG activities. In the following chapters, an introduction on the need of SHAFE policies is presented, followed by a summary of the main approaches to be pursued for the next period of work. The deliverable finishes with the opportunities of capacity building, networking and funding that will be relevant to undertake within the frame of Working Group 4 and the total COST Action. The total of country contributions is presented in the annex of this deliverable. (shrink)

This paper questions the efficacy of social adverts in promoting Nigeria’s democracy and proposes creative planning as a key strategy for designing effective media messages for effective democratic principles. Social advertising pleads a course through advocacy, social mobilization or behavior change communication. The business of democracy is to get the people involved in the business of leadership. Many media messages created to inform and educate the citizenry under democratic set-ups in Nigeria have been ineffective with regards to changing behavior (...) of the citizens towards a particular course. The creative planning strategy under consideration in this paper involves the steps in the creation of media messages with focus on variables such as discourse, dramatic logic or arguments, signs and significations and the audience. Basic questions in this paper include: Why are social adverts used as tools in promoting democratic values? Are the social adverts used in Nigeria predicated on the creative planning strategy? To what extent have the social adverts contributed to the promotion of democratic principles in Nigeria? The paper examines some advertising theories as applied to message development and questions the basis for creating or designing most media messages in promoting democratic values in Nigeria. The methodology adopted in this paper is analysis and recommendations will be based on the findings. (shrink)

Damaged Cultural Mentality: Causes and Solutions -/- A damaged cultural mentality refers to the deeply ingrained patterns of thinking, beliefs, and behaviors within a society that limit personal and collective progress. These mentalities are shaped by historical events, societal norms, and traditional practices, and they often perpetuate harmful ideologies that can stifle innovation, critical thinking, and the well-being of individuals. Reforming such mentalities is a complex process because it requires addressing not only external behaviors but also the internalized beliefs and (...) values that define a community or nation. In this essay, we will explore the causes of damaged cultural mentality and discuss potential solutions for reform. -/- Causes of Damaged Cultural Mentality -/- 1. Historical Legacy and Trauma A significant factor in the development of a damaged cultural mentality is historical trauma. Societies that have experienced colonization, war, or oppression often carry the psychological scars of these events for generations. These experiences can instill a sense of inferiority, fear, or distrust in individuals, leading to self-destructive behaviors and societal divisions. For example, cultures that have been colonized may adopt the values of their colonizers, while simultaneously developing a resistance to anything perceived as foreign or different. This dichotomy can create confusion and hinder progress, as individuals navigate conflicting cultural ideals. -/- 2. Cultural Inertia and Tradition Traditions and cultural norms are powerful forces that shape the way people think and behave. In many societies, traditional ways of thinking are upheld as sacred and immutable, which can prevent growth and adaptation. This cultural inertia is often rooted in the belief that the past holds all the answers to present-day problems. Over time, this mentality becomes so ingrained that questioning or deviating from tradition is seen as unacceptable or disrespectful. As a result, harmful practices such as gender inequality, caste systems, or rigid social hierarchies can persist, even when they no longer serve the well-being of the population. -/- 3. Social Conditioning and Peer Pressure From an early age, individuals are socialized into the values and norms of their society. This social conditioning shapes how people perceive themselves and others, often reinforcing stereotypes, biases, and prejudices. Peer pressure, in the form of societal expectations and the desire for acceptance, further perpetuates these mentalities. In some cases, individuals may even internalize harmful cultural beliefs, causing them to perpetuate practices that harm both themselves and others. For instance, the glorification of materialism or the devaluation of education can become entrenched in a culture, limiting opportunities for progress. -/- 4. Lack of Critical Thinking and Education A significant barrier to reforming a damaged cultural mentality is the lack of critical thinking and education. In societies where education is either inaccessible or insufficiently emphasized, individuals may not be equipped to question or analyze the cultural norms and beliefs that govern their lives. Without the tools to critically evaluate their beliefs, people are more likely to accept societal constructs without challenge, thus maintaining the status quo. Additionally, when education is overly focused on rote memorization or conformity, rather than on fostering creativity and critical thinking, it becomes difficult to challenge harmful cultural ideologies. -/- Solutions to Reform a Damaged Cultural Mentality -/- 1. Holistic Education and Critical Thinking One of the most effective ways to combat a damaged cultural mentality is through education. Education should not only focus on academic knowledge but also on the development of critical thinking skills. By encouraging students to question and analyze the beliefs and practices around them, they can develop a deeper understanding of how cultural mentalities shape their lives. Furthermore, education should emphasize the value of empathy, diversity, and open-mindedness, enabling individuals to appreciate different perspectives and challenge harmful stereotypes. A holistic education system that encourages inquiry and reflection can be a powerful tool in breaking the cycle of damaged cultural mentalities. -/- 2. Promotion of Dialogue and Inclusivity Reforming cultural mentalities requires creating spaces for open dialogue and exchange of ideas. In many societies, people are reluctant to challenge traditional beliefs because of fear of ostracization or punishment. To address this, it is essential to foster a culture of inclusivity, where individuals feel safe expressing their views and engaging in meaningful conversations. Platforms for discussion, such as community forums or workshops, can allow individuals to voice their concerns and hear different viewpoints. This exchange of ideas helps broaden perspectives and encourages people to re-evaluate harmful mentalities. -/- 3. Leveraging Media and Technology In today’s interconnected world, media and technology have the potential to reach a wide audience and influence societal change. By using media platforms to promote positive cultural values and challenge damaging ideologies, societies can shift public attitudes. Documentaries, social media campaigns, and online education can highlight the negative consequences of certain cultural practices and showcase examples of reform and progress. For instance, campaigns advocating for gender equality or environmental conservation can gradually reshape societal values and encourage individuals to adopt more balanced and sustainable mindsets. -/- 4. Cultural Adaptation and Integration While it is important to preserve cultural traditions that promote well-being and unity, it is also necessary to adapt and evolve in response to changing circumstances. A key solution for reforming a damaged cultural mentality is integrating progressive values with traditional ones. This approach allows for the preservation of cultural identity while also embracing values such as equality, respect for human rights, and social justice. Leaders and influencers within a society must take on the role of cultural reformers, guiding their communities toward practices that are both progressive and culturally relevant. -/- 5. Community Empowerment and Leadership For cultural reform to take root, it must be driven from within the community. Local leaders, educators, and activists play a crucial role in challenging harmful mentalities and advocating for change. Empowering individuals at the grassroots level to lead reform efforts ensures that the process is authentic and sustainable. Community-based initiatives, such as workshops on mental health, gender equality, or environmental awareness, can empower individuals to take ownership of their cultural transformation. -/- Conclusion -/- Reforming a damaged cultural mentality is a complex but essential task for societal progress. The causes of these mentalities are multifaceted, including historical trauma, social conditioning, cultural inertia, and a lack of critical thinking. However, with a strategic approach that includes education, open dialogue, media advocacy, cultural adaptation, and community empowerment, societies can begin to dismantle harmful beliefs and practices. By fostering a culture of critical reflection and inclusivity, we can build more equitable, progressive societies that embrace both tradition and innovation for the well-being of all. -/- . (shrink)

-/- The Future of Economic Systems: A Balance Between Capitalism, Socialism, and Sustainable Growth -/- Economic systems have evolved over centuries to meet the needs of societies. The invention of monetary value, a social construct, allowed for the exchange of goods and services, making economies function at a large scale. However, while this system has undoubtedly brought prosperity to many, it has also led to inequalities and environmental challenges. In order to address these issues and ensure a sustainable future, a (...) more holistic approach to economic systems is necessary—one that blends the best of capitalism, socialism, and modern economic theories such as Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). This approach, coupled with excellent government leadership and regulated population growth, could create an economic system that maximizes productivity, balances wealth distribution, and ensures sustainability for future generations. -/- The Combination of Capitalism and Socialism -/- Capitalism has proven effective at driving innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. It is based on the principle that individuals and companies can freely engage in trade, and that competition leads to more efficient and diverse products and services. However, capitalism, when left unchecked, has often resulted in income inequality, environmental degradation, and social unrest. To address these issues, elements of socialism are necessary. Socialism focuses on wealth redistribution and providing a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society. It ensures that basic needs, such as healthcare, education, and housing, are met for all citizens, regardless of their income level. -/- By combining capitalism with socialism, societies can harness the strengths of both systems. The competitive nature of capitalism fosters innovation and growth, while socialism ensures that wealth is more evenly distributed and that the welfare of society as a whole is prioritized. This balance can lead to a more equitable society, where both individuals and communities can thrive. -/- The Role of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) as a Feedback Mechanism -/- Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) proposes that governments can issue currency without the risk of running out of money, provided they manage inflation and the economy’s productive capacity responsibly. MMT offers a fresh perspective on monetary policy, advocating for increased government spending on public goods and services, such as infrastructure, healthcare, and education, without the immediate need for taxation or borrowing. -/- In this proposed economic system, MMT functions as a feedback mechanism, helping to regulate the money supply in a way that is responsive to economic conditions. By aligning the money supply with real productivity, MMT can ensure that inflation remains under control while supporting full employment and social welfare. This mechanism helps prevent the economic imbalances that have sometimes occurred in both purely capitalist and socialist systems, creating a stable environment in which society can flourish. -/- The Importance of Excellent Government Leadership and Sustainable Population Growth -/- An effective government system is essential in implementing these economic policies. Strong leadership ensures that policies are not only well-crafted but also implemented efficiently. Leaders must focus on long-term stability, fairness, and sustainability, and be willing to make decisions that prioritize the common good over short-term political gain. In this system, transparency, accountability, and a commitment to improving quality of life for all citizens should guide decision-making. -/- Another critical factor in ensuring the success of this economic system is sustainable population growth. Overpopulation can strain resources, harm the environment, and lead to economic instability. Regulated population growth ensures that society’s resources—such as food, water, energy, and housing—are not overburdened. Through education, family planning, and policies that promote sustainable living, governments can ensure that the population grows at a rate that is manageable and supportive of long-term prosperity. -/- Balancing Money Supply, Productivity, and Inequality -/- At the heart of this system is a formula that balances key economic indicators: money supply, sustainable population growth, productivity output, income inequality (Gini coefficient), and GDP per capita. The money supply must be aligned with the production of goods and services, ensuring that inflation is controlled. Sustainable population growth must match the resources available, avoiding the negative effects of overpopulation. Productivity output should be maximized without exploiting the environment or workers, and the Gini coefficient must be kept at a level that minimizes income inequality, ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared by all members of society. Finally, GDP per capita, which measures the standard of living, should reflect the prosperity and well-being of all individuals, not just a wealthy few. -/- A Global Vision for Economic Balance -/- While the principles discussed above could create a more equitable and sustainable economic system, their global adoption would require cooperation across nations. Economic policies would need to be tailored to each country’s specific context, but the broader framework could be shared as a global standard. It is likely that the adoption of such a system would need to begin with a few countries as examples, demonstrating the benefits of a balanced approach before it is implemented more widely. -/- Global institutions like the United Nations, World Bank, and international trade organizations could play a role in guiding and supporting countries through this transition. It would require collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society to ensure that policies are implemented fairly and effectively. Through education, advocacy, and international cooperation, the principles of balance, fairness, and sustainability can be spread across the globe, leading to a more prosperous and just world. -/- Conclusion -/- In conclusion, the future of economic systems lies in finding the right balance between capitalism and socialism, guided by the principles of Modern Monetary Theory, strong government leadership, and regulated population growth. By aligning these elements with a formula that balances money supply, productivity, inequality, and GDP per capita, we can create a system that is not only efficient but also sustainable. The invention of monetary value has already shown its power to organize societies, but the next step is to refine the system so that it works for the benefit of all, ensuring a prosperous future for generations to come. -/- . (shrink)

Achieving sustainability in agriculture requires more than just individual actions—it demands a fundamental shift toward environmental responsibility. Historically, destructive agricultural practices such as intensive monoculture and excessive tillage have led to severe soil degradation, threatening the long-term sustainability of food production. Joseph Russell Smith’s early advocacy for “tree crops” highlighted the profound benefits of incorporating trees into farming systems, emphasizing their role in restoring ecological balance and preserving soil integrity. Although Smith’s vision was articulated a century ago, it remains (...) highly relevant today, with agroforestry emerging as a particularly effective approach to sustainable agriculture. (shrink)

Why Governments Become Corrupt: The Role of Power, Education, and Moral Values -/- Corruption is one of the most persistent problems in governance, affecting societies across different political and economic systems. It undermines democracy, weakens institutions, and diverts resources meant for public welfare into private hands. While corruption is often associated with greed and abuse of power, its roots go much deeper, extending to failures in the educational system and the erosion of family moral values. This essay explores the reasons (...) behind government corruption and how systemic failures in education and morality contribute to its persistence. -/- 1. Power Without Accountability -/- One of the primary reasons governments become corrupt is the unchecked power held by officials. When political leaders and bureaucrats operate without sufficient oversight, they are more likely to misuse public funds, manipulate policies, and engage in bribery or favoritism. In many countries, weak democratic institutions fail to impose consequences on corrupt individuals, allowing them to act with impunity. The absence of transparency in decision-making processes further enables corruption to thrive, as citizens are kept in the dark about how their governments operate. -/- 2. Weak Legal and Political Institutions -/- Corruption flourishes in environments where legal frameworks exist but are not enforced. Many countries have anti-corruption laws, yet enforcement is selective or non-existent. This failure is often due to political interference in the judiciary, where corrupt leaders appoint judges who will protect them from prosecution. Furthermore, when law enforcement agencies themselves are corrupt, they fail to investigate and punish those in power. This creates a vicious cycle where corruption becomes the norm rather than the exception. -/- 3. The Role of Greed and Self-Interest -/- Human nature, particularly the pursuit of wealth and status, plays a significant role in government corruption. Many officials prioritize their personal and political interests over the welfare of the people they serve. Bribery, embezzlement, and fraud become tempting options for those seeking to enrich themselves at the expense of society. Additionally, political patronage—where politicians use their power to reward loyal supporters with government positions or contracts—further entrenches corruption. -/- 4. The Failure of the Educational System -/- One of the overlooked causes of corruption is the failure of the educational system to instill ethical values and critical thinking. Education is supposed to shape responsible citizens, but in many countries, the system is focused on rote learning rather than teaching morality, civic responsibility, and ethical leadership. Schools and universities often do not provide students with the tools to question authority, recognize corruption, or demand transparency from their leaders. -/- Moreover, when the education system itself is corrupt—through bribery in admissions, fake diplomas, or unqualified teachers—it sets a dangerous precedent. Students grow up believing that success can be achieved through dishonest means, reinforcing the idea that corruption is an acceptable part of life. Without a strong moral foundation in education, future generations are more likely to participate in or tolerate corrupt practices. -/- 5. The Decline of Family Moral Values -/- Family plays a crucial role in shaping an individual’s ethical beliefs and behaviors. However, in many societies, traditional moral values that emphasize honesty, integrity, and accountability are declining. Parents, preoccupied with economic survival, may fail to teach their children the importance of moral principles. In some cases, families themselves engage in corrupt behaviors—such as paying bribes to secure jobs or influencing government officials for personal gain—sending the message that corruption is a necessary survival strategy. -/- Religious and cultural institutions, which once played a significant role in promoting ethical behavior, have also lost influence in many societies. As materialism and individualism grow stronger, the collective responsibility for upholding moral values weakens. When individuals lack strong moral guidance from their families and communities, they are more likely to justify corrupt actions when they gain positions of power. -/- 6. Economic Pressures and Low Salaries -/- Economic hardship can also drive corruption, especially in developing nations where government employees are underpaid. When officials struggle to meet their basic needs, they may resort to accepting bribes, embezzling funds, or engaging in illicit activities to supplement their income. In such environments, corruption becomes a survival mechanism rather than just a moral failure. -/- 7. Corporate Influence and Political Lobbying -/- The influence of powerful corporations over government policies is another major driver of corruption. Large businesses often fund political campaigns, expecting favorable policies in return. This results in leaders prioritizing corporate interests over public welfare. When governments are captured by private interests, policies that should benefit the majority are distorted to serve a wealthy elite. -/- 8. The Lack of Civic Engagement and Public Awareness -/- When citizens do not actively participate in governance or demand accountability, corrupt leaders face little resistance. A disengaged population allows corruption to thrive because there is no pressure for change. In many cases, people feel powerless or fear retaliation for speaking out against corrupt officials. Strengthening civic awareness through education, media, and public activism is essential in the fight against corruption. -/- Solutions: Restoring Integrity Through Education and Morality -/- To combat corruption effectively, reforms must address not only political and legal structures but also educational and moral foundations: -/- Strengthening the Educational System: Schools must incorporate ethics, civic responsibility, and critical thinking into their curriculum. Teachers should emphasize honesty and accountability, ensuring that students understand the long-term consequences of corruption. -/- Rebuilding Family Moral Values: Families must take a more active role in teaching children about integrity and social responsibility. Parents should set examples by refusing to participate in corrupt practices. -/- Enforcing Strong Anti-Corruption Laws: Governments must ensure that laws against corruption are applied equally, regardless of political or economic status. Independent judicial bodies should oversee investigations and prosecutions. -/- Improving Transparency in Governance: Public access to government transactions and decision-making processes must be expanded to reduce opportunities for corruption. Digital tools, such as open data platforms, can help track government spending and prevent misuse of funds. -/- Encouraging Citizen Participation: People must be empowered to hold their leaders accountable. This includes supporting investigative journalism, encouraging whistleblowers, and engaging in peaceful protests or advocacy movements. -/- Conclusion -/- Government corruption is a complex issue rooted in systemic failures, economic pressures, and ethical erosion. While power, greed, and weak institutions contribute to corruption, the failure of the educational system and the decline of moral values play an equally significant role. Addressing corruption requires a multi-faceted approach that not only strengthens laws and institutions but also reforms education and restores ethical foundations within families. Only through a collective effort to instill integrity at all levels of society can corruption be effectively minimized, paving the way for just and accountable governance. -/- . (shrink)

Why Does Poverty Still Exist in Many Countries? -/- Despite advances in technology, economic growth, and globalization, poverty remains a significant issue in many countries. While some nations have successfully reduced poverty levels, millions of people still struggle with hunger, lack of education, and inadequate living conditions. The persistence of poverty is not simply due to a lack of resources; rather, it is the result of complex systemic, economic, political, and social factors that continue to hinder progress. Understanding these factors (...) is crucial to developing effective solutions for a more equitable world. -/- Economic Inequality and Wealth Concentration -/- One of the primary reasons poverty remains widespread is economic inequality. In many countries, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few, leaving a large portion of the population with little access to resources and opportunities. Many economies prioritize profit and market growth over ensuring basic needs for all, resulting in low wages, high living costs, and limited social mobility. As the rich get richer, the poor struggle to survive, creating a cycle that is difficult to break. Without policies that promote fair wealth distribution, poverty will continue to persist. -/- Corruption and Poor Governance -/- Corruption is a major barrier to poverty reduction. In many nations, public funds that should be used for education, healthcare, and social services are instead diverted by corrupt officials. Weak governance leads to mismanagement of resources, ineffective policies, and a lack of accountability. When governments fail to prioritize poverty reduction, citizens are left without essential services and economic opportunities. Fighting corruption and ensuring transparent governance is essential in addressing poverty. -/- Flawed Economic Systems -/- Many economic systems rely on exploitative labor practices, where wages are too low to lift workers out of poverty. Global trade structures also favor wealthier nations, keeping poorer countries dependent on foreign aid and limited economic opportunities. In some regions, industries are controlled by multinational corporations that extract resources without fairly compensating local workers or investing in community development. To reduce poverty, economies must shift towards fair wages, job creation, and sustainable development. -/- Lack of Access to Quality Education -/- Education is one of the most powerful tools for escaping poverty. However, in many countries, access to quality education is limited due to underfunded schools, lack of qualified teachers, and high costs of schooling. Without proper education, people struggle to secure stable employment and improve their living conditions. Investing in education, particularly for marginalized communities, is crucial for breaking the cycle of poverty and creating a more skilled and self-sufficient workforce. -/- Overpopulation and Resource Strain -/- Rapid population growth can strain a country’s resources, making it difficult for governments to provide adequate jobs, housing, and social services. In many developing nations, population growth outpaces economic opportunities, leading to high unemployment rates and increased poverty. Effective family planning, education on sustainable living, and policies that promote economic development alongside population growth can help address this issue. -/- Political and Social Instability -/- Wars, conflicts, and political unrest disrupt economies and displace millions of people, making poverty worse. When a country is in crisis, resources are diverted toward military spending rather than social welfare, and businesses collapse, leaving many unemployed. Additionally, social discrimination based on class, race, or gender often limits access to education, jobs, and healthcare, keeping certain groups in poverty. Peace, stability, and equal opportunities for all citizens are necessary to create an environment where people can thrive. -/- Environmental and Climate Factors -/- Climate change and natural disasters disproportionately affect poorer communities. Droughts, floods, and hurricanes destroy homes, disrupt food supplies, and push already vulnerable populations deeper into poverty. Many developing nations lack the resources to recover from these environmental crises. Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, investing in disaster preparedness, and providing financial assistance to affected communities can help reduce the impact of climate-related poverty. -/- Debt and Economic Dependence -/- Many developing countries are trapped in a cycle of debt, owing large sums to wealthier nations and international financial institutions. High-interest payments on these debts limit the ability of governments to invest in poverty reduction programs, infrastructure, and social services. Additionally, foreign aid often comes with conditions that do not always align with the needs of the poorest populations. Reducing debt burdens and restructuring international financial systems can help countries allocate more resources toward development and poverty alleviation. -/- Inadequate Social Safety Nets -/- In many countries, there are few protections for people who lose their jobs, face medical emergencies, or experience financial hardships. Without social safety nets such as universal healthcare, housing support, and unemployment benefits, people remain vulnerable to economic shocks. Stronger social welfare systems can help lift people out of poverty and prevent them from falling back into it. -/- Cultural and Structural Barriers -/- Traditional power structures and cultural beliefs can also contribute to poverty. In some societies, reforms such as land redistribution or labor rights improvements are resisted by those in power. Additionally, discrimination and systemic inequalities prevent marginalized groups from accessing economic and social opportunities. Changing these deeply rooted structures requires education, advocacy, and policy changes that promote fairness and inclusion. -/- Can Poverty Be Solved? -/- Poverty is not an unsolvable problem, but addressing it requires systemic change. Strong governance, fair economic policies, and investment in education, healthcare, and social services are essential. Global cooperation is also necessary to reduce unfair trade practices, restructure debt, and ensure that developing countries have the resources they need to grow sustainably. If governments, businesses, and individuals work together to prioritize social and economic equity, poverty can be significantly reduced, creating a better future for all. -/- Conclusion -/- The persistence of poverty is not due to a lack of resources but rather the result of economic inequality, corruption, poor governance, flawed economic systems, and structural barriers. While many organizations and governments work toward poverty reduction, true progress requires systemic reforms and global cooperation. By addressing these root causes and ensuring fair opportunities for all, the world can move closer to eradicating poverty and building a more just society. -/- . (shrink)

The Qualities, Challenges, and Successes of an Excellent Leader Across Politics, Business, and Education -/- Introduction -/- Leadership is a defining force in shaping societies, businesses, and educational institutions. The effectiveness of a leader is not solely determined by their title or power but by their ability to Inspire, innovate, and solve problems while upholding ethical integrity. Whether in politics, business, or education, great leaders share common qualifications and personality traits, yet they must also adapt to unique challenges within their (...) respective fields. This essay explores the fundamental characteristics of excellent leaders, the obstacles they face, and the strategies they use to create meaningful impact. -/- I. Qualifications and Personality Traits of an Excellent Leader -/- A. Essential Qualifications and Skills -/- Regardless of the industry, an excellent leader must possess: -/- Knowledge and Expertise – Mastery of governance, market trends, or education systems. -/- Strategic Thinking – The ability to anticipate challenges and make long-term plans. -/- Decision-Making Skills – Confidence in making high-stakes choices. -/- Effective Communication – Clarity in expression and active listening. -/- Problem-Solving Ability – Finding creative solutions to complex issues. -/- Adaptability and Lifelong Learning – Adjusting strategies based on evolving circumstances. -/- Delegation and Team Management – Trusting subordinates and empowering teams. -/- Integrity and Accountability – Leading with honesty and responsibility. -/- B. Key Personality Traits -/- In addition to technical skills, an excellent leader must embody: -/- Vision and Inspiration – The ability to motivate and guide others toward a shared goal. -/- Confidence and Charisma – Instilling trust and enthusiasm in followers. -/- Emotional Intelligence – Understanding and managing emotions effectively. -/- Resilience and Perseverance – Maintaining strength despite adversity. -/- Humility and Self-Awareness – Recognizing one’s strengths and areas for growth. -/- Empathy and Compassion – Understanding the needs and struggles of others. -/- Decisiveness with Open-Mindedness – Making firm choices while considering diverse perspectives. -/- While these qualities are essential for all leaders, their application differs across politics, business, and education, as each field presents unique challenges and opportunities. -/- II. Leadership in Politics: Challenges and Solutions -/- A. Uniting a Divided Nation -/- One of the greatest challenges for political leaders is uniting citizens during periods of division. A notable example is Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States during the Civil War. Despite widespread disagreement over slavery and state rights, Lincoln used strategic communication and a moral vision to rally the nation. His Emancipation Proclamation redefined the war’s purpose, emphasizing freedom and unity. -/- B. Fighting Corruption in Government -/- Corruption undermines progress, and political leaders must uphold strong ethical standards. Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, transformed his country by enforcing strict anti-corruption laws and promoting meritocracy. His leadership ensured Singapore’s rapid economic rise, proving that integrity is essential in governance. -/- C. Managing Economic Crises -/- During the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt faced an economic collapse that left millions unemployed. He introduced the New Deal, creating jobs and financial security programs. His ability to act boldly and provide hope helped restore economic stability, demonstrating that crisis leadership requires both pragmatism and vision. -/- Political leaders must navigate public trust, ethical governance, and crisis management to create a lasting impact. -/- III. Leadership in Business: Challenges and Solutions -/- A. Innovating in a Competitive Market -/- Business leaders must drive innovation to stay relevant. Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, revitalized the company in 1997 by simplifying product lines, focusing on design, and introducing the iMac, iPod, and iPhone. His ability to anticipate consumer needs and redefine technology made Apple a global leader. -/- B. Handling Public Backlash and Crisis -/- Leaders often face setbacks, as seen with Elon Musk’s challenges in Tesla and SpaceX. Tesla nearly collapsed due to production delays, and SpaceX suffered multiple rocket failures. Musk’s resilience and continuous refinement of technology eventually led to both companies’ success, proving that failure is an opportunity for learning and improvement. -/- C. Scaling a Startup into a Global Brand -/- Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, faced intense competition from eBay and Amazon. By focusing on China’s local market and empowering small businesses, he turned Alibaba into an e-commerce giant. His leadership highlights the importance of understanding market needs and building a strong brand identity. -/- Business leaders must balance innovation, crisis management, and global strategy to build and sustain successful enterprises. -/- IV. Leadership in Education: Challenges and Solutions -/- A. Reforming Outdated Education Systems -/- Educational leaders must adapt learning models to better serve students. Maria Montessori revolutionized early childhood education by creating a student-centered approach, allowing children to learn at their own pace. Her method is now used worldwide, proving that challenging traditional systems can lead to better learning outcomes. -/- B. Ensuring Equal Access to Quality Education -/- In many parts of the world, education is still a privilege rather than a right. Malala Yousafzai fought for girls’ education in Pakistan despite facing life-threatening dangers. Her activism led to global policy changes, showcasing that fearless advocacy can break educational barriers. -/- C. Leading Schools During a Crisis (COVID-19 Pandemic) -/- When the COVID-19 pandemic forced schools to close, educational leaders had to quickly transition to online learning. Successful leaders implemented digital tools, teacher training, and student support programs to maintain educational quality. Their ability to embrace technology and prioritize student well-being was crucial during the crisis. -/- Educational leaders must focus on innovation, accessibility, and adaptability to improve learning systems. -/- V. Leadership Styles & Adaptability -/- A great leader adapts their leadership style based on circumstances: -/- Transformational Leadership – Inspires innovation and major change (e.g., Steve Jobs). -/- Servant Leadership – Prioritizes team members’ needs (e.g., Malala Yousafzai). -/- Authoritative Leadership – Makes decisive choices in crises (e.g., Franklin D. Roosevelt). -/- Democratic Leadership – Encourages collaboration and shared decision-making (e.g., Lee Kuan Yew). -/- The best leaders balance these styles to meet challenges effectively. -/- V. Conclusion: The Universal Principles of Great Leadership -/- Whether in politics, business, or education, an excellent leader shares common traits: vision, resilience, adaptability, and ethical integrity. However, their leadership is defined by how they apply these qualities to real-world problems. Political leaders must focus on unity and governance, business leaders on innovation and market strategy, and educational leaders on accessibility and reform. -/- The greatest leaders in history prove that true leadership is not about power, but about creating lasting positive change. By understanding and applying these principles, future leaders can shape a better world. -/- . (shrink)

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Rice Tariffication Law: Economic, Political, and Social Perspectives -/- Introduction -/- The Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act No. 11203), signed into law in 2019, represents one of the most significant agricultural reforms in the Philippines in recent decades. Spearheaded by Senator Cynthia Villar, the legislation sought to liberalize rice importation, replacing quantitative restrictions with tariffs, while establishing mechanisms to enhance the competitiveness of local rice farmers. While the law has garnered praise for its structural reforms (...) and market-oriented approach, it has also faced criticism for its immediate adverse effects on the local farming sector. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Rice Tariffication Law, examining its economic, political, and social implications, as well as its long-term consequences. -/- Economic Analysis -/- Advantages -/- One of the key economic benefits of the Rice Tariffication Law is the stabilization and reduction of rice prices, which directly benefits millions of Filipino consumers. By allowing private traders to import rice with a 35% tariff for ASEAN countries, the market became more competitive, contributing to lower inflation and greater food affordability. -/- Additionally, the law established the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF), which allocates a minimum of PHP 10 billion annually to support the local rice industry. These funds are used for farm mechanization, development and distribution of high-yielding seeds, credit access, and farmer education and training. Furthermore, the reform has helped align the Philippines with its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, promoting a rules-based and liberalized trade regime. -/- Disadvantages -/- Despite these advantages, the law has led to significant economic challenges, particularly for small-scale rice farmers. The influx of cheaper imported rice has depressed local farmgate prices, reducing the income and profitability of Filipino rice producers. Moreover, the implementation of RCEF has been marred by delays and inefficiencies, with many farmers yet to receive the intended support. Another economic risk is the increasing dependence on rice imports, which could jeopardize national food security in times of global supply disruptions. -/- Political Analysis -/- Advantages -/- Politically, the Rice Tariffication Law represents a move towards compliance with international trade agreements, fulfilling longstanding WTO obligations. It also positions the government as committed to structural reforms that aim to improve efficiency and reduce corruption and fiscal burden associated with the National Food Authority (NFA). -/- Disadvantages -/- However, the law has been criticized for favoring large agribusinesses and rice importers over smallholder farmers. Allegations of conflict of interest and political favoritism have surfaced, particularly against lawmakers with business ties to agriculture. The resulting backlash from farmer groups and advocacy organizations has created political challenges, casting doubts on the government’s commitment to inclusive development. -/- Social Analysis -/- Advantages -/- From a social perspective, the reduction in rice prices benefits low-income households who spend a substantial portion of their income on food. The RCEF, if effectively implemented, has the potential to transform rural communities by providing farmers with tools and knowledge to increase productivity and resilience. -/- Disadvantages -/- Conversely, the law has contributed to increased rural poverty and distress among farmers who are unable to compete with imported rice. Reports of worsening livelihoods, farmer displacement, and even mental health issues have raised serious concerns about the law’s social impact. Moreover, the erosion of traditional farming practices and community cohesion threatens the cultural fabric of agricultural societies. -/- Long-Term Implications -/- In the long term, the Rice Tariffication Law could lead to a more competitive and modernized rice industry, provided that RCEF is effectively managed and equitably distributed. However, if current issues persist, the Philippines may face a decline in domestic rice production, overdependence on imports, and increased vulnerability to external shocks. -/- Comprehensive Solution -/- To address the multifaceted challenges posed by the Rice Tariffication Law, a comprehensive and integrated solution must be pursued: -/- 1. Immediate Economic Relief for Farmers -/- Provide direct cash assistance to rice farmers affected by the decline in farmgate prices. -/- Implement a guaranteed minimum support price to stabilize farmers’ income during periods of import surges. -/- 2. Accelerated and Transparent RCEF Implementation -/- Establish a public monitoring and evaluation system to track fund disbursement and project outcomes. -/- Ensure equitable distribution of farm equipment, seeds, and training by prioritizing marginalized and smallholder farmers. -/- 3. Strategic Import Management -/- Introduce flexible tariff mechanisms that adjust based on local supply and global price volatility. -/- Maintain a buffer stock policy through a restructured and reformed NFA that purchases directly from local farmers. -/- 4. Agricultural Modernization and Sustainability -/- Promote climate-resilient and sustainable rice farming techniques to improve yields. -/- Increase investments in research and development tailored to Filipino rice varieties and local conditions. -/- 5. Institutional and Legal Reforms -/- Amend the law to include safeguards against the adverse impacts of liberalization. -/- Strengthen farmer cooperatives and institutions to enhance collective bargaining and market access. -/- 6. Social Protection and Capacity Building -/- Expand access to affordable credit, insurance, and health services in rural areas. -/- Integrate financial literacy and entrepreneurial training into agricultural extension programs. -/- 7. Balanced Policy Governance -/- Involve farmer organizations, local governments, and civil society in policymaking and monitoring. -/- Promote transparency and accountability to restore trust in agricultural governance. -/- Conclusion -/- The Rice Tariffication Law is a complex and multifaceted policy with both commendable goals and serious drawbacks. While it has succeeded in lowering rice prices and initiating structural reforms, its uneven implementation and negative impact on small farmers highlight the need for continuous policy adjustments. A balanced approach that supports both consumer welfare and farmer sustainability is essential to ensure that the law fulfills its intended objectives without compromising national food security or social equity. The proposed comprehensive solution aims to reconcile these competing priorities and foster a more inclusive and resilient agricultural system in the Philippines. -/- . (shrink)

-/- Choosing the Most Qualified Presidential Candidate in the Philippines: A Principle-Based Approach -/- In the search for the next Philippine president, the discussion should move beyond popularity contests and manipulated surveys. A genuine assessment must instead be rooted in principle, integrity, and the long-term well-being of the country. It is vital to evaluate candidates not merely based on charisma or public relations strategies, but through a deeper understanding of leadership, competence, and their capacity to govern in alignment with natural (...) laws—particularly the universal law of balance, systems integrity, and the law of cause and effect. -/- One such evaluative framework can be drawn from the universal formula for solving the problem of free will, which emphasizes three fundamental laws of nature: (1) the law of karma or cause and effect within systems, (2) the law of balance in nature, and (3) the feedback mechanism between internal and external realities. Applying this framework to the Philippine context allows us to examine potential leaders not merely as politicians, but as system stewards responsible for maintaining societal equilibrium. -/- Among the prominent figures whose leadership qualifications can be considered under these criteria is Leni Robredo, former Vice President of the Philippines. Robredo has demonstrated a consistent commitment to transparent governance, inclusive policies, and community-based approaches. Despite limited resources during her vice presidency, she spearheaded pandemic relief programs, livelihood support, and education initiatives—all grounded in system integrity and balance. Her governance aligns with the law of cause and effect: she focused on root causes such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and disinformation, and she addressed them with strategic, ethical solutions. -/- Another figure worth considering is Gilbert “Gibo” Teodoro, a former Defense Secretary and bar topnotcher. With his academic excellence, technocratic mindset, and policy experience, Teodoro represents the kind of systems thinker who understands national defense, strategic planning, and institutional reforms. He fits the criteria of someone capable of creating and maintaining a defect-free system—a crucial aspect of the first universal law. His calm demeanor and focus on functional governance suggest he could guide the nation while respecting natural balance and feedback loops in governance. -/- Antonio Trillanes IV, a former senator and naval officer, also presents a compelling profile. While polarizing to some, his bold stance against corruption and advocacy for institutional accountability are vital in restoring balance within a society affected by systemic abuse of power. Trillanes understands the role of discipline and structural integrity, reflecting the principle that a nation’s leadership must maintain checks and balances to prevent imbalance and collapse. -/- In the academic and ideological spectrum, Walden Bello stands out as a deeply analytical figure with decades of experience in economic justice and global policy. Bello’s critiques of exploitative economic structures and his promotion of democratic reforms resonate with the natural law of balance. His insights reveal how global systems affect local realities, and how feedback mechanisms between internal governance and external forces must be carefully managed. -/- Lastly, Grace Poe, a senator with a background in media regulation, offers a more centrist perspective. She has consistently advocated for transparency in government, access to technology, and improvement in public services. Her efforts to modernize systems, such as the transportation sector and digital infrastructure, demonstrate an understanding of how infrastructure integrity affects national development. -/- These individuals, when assessed through the lens of natural law and the universal formula, reveal varying degrees of alignment with what true leadership should be: a balance of moral integrity, systemic intelligence, and accountability to both people and nature. Popularity is fleeting; systems thinking and balance, however, are timeless prerequisites for lasting progress. -/- In conclusion, the best-qualified presidential candidate for the Philippines is not necessarily the most popular, but the one most committed to systemic integrity, ethical governance, and natural balance. The leader we need must understand that every national decision has consequences, and that those consequences—if not aligned with natural law—will only perpetuate suffering. The future of the Philippines depends not on manipulated public perception, but on the clear application of universal principles that foster true harmony and sustainable growth. -/- . (shrink)

-/- Assessment of Senator Panfilo “Ping” Lacson Using the Universal Formula -/- Framework: The Universal Formula – Three Universal Laws of Nature Grading Scale: -/- 90–100: Excellent Alignment -/- 75–89: Good Alignment -/- 60–74: Moderate Alignment -/- 50–59: Poor Alignment -/- Below 50: Opposing/Violating the Law -/- 1. Law of Karma -/- (Cause and Effect + System Integrity) -/- Evaluation: Senator Lacson’s record demonstrates a consistent commitment to systemic integrity and accountability. As former Chief of the Philippine National Police (...) (PNP), he led reforms that significantly curbed criminal activities, particularly kidnap-for-ransom cases. In the Senate, he has been known for exposing corruption—including the controversial pork barrel system—and for promoting transparency in budget allocation and governance. -/- Grade: 92/100 Interpretation: Strong adherence to systemic integrity and causality in governance. -/- 2. Law of Balance in Nature -/- (Alignment with Natural and Societal Equilibrium) -/- Evaluation: Lacson has supported legislation promoting social balance and inclusion. His backing of the Free Irrigation Service Act and National ID System indicates an effort to uplift marginalized sectors and streamline national services. However, his earlier support for the death penalty could be seen as potentially disruptive to moral and ethical balance, though he later showed openness to reevaluation. -/- Grade: 85/100 Interpretation: Mostly balanced approach with minor inconsistencies in earlier stances. -/- 3. Law of Homeostasis -/- (Internal and External Equilibrium and Stability) -/- Evaluation: Lacson’s legislative work reflects a concern for national stability and institutional resilience. His participation in significant democratic transitions and efforts like the Anti-Terrorism Act show a focus on maintaining internal order and long-term security. His advocacy for preparedness laws, such as the Designated Survivor Bill, further supports systemic homeostasis. -/- Grade: 88/100 Interpretation: Strong contribution to national and institutional stability. -/- Final Evaluation -/- Senator Panfilo “Ping” Lacson demonstrates good to excellent alignment with the three universal laws. His track record suggests a high degree of responsibility, integrity, and dedication to national equilibrium and reform. -/- Overall Average Grade: 88.3/100 -/- . (shrink)

Title: Incorporating the Three Universal Laws of Nature into the Teachings of All Organized Religions -/- Author: Angelito Malicse -/- Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive framework for integrating the three universal laws of nature—referred to as the Universal Formula—into the teachings of all organized religions. These laws include the Law of Karma (Cause and Effect/Systemic Integrity), the Law of Feedback Mechanism (Homeostasis), and the Law of Balance in Nature. The purpose is to strengthen religious instruction by aligning it (...) with universally observable truths, thereby enhancing moral development, spiritual clarity, and social harmony. This initiative emphasizes the importance of educational integration, interfaith cooperation, and doctrinal alignment with natural principles. -/- 1. Introduction Organized religions have historically provided moral guidance, spiritual structure, and social cohesion. However, their teachings sometimes diverge from principles grounded in nature and scientific understanding. This paper advocates for a transformation in religious education and practice by incorporating the Universal Formula—three fundamental laws of nature—into the doctrinal and educational frameworks of all religious traditions. -/- 2. The Three Universal Laws of Nature (The Universal Formula) -/- 2.1. Law of Karma (Cause and Effect/Systemic Integrity) This law asserts that every action has consequences and that any system—biological, social, or mechanical—must operate without error to remain functional. This concept exists across many religions: -/- Christianity: “You reap what you sow” (Galatians 6:7). -/- Islam: Every deed is recorded and judged by Allah (Qur’an 99:6-8). -/- Hinduism: Karma governs the cycle of rebirth and spiritual progression. -/- Buddhism: Karma shapes one’s present and future experiences. -/- Judaism: The principle of “midah k’neged midah” (measure for measure). -/- Sikhism: Karma influences the soul’s journey towards union with God. -/- Taoism: Actions aligned with the Tao lead to harmony. -/- Confucianism: Moral actions bring order to the individual and society. -/- Baháʼí Faith: Justice is central and tied to accountability. -/- Jainism: Karma directly binds the soul, impacting liberation. -/- Zoroastrianism: Good thoughts, words, and deeds determine one’s fate. -/- Indigenous Religions: Actions must respect natural and ancestral order. -/- 2.2. Law of Feedback Mechanism (Homeostasis) This law highlights the body’s and society’s ability to self-regulate through feedback systems. Spiritually, this appears as: -/- Christianity: Conscience guided by the Holy Spirit. -/- Islam: The role of inner reflection (muhasabah) and repentance (tawbah). -/- Hinduism & Buddhism: Meditation and mindfulness enable inner correction. -/- Judaism: Teshuva (repentance) is a process of spiritual return. -/- Sikhism: Naam Simran (remembrance of God) centers the self. -/- Taoism: Living in accordance with the Tao maintains balance. -/- Confucianism: Ritual propriety (li) maintains harmony within and without. -/- Baháʼí Faith: Consultation and reflection foster unity and equilibrium. -/- Jainism: Austerity and vows lead to internal purification. -/- Zoroastrianism: Continuous striving for purity and truth. -/- Indigenous Religions: Feedback from nature and community guides behavior. -/- 2.3. Law of Balance in Nature This law affirms that stability requires harmony in action, thought, and environment. Religious parallels include: -/- Christianity: The call to moderation and stewardship of Earth. -/- Islam: Ummatan wasatan (a balanced nation) and environmental ethics. -/- Hinduism: The concept of dharma ensures cosmic and social balance. -/- Buddhism: The Middle Way avoids extremes. -/- Judaism: Shalom represents wholeness and peace. -/- Sikhism: Living honestly and in service while remembering God. -/- Taoism: Balance of Yin and Yang. -/- Confucianism: Harmony (he) in relationships and governance. -/- Baháʼí Faith: Unity in diversity and balanced development. -/- Jainism: Ahimsa (nonviolence) promotes universal equilibrium. -/- Zoroastrianism: Harmony through truth and righteous action. -/- Indigenous Religions: Reciprocity and balance with the land and spirits. -/- 3. Strategy for Incorporating the Universal Formula into Religious Teaching -/- 3.1. Contextualizing Natural Laws in Religious Language To foster acceptance, universal laws should be reinterpreted within the theological language of each faith, highlighting doctrinal alignment with natural principles. -/- 3.2. Curriculum Development and Educational Reform Religious institutions should adopt educational materials that connect natural laws with spiritual teachings and scientific understanding, enhancing moral and intellectual formation. -/- 3.3. Partnering with Reform-Oriented Religious Leaders Visionary leaders within each religion can promote integration by framing these laws as extensions of sacred principles already acknowledged by their traditions. -/- 3.4. Implementation through Pilot Programs Launch initial educational programs in seminaries, madrasas, monasteries, and community centers across faiths to evaluate results and demonstrate effectiveness. -/- 3.5. Advocacy through Global Religious and Educational Institutions Collaborate with bodies such as the Vatican, Al-Azhar University, the World Council of Churches, Rabbinical Assemblies, Hindu Swamis Councils, Buddhist Sanghas, Sikh Gurdwara Committees, Baháʼí Houses of Worship, Jain Associations, Zoroastrian Anjumans, and Indigenous Elders’ Forums. Encourage endorsement and implementation through interfaith declarations and global education initiatives. -/- 4. Conclusion Incorporating the Universal Formula into the teachings of all organized religions offers a respectful yet transformative strategy for strengthening spiritual development, ethical behavior, and global harmony. It supports the moral truths already present in religious traditions while grounding them in observable and applicable laws of nature. -/- 5. Recommendations for Future Work -/- Develop interfaith curricula integrating the Universal Formula. -/- Organize global forums and summits for spiritual-natural integration. -/- Publish theological and philosophical commentaries tailored to each religion. -/- Build partnerships between science, education, and faith-based organizations. -/- . (shrink)

Here’s a universal formula-based assessment of Noam Chomsky, applying your Three Universal Laws with the 1–10 numerical grading system: -/- Assessment of Noam Chomsky Using the Universal Formula -/- Evaluator: Based on the Three Universal Laws of Angelito Malicse Scoring Scale (1 to 10): -/- 1–3: Strong violation of the law (harmful, imbalanced, defective) -/- 4–6: Partial alignment, with significant flaws -/- 7–8: Generally aligned, needs improvement -/- 9–10: Fully aligned with minimal or no error -/- 1. Law of Karma (...) (Cause and Effect in Systems) -/- Grade: 9 / 10 -/- Analysis: -/- Chomsky has consistently applied logic, structure, and deep analysis in his fields—linguistics, cognitive science, and political philosophy. -/- His critique of imperialism, propaganda, and systemic injustice reveals a strong understanding of cause-effect dynamics within human systems. -/- His life’s work shows a deep commitment to correcting systemic flaws, helping others understand how broken systems produce harmful outcomes. -/- 2. Law of Balance in Nature -/- Grade: 8 / 10 -/- Analysis: -/- Chomsky lives simply, avoids excess wealth or status, and uses his platform for truth-telling and advocacy for oppressed groups—signs of personal and social balance. -/- His political stances often reflect an effort to restore balance in global power dynamics, supporting peace, equality, and justice. -/- Some critics argue his views can be overly critical of the West without always offering balanced solutions, which slightly lowers the score. -/- 3. Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds -/- Grade: 9 / 10 -/- Analysis: -/- Chomsky engages in public discourse, debates, interviews, and teaching—always open to reasoned exchange of ideas. -/- He listens, responds thoughtfully, and welcomes criticism as part of intellectual growth. -/- Even at an advanced age, he continues to adapt and reflect, demonstrating humility and consciousness in feedback processes. -/- Overall Evaluation -/- Final Score: 8.7 / 10 Conclusion: Noam Chomsky is a highly conscious, principled thinker whose life’s work aligns deeply with your universal formula. His dedication to truth, justice, and intellectual honesty shows systemic integrity (karma), moral balance, and mature feedback engagement. While not without some ideological rigidity, he’s a rare figure who scores very high across all three laws. -/- . (shrink)

The Republic of Ireland is introducing major human rights-based reform to its mental health laws. This paper outlines the new legal landscape in which psychologists must operate against the backdrop of present day effects of Ireland’s dark legacy of institutionalisation. A rights-based approach aims to positively transform mental health service delivery and we advocate for person-centred treatments as the ‘new normal’. We summarise the recent advocacy work undertaken by the Psychological Society of Ireland’s Special Interest Group in Human Rights (...) & Psychology. Finally, we present an innovative best practice case promoting future rights-based delivery via the Socio-Ecological Model of Health – Kyrie Farm. Keywords: UNCRPD; Assisted Decision Making Act 2015 (ADMA) in the Rep. of Ireland; The Socio-Ecological Model of Health. (shrink)

This paper provides data on women in academics’ perspective on approaches for enhancing female participation in university’s governance in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Subjects were 254 women in academics with varying years of teaching experience, from two universities in Calabar. A questionnaire (Academic women perspective on strategies of increasing female participation in university governance questionnaire) was used to gather data from respondents in order to provide answer to the only research question of the study. Subjects were required to outline (...) strategies they considered effective and practicable, for increasing female participation in university governance. Actual numbers, frequencies and percentages were used to present the result. Results indicated that eleven out of the fifteen strategies had a rating of above 70% with strategies listed in items 5,6 and 10 adjudge by the respondents as most effective for increasing women’s capacities and abilities for active involvement in the management of higher education institutions. The study recommended among others that counsellors should focus the advocacy energy on promotion of gender equity by empowering and equipping academic women to take their rightful positions as managers in institutional governance of higher institutions. (shrink)

This Dictionary of Freedom of Religion or Belief is published by the Astronist Institution through its imprint press Astral Publishing and will stand as the third entry in the Institutional Reference Works series. This Dictionary of Freedom of Religion or Belief provides a vast selection of terms covering all areas of religious liberty advocacy, the history of freedom of religion, human rights violations effecting religious freedom, current affairs and the mechanisms that the United Nations and other key organisations have (...) put in place to ensure religious and belief freedoms are protected for every human being around the world. Compiled by Cometan, this dictionary follows on from the Concise Dictionary of Astronism (First Edition; 2020) and The Institutional Dictionary of Astronism (First Edition; 2021). (shrink)

There are emotively powerful words that can modify our judgment, arouse our emotions, and influence our decisions. The purpose of this paper is to provide instruments for analyzing the structure of the reasoning underlying the inferences that they trigger, in order to investigate their reasonableness conditions and their persuasive effect. The analysis of the mechanism of persuasion triggered by such words involves the complex systematic relationship between values, decisions, and emotions, and the reasoning mechanisms that have been investigated under (...) the label of “heuristics.” On the one hand, arguing using ethical words is shown to sometimes involve value-based practical reasoning grounded on evaluative classifications stemming from hierarchies of values and maxims of experience. On the other hand, ethical words provide representations bound to the interlocutor’s experiences and judgments, which trigger specific emotions yielding a particular reaction. This chain of judgments and reactions and the potential fallaciousness thereof can be inquired into by examining the relationship between the heuristic processes of reasoning and the more complex argumentative structure that the use of such words involves. The analysis of the 2013 Italian political campaign and the ad hominem arguments used by the political candidates shows the different strategies and counterstrategies for the manipulation of emotions. (shrink)

Every school needs an advocate leader who can influence others to address issues, concerns, and problems that affect education, its quality, access, and the welfare of the stakeholders, especially that of the learners. This leader needs to subscribe to the redefined roles and nature of leadership. Advocacy leadership challenges educational leaders to take a progressive stance on pressing educational issues and problems. The next in line leaders need to awaken in themselves a specific advocacy and tune-in to this (...) new trend. With this, a qualitative inquiry explored the educational advocacies of twenty graduate students involved in focus group discussions and interviews. Using the thematic network as an analytical framework, the inquiry identified 46 keywords, 51 basic themes, and 6 organizing themes. Thus, a new thematic network of educational advocacies was generated. Learners’ welfare was the most dominant educational advocacy of graduate students, while leadership and governance, professional development, culture and religion, safety and environmental protection, and community development were considered as developing and noteworthy advocacies. These educational advocacies were deemed interconnected and interdependent to each other. Also, the study comes up with relevant propositions, while it makes recommendations for further research and utilization of the new framework. The results have implications for revisiting the educational administration curriculum by mapping out the subjects that contribute to the development of educational advocacy. (shrink)

Measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions faces three epistemological challenges: the choice of good measuring instruments, the use of appropriate analytic measures, and the use of a reliable method of extrapolating measures from an experimental context to a more general context. In practice each of these challenges contributes to overestimating the effectiveness of medical interventions. These challenges suggest the need for corrective normative principles. The instruments employed in clinical research should measure patient-relevant and disease-specific parameters, and should not be sensitive (...) to parameters that are only indirectly relevant. Effectiveness always should be measured and reported in absolute terms (using measures such as 'absolute risk reduction'), and only sometimes should effectiveness also be measured and reported in relative terms (using measures such as 'relative risk reduction')-employment of relative measures promotes an informal fallacy akin to the base-rate fallacy, which can be exploited to exaggerate claims of effectiveness. Finally, extrapolating from research settings to clinical settings should more rigorously take into account possible ways in which the intervention in question can fail to be effective in a target population. (shrink)

To be effective, a medical intervention must improve one's health by targeting a disease. The concept of disease, though, is controversial. Among the leading accounts of disease-naturalism, normativism, hybridism, and eliminativism-I defend a version of hybridism. A hybrid account of disease holds that for a state to be a disease that state must both (i) have a constitutive causal basis and (ii) cause harm. The dual requirement of hybridism entails that a medical intervention, to be deemed effective, must target either (...) the constitutive causal basis of a disease or the harms caused by the disease (or ideally both). This provides a theoretical underpinning to the two principle aims of medical treatment: care and cure. (shrink)

Stephen L. Pepper argues that lawyers and clients often act together in ways that their moral convictions would prevent them from acting individually. In an attempt to address this problem, I explore the nature of the attorney's responsibility to help her client reach autonomous decisions. To do this, I review the work of some prominent medical ethicists on a parallel to Pepper's problem in doctor-patient relationships.

One of the main objections against effective altruism is the so-called institutional critique, according to which the EA movement neglects interventions that affect large-scale institutions. Alexander Dietz has recently put forward an interesting version of this critique, based on a theoretical problem affecting act-utilitarianism, which he deems as potentially conclusive against effective altruism. In this article I argue that his critique is not as promising as it seems. I then go on to propose another version of the institutional critique. In (...) contrast to Dietz's version, it targets not the core principles of effective altruism but rather some important methodological assumptions made in EA research, namely diminishing marginal returns and low-hanging fruits. One key conclusion is that it may be time for critics of effective altruism to shift their attention from the theoretical core principles of effective altruism towards the methodological tools actually employed in practice by the EA movement. (shrink)

Three accounts of effective realism (ER) have been advanced to solve three problems for scientific realism: Fraser and Vickers (forthcoming) develop a version of ER about non-relativistic quantum mechanics that they argue is compatible with all the main realist versions (‘interpretations’) of quantum mechanics avoiding the problem of underdetermination among them; Williams (2019) and Fraser (2020b) propose ER about quantum field theory as a response to the problems facing realist interpretations; Robertson and Wilson (forthcoming) propose ER to deal with the (...) dubious ontological status of the entities belonging to superseded theories. This paper argues for the unification of these proposals based on realism about modal structure and the idea of scale relativity of ontology developed by ontic structural realists. This solves problems some or all the accounts of ER face, especially that of making explicit in what way they are realist. Furthermore, we respond to a recent critique that has been raised against the ontic structural realist account of quantum mechanics that we employ. (shrink)

Many philosophers display relaxed scepticism about the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing and the Doctrine of Double Effect, suspecting, without great alarm, that one or both of these Doctrines is indefensible. This relaxed scepticism is misplaced. Anyone who aims to endorse a theory of right action with Nonconsequentialist implications should accept both the DDA and the DDE. First, even to state a Nonconsequentialist theory requires drawing a distinction between respecting and promoting values. This cannot be done without accepting some (...) deontological distinction. Second, if someone is going to accept any deontological distinction she should accept either the DDE or the DDA or some replacement. Finally, anyone who accepts either the DDE or the DDA should accept both doctrines or a replacement of each. Unless both Doctrines can be defended or given a defensible replacement, any Nonconsequentialist is in trouble. (shrink)

In a series of ten preregistered experiments (N=2043), we investigate the effect of outcome valence on judgments of probability, negligence, and culpability – a phenomenon sometimes labelled moral (and legal) luck. We found that harmful outcomes, when contrasted with neutral outcomes, lead to increased perceived probability of harm ex post, and consequently to increased attribution of negligence and culpability. Rather than simply postulating a hindsight bias (as is common), we employ a variety of empirical means to demonstrate that the (...) outcome-driven asymmetry across perceived probabilities constitutes a systematic cognitive distortion. We then explore three distinct strategies to alleviate the hindsight bias and its downstream effects on mens rea and culpability ascriptions. Not all are successful, but at least some prove promising. They should, we argue, be taken into consideration in criminal jurisprudence, where distortions due to the hindsight bias are likely considerable and deeply disconcerting. (shrink)

Studying the folk concept of intentional action, Knobe (2003a) discovered a puzzling asymmetry: most people consider some bad side effects as intentional while they consider some good side effects as unintentional. In this study, we extend these findings with new experiments. The first experiment shows that the very same effect can be found in ascriptions of intentionality in the case of means for action. The second and third experiments show that means are nevertheless generally judged more intentional than side (...) effects, and that people do take into account the structure of the action when ascribing intentionality. We then discuss a number of hypotheses that can account for these data, using reactions times from our first experiment. (shrink)

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a relatively new, experimental treatment for patients suffering from treatment-refractory Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The effects of treatment are typically assessed with psychopathological scales that measure the amount of symptoms. However, clinical experience indicates that the effects of DBS are not limited to symptoms only: patients for instance report changes in perception, feeling stronger and more confident, and doing things unreflectively. Our aim is to get a better overview of the whole variety of changes that (...) OCD patients experience during DBS treatment. For that purpose we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 18 OCD patients. In this paper, we present the results from this qualitative study.We list the changes grouped in four domains: with regard to (a) person, (b) (social) world, (c)characteristics of person-world interactions, and (d) existential stance. We subsequently provide an interpretation of these results. In particular, we suggest that many of these changes can be seen as different expressions of the same process; namely that the experience of anxiety and tension gives way to an increased basic trust and increased reliance on one’s abilities. We then discuss the clinical implications of our findings, especially with regard to properly informing patients of what they can expect from treatment, the usefulness of including CBT in treatment, and the limitations of current measures of treatment success. We end by making several concrete suggestions for further research. (shrink)

Effective altruism sounds so innocuous—who could possibly be opposed to doing good more effectively? Yet it has inspired significant backlash in recent years. This paper addresses some common misconceptions and argues that the core “beneficentric” ideas of effective altruism are both excellent and widely neglected. Reasonable people may disagree on details of implementation, but all should share the basic goals or values underlying effective altruism.

Coastal protection is crucial to human development since the ocean has many values associated with the economy, ecosystem, and culture. However, most ocean protecting efforts are currently ineffective due to the burdens of finance, lack of appropriate management, and international cooperation regimes. For aiding bottom-up initiatives for ocean protection support, this study employed the Mindsponge Theory to examine how the public’s perceived economic and cultural values influence their willingness to support actions to protect the ocean. Analyzing the European-Union-Horizon-2020-funded dataset of (...) 709 respondents from 42 countries, we discovered that perceived economic values have negative effects on the tendency of ocean protection supports (i.e., food, transportation, renewable energy, oil and gas, and recreation). In contrast, certain perceived cultural values can help increase the willingness to do so (i.e., mental well-being and sense of identity). However, the effects of perceived cultural values are only moderately reliable. These findings suggest that designing cultural information delivery campaigns can help promote coastal reserve supports, such as fundraisings and preserving the oceans from the community. (shrink)

I argue against the Doctrine of Double Effect’s explanation of the moral difference between terror bombing and strategic bombing. I show that the standard thought-experiment of Terror Bomber and Strategic Bomber which dominates this debate is underdetermined in three crucial respects: (1) the non-psychological worlds of Terror Bomber and Strategic Bomber; (2) the psychologies of Terror Bomber and Strategic Bomber; and (3) the structure of the thought-experiment, especially in relation to its similarity with the Trolley Problem. (1) If the (...) two worlds are not identical, then it may be these differences between the two worlds and not the Doctrine of Double Effect to explain the moral difference; (2a) if Terror Bomber and Strategic Bomber have the same causal beliefs, then why does Terror Bomber set out to kill the children? It may then be this unwarranted and immoral choice and not the Doctrine of Double Effect that explains the moral difference; (2b) if the two have different causal beliefs, then we can’t rule out the counterfactual that, had Strategic Bomber had the same beliefs as Terror Bomber, she would have also acted as Terror Bomber did. Finally, (3) the Strategic Bomber scenario could also be constructed so as to be structurally equivalent to the Fat Man scenario in the Trolley Problem: but then the Doctrine of Double Effect would give different answers to two symmetrical cases. (shrink)

Effective altruists either believe they ought to be, or strive to be, doing the most good they can. Since they’re human, however, effective altruists are invariably fallible. In numerous situations, even the most committed EAs would fail to live up to the ideal they set for themselves. This fact raises a central question about how to understand effective altruism. How should one’s future prospective failures at doing the most good possible affect the current choices one makes as an effective altruist? (...) This question is important to answer not only because every effective altruist will face this question due to typical human akrasia, but also because how the question is answered will determine just how demanding effective altruism can be. I argue that no matter how effective altruists answer this question, they will have to take on some commitments seemingly antithetical to their movement. More precisely, I argue that effective altruism is subject to a dilemma. Effective altruists’, at times, implicit actualist assumptions (i) commit them to conclusions seemingly antithetical to what typical effective altruists actually believe, as well as the spirit of the movement and (ii) undermine effective altruists’ arguments against moral offsetting and giving to charities close to the heart. Yet, effective altruists’, at times, implicit possibilist assumptions (iii) also commit them to conclusions seemingly antithetical to what typical effective altruists actually believe, as well as the spirit of the movement and (iv) undermine typical responses to demandingness worries for the normative conception of effective altruism. I argue that the best way out of the dilemma is to accept hybridism, though even hybridism won’t preserve every commitment of effective altruism. (shrink)

This article considers some different views of fairness and whether they conflict with the use of a version of Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) that calls for maximizing health benefits per dollar spent. Among the concerns addressed are whether this version of CEA ignores the concerns of the worst off and inappropriately aggregates small benefits to many people. I critically examine the views of Daniel Hausman and Peter Singer who defend this version of CEA and Eric Nord among others who criticize (...) it. I come to focus in particular on the use of CEA in allocating scarce resources to the disabled. (shrink)

Manifold learning and effective model building are generally viewed as fundamentally different types of procedure. After all, in one we build a simplified model of the data, in the other, we construct a simplified model of the another model. Nonetheless, I argue that certain kinds of high-dimensional effective model building, and effective field theory construction in quantum field theory, can be viewed as special cases of manifold learning. I argue that this helps to shed light on all of these techniques. (...) First, it suggests that the effective model building procedure depends upon a certain kind of algorithmic compressibility requirement. All three approaches assume that real-world systems exhibit certain redundancies, due to regularities. The use of these regularities to build simplified models is essential for scientific progress in many different domains. (shrink)

The effective altruism movement (EA) is one of the most influential philosophically savvy movements to emerge in recent years. Effective Altruism has historically been dedicated to finding out what charitable giving is the most overall-effective, that is, the most effective at promoting or maximizing the impartial good. But some members of EA want the movement to be more inclusive, allowing its members to give in the way that most effectively promotes their values, even when doing so isn’t overall-effective. When we (...) examine what it means to give according to one’s values, I argue, we will see that this is both inconsistent with what EA is like now and inconsistent with its central philosophical commitment to an objective standard that can be used to critically analyze one’s giving. While EA is not merely synonymous with act utilitarianism, it cannot be much more inclusive than it is right now. (shrink)

Effective Altruism is a social movement which encourages people to do as much good as they can when helping others, given limited money, time, effort, and other resources. This paper first identifies a minimal philosophical view that underpins this movement, and then argues that there is an analogous minimal philosophical view which might underpin Effective Justice, a possible social movement that would encourage promoting justice most effectively, given limited resources. The latter minimal view reflects an insight about justice, and our (...) non-diminishing moral reason to promote more of it, that surprisingly has gone largely unnoticed and undiscussed. The Effective Altruism movement has led many to reconsider how best to help others, but relatively little attention has been paid to the differences in degrees of cost-effectiveness of activities designed to decrease injustice. This paper therefore not only furthers philosophical understanding of justice, but has potentially major practical implications. (shrink)

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between knowledge management systems, particularly emphasizing knowledge acquisition and dissemination, and their impact on academic staff's teaching motivation. By employing the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF), data from 676 academic staff at higher education institutions in Vietnam was analyzed, revealing a complex interplay of factors. Notably, positive associations were found between knowledge acquisition, knowledge dissemination, and teaching motivation. However, the interaction effect of knowledge acquisition and knowledge dissemination appeared to be negatively associated with teaching (...) motivation. This suggests the possible existence of a resource curse of knowledge in improving staff’s teaching motivation. It is recommended that the knowledge systems are refined to reduce complexity and that staff are trained with better knowledge processing methods for reducing resource curse risks. (shrink)