Victims of oppression are often called to let go of their anger in order to facilitate better discussion to bring about the end of their oppression. According to Amia Srinivasan, this constitutes an affective injustice. In this paper, we use research on emotion regulation to shed light on the nature of affective injustice. By drawing on the literature on emotion regulation, we illustrate specifically what kind of work is put upon people who are experiencing affective injustice and why it is (...) damaging. We begin by explaining affective injustice and how it can amount to a call for emotion regulation. Then we explain the various techniques that can be used to regulate emotions and explain how each might be harmful here. In the penultimate section of the paper, we explain how the upshot of this is that victims of affective injustice are left with a dilemma. Either they try to regulate their anger in a way that involves ignoring the fact of their oppression or they regulate it in a way that is likely to be harmful for them. Finally, we consider whether there are any good solutions to this dilemma, and how this issue opens up the possibility for further research into emotion regulation and moral philosophy. (shrink)

How might people be wronged in relation to fear? Recently philosophers have begun to investigate the idea that there may be distinctly affective forms of injustice (Archer & Mills 2019; Archer & Matheson 2022; Gallegos 2022; Srinivasan 2018; Whitney 2018). Until now, though, the literature on affective injustice has mostly focused on the emotion of anger. Similarly, while philosophers have investigated both ethical (Döring 2020; Harbin 2023) and political (Ahmed 2004; Nussbaum 2019) questions related to fear, this literature has (...) not yet drawn on the literature of affective injustice to investigate these issues. We will investigate how fear can be a site of affective injustice. We will outline three forms of affective injustice involving fear. We begin by providing an overview of the existing literature on affective injustice. We will then argue that the unfair dismissal of people’s fears can constitute a form of affective injustice. Next, we will argue that being made to live in fear can also constitute a form of affective injustice. Finally, we will outline the last form of fear-related affective injustice, which is being the target of unwarranted fear. In exploring these various forms of fear-related affective injustice we will highlight more general features of affective injustice that have hitherto been underacknowledged. (shrink)

This study was conducted to find out head teachers' perception of the implementation of the capitation grant scheme in Sunyani West East District of the Brong Ahafo Region. The study specifically focused on explaining how head teachers conceptualised the concept of capitation grant scheme, the implementation process, and the challenges associated with the implementation of the scheme. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study, and a questionnaire and an interview guide were designed and administered to a sample of (...) 40 head teachers from the district in the Region. The analysis of data revealed that 70.0% of the head teachers had an in-depth understanding of the source of capitation grant as being from the Government. The study, among others, found that the main challenges confronting the smooth implementations of the scheme were delay in the release of funds and inadequate funds. It is recommended that Government should release adequate amount of the grant in good time (thus, before the beginning of each quarter) so that school heads will avoid pre-financing of school activities. Also, the Ghana Education Service should continue to train head teachers in financial management and administration for prudent use of funds. (shrink)

En allumant la television, en surfaut 1'internet, en lisant les joiiniaux, c'est le coronavirus qui apparait a Tune. Les documents poiitiques, e'conomiques et medicaux sont ecrits atours de ce virus dans des langues diverses, ce qui a donne naissances aux teraiinologies intensssantes pour les traducteurs-apprentis cororoe nous, d'ou provient notre problematique dans cette recherche. Dans celte etude, nous avons traduit un texte venant du monde economique intitule « Why Nigerian Manufacturers Should Worry About Coronavirus » ecrit par Michael Ani et (...) apparu dans le journal liuisness Day, jeudi, le 22 fevrier, 2020. En traduisant ce texte, on a fait face a deux categories de vocabulaires, les iexiques economiques et les lexiques medicaux, ceux qui constituent une source tres riche pour tiotre analyse. Diverses techniques de la traduclion ont ete mises en pratiques pour re'aliser notre tache afin de reproduire une version fidele au texte original. L'analyse de traduction basee sur les conseils de Frederic Houbert qui preconise trois categories a savoir; comprendre pour traduire, comprendre pout simplifier et la reorganisation du texte source a ete utilise dans cette etude. Done, ce travail a contnbue au discours mondial sur le coronavirus et aux documents de references dans le domaine de la traduction techniques. (shrink)

Ce chapitre va identifier les elements dechifferables de la langue comme les syllabes qui constituent les objets focaux de la syllabation tels que; la syllable ouverte et la syllable fermee; les mots monosyllabiques, dissyllabiques, trisyllabiques et polysyllabiques. II y a aussi la description des plusieurs types de structures syllabiques en phonetique franQaise. Finalement, la liaison des mots fran^ais tels que; obligatoire, interdite et facultative.

Ce travail a etudie les difflcultes d'apprentissage du franqais par les etudiants aux ecoles secondaires a Onitsha North dans I 'etat d'A nambra. C'est constate qu 'unprofesseur doit agir en fonctionnaire de I'etat et de faqon ethique et responsable, maitriser la langue franqaise pour enseigner et communiquer et maitriser les technologies de I'information et de la communication. (Didier 2016). Ensuite, I'environnementlinguistiquejoue unrole important dans I'apprentissage d'une langue, soit langue etrangere, soit langue maternelle. Un apprenant qui apprend une langue dans un (...) environnement ou cette langue n'est pas parle a autant de probleme. Les langues parlees dans Vendroit limitent I'apprentissage de cette nouvelle langue. Alors, ces langues ne laissent pas le temps aux apprenants du franqais I'opportunite pour practiquer et travailler avec leur franqais (Simire 2017). L'echantillon consiste de 20professeurs et 250 etudiants selectionnes de classe de JSS 2. L'instruction de collecte de donnees est une echelle de notation qui a 17 elements. Les echelles de notation etaient distributes aux etudiants. Le pourcentage simple etait utilise pour I'analyse de donnees et une echelle de notation qui depasse 2.5 est acceptee. Selon les resultats, c'est constate que les professeurs utilisent juste le tableau noir et les livres pour enseigner le franqais. Alors, c'etait recommande parmi les autres chases que les professeurs utilisent plus de materiels didactique comme les DVDs, les images et desphotos, la radio, la television, ainsi de suite, pour enseigner les etudiants. (shrink)

How can Ordinary Language Philosophy (OLP) help us understand poetry? Against John L. Austin’s exclusion of poetic utterances as parasitical, Philip Mills explores how contemporary poetics broadens the aims and scope of OLP. Through the analysis of French and American poetry that reinterprets notions such as illocution, perlocution, and language-games, Mills develops a poetic philosophy of language, revealing its viral and transformative nature. Poetry, Performativity, and Ordinary Language Philosophy bridges philosophy and poetry, showing how poetry contaminates and reshapes (...) our ways of thinking and being in the world, and combining the poetic and the ethical in the notion of ‘poethics.’ This Open Access book offers a new perspective on the poetic and literary potential of OLP and the intersections between the philosophy of language and poetry. (shrink)

Cette étude est baséesur les facteurs psychologique influençant l'enseignement de la langue française aux écoles secondaires.Le but de l'étude est de savoir comment est-ce que nous pouvons améliorer les problèmes psychologiques dans l'enseignement et l'apprentissage du français; et si les professeurs du français tiennent compte de ces facteurs psychologiques.

At the threshold of 21 sl century, when the world has virtually turnedintoaglobalvillage, viable communication is of a paramount importance. The contemporaryteaching and learning processes are characterized by a host of developments, innovations, and manipulations. The need to incorporate InformationandCommunication Technology in today's classroom has become imperativeinviewofits importance in foreign language leaching/learning process. This paper focusesonhow to use or incorporate Information Communication TechnologyintoFrenchlanguage teaching and learning process.

Cette étude expose les défis rencontrés par les traducteurs de la traduction juridiques. Donc, comprendre le processus de traduction dans les textes juridiques est d'une importance capitale en raison de la nature complexe des documents juridiques. Les textes juridiques sont intrinsèquement normatifs, et toute mauvaise interprétation peut entraîner des conséquences juridiques non intentionnelles. Une traduction inexacte d'un terme ou d'une phrase peut altérer les implications juridiques d'un document, affectant les obligations contractuelles, les droits et les responsabilités. Les experts juridiques apportent (...) non seulement une compétence linguistique, mais aussi une compréhension nuancée des cadres juridiques et des contextes culturels. Leur expertise leur permet de naviguer dans les subtilités de la terminologie juridique, assurant que le texte traduit correspond aux significations juridiques et aux nuances culturelles souhaitées. Les traducteurs doivent naviguer les défis de la traduction littérale et l’emploi de l’emprunt tout en s'assurant que les significations juridiques et culturelles sont fidèlement transmises. La traduction de "The Nigérian Customary Law" par Ibeziakor présente des défis linguistiques tels que la gestion des expressions idiomatiques, la traduction de la terminologie juridique et technique, la prise en compte de la spécificité culturelle, les ajustements tonals, la compréhension des nuances contextuelles et l'adaptation aux variations de la structure linguistique. Ces problems découlent des intrications culturelles du texte, des complexities juridiques et de la nécessité d'une expression précise tant en anglais que dans la langue cible. Trouver des solutions aux problemès linguistiques dans la traduction est crucial pour une communication précise entre les cultures. (shrink)

Actualmente existe un diálogo fructífero y prolongado entre el análisis del conocimiento y la búsqueda de justicia en la filosofía que se hace en América Latina. Dicho diálogo es a través del lenguaje de la epistemología del testimonio, la cual con ayuda de conceptos como injusticia epistémica e injusticia testimonial pretende entender el impacto social del conocimiento en nuestras interacciones cotidianas. En esta breve reflexión comparto algunos referentes teóricos en torno a la construcción de lazos entre la epistemología y la (...) ética, haciendo énfasis en la necesidad de abrirnos a nuevas perspectivas de investigación crítica en filosofía. (shrink)

Le but de cette etude est de trouver si la langue matcrnelle et les materiels pedagogiques :lucncent 1'acquisition de la comprehension de 1'oral. C'est aussi de trouver si la maitrise des phonetiques contribue envers la comprehension orale et de voir si le professeur joue un role suffisant surer 1'atteinte de 1'objective de la comprehension orale. Nous avons constate que la langue atcrnelle entrave 1'acquisition de la comprehension orale et les materiels pedagogiques, et la maitrise . - phonetiques affectent la comprehension (...) et le professeur ne joue pas un role adequat pour aider les etudiants bien comprendre. Base sur" notre recherche, nous avons trouve que les etudiants sont interesses dans 1'apprentissage de la comprehension de 1'oral mais ils sont envisages avec les defis que incluent les mots francais ressemblent les mots anglais/igbo, le professeur ne joue pas les roles adequates a faciliter la comprehension de 1'oral des eleves. Enfm, nous avons recommande que les enseignants emploient divers materiels pedagogiques et aussi modifier leur methodes d'enseigner afm d'aider les eleves bien entendent et bien comprennent. Les autres couvrent la part de 1'apprenant, 1'ecole et le gouvernement. (shrink)

L’enseignement des langues étrangères s’est toujours appuyé autant que possible sur les possibilités techniques de son époque. L’enseignement et l’apprentissage des langues étrangères passent inévitablement par des moyens technologiques qui facilitent les pratiques de classe. L’introduction des TIC accompagne progressivement les programmes scolaires nationaux et constitue une étape importante dans la concrétisation de la réforme éducative dans notre pays. Nous étudions comment le TIC est intégré dans l’enseignement du français aux écoles supérieures nigérianes. L’étude se délimite à Nwafor Orizu College (...) of Education Nsugbe Anambra State. Les résultats montrent que l’intégration de ces nouvelles technologies dans l'enseignement des langues étrangères prend déjà en charge le personnel enseignant en le considérant comme étant l’élément essentiel dans cette orientation. Nous constatons qu‘il reste beaucoup de chemin à parcourir pour une intégration des TIC dans l‘enseignement du français à Nwafor Orizu College of Education. Le ministre de l‘éducation et la gestion de l’école devraient proposer un plan d‘action pour la formation des enseignants à la pédagogie et à l‘usage des TIC et pour l‘achat du matériel technologique pouvant répondre aux besoins de communication, de développement d‘habiletés intellectuelles et sociales. (shrink)

Apprendre une langue etrangere est une chose, parler cette langue est une autre. Tout le monde peut se mettre a apprendre la langue fran9aise, mais peu de gens peuvent la parler. Voila pourquoi la grande difficulte que nous observons chez les apprenants de la langue fran9aise. Mais pourquoi est-il ainsi ? Nous avons done choisi ce sujet a cause de multiple problemes que renc9ntrent les apprenant tels que le manque d'enseignants qualifies, les methodes des enseignements inappropriees, le manque de dispositions (...) chez les apprenants ainsi que le manque d'outils appropries et de milieu francophone ainsi nous aliens analyser la situation et proposer des solutions. (shrink)

Nous tenons dans cette communication a montrer les effets de la negation des verbes modaux dans En attendant Godot (EAG) et Fin de partie (FDP) de Samuel Beckett. En adoptant la theorie polyphonique et dialogique largement developpee par Mikhail Bakhtine (1984) qui vise la mort de 1'unicite ^du sujet parlant dans 1'interpretation du sens, nous avpns pu analyser ces pieces absurdes selectionnees. Mots-cles : verbes modaux, interpretation, negation, polyphonie, dialogique.

La traduction, comme le transfert d'un message d'une langue a une autre, est devenus incontournable depuis I 'ere de la tour de Babel. Nous savons bien que la traduction participe a la coexistence paciflque dans le monde entier, surtout la oit il y a pluralite de langues. Dans le cadre de ce travail, il s 'agit de I'analyse de quelques defis dans la traduction litteraire de la piece Conflit de generation d'Ireka F. Ikechukwu en anglais. Notre objectifmajeur est de relever (...) ces defis allant du vocabulaire litteraire au texte et au contexte, a la comprehension generale, pour une traduction efficace en langue d'arrivee. Notre methodologie dans ce travail est d'utiliser les strategies de traduction telle que proposees par Vinay et Darbelnet pour relever ces defis que nous avons rencontres. Nous souhaitons qu 'une fois que ces defis soient releves, Us serviront d 'outils de traduction non seulement aux etudiants de la traduction mais aussi a tout lecteur qui s 'y interesse. (shrink)

En este artículo expongo cómo la filosofía trascendental kantiana utiliza la figura de las analogías de la experiencia como una forma de interpretación normativa y pragmática de las condiciones a priori del conocimiento. Dichas condiciones, no sólo se manifiestan en la constitución de nuestros juicios sintéticos acerca de los fenómenos empíricos; sino que también posibilitan la construcción de las ciencias naturales mismas, como la Física. Al final de esta exposición señalo que esta interpretación normativa y pragmática es esencial para la (...) filosofía trascendental en tanto, que sólo así, es posible la fundamentación metafísica de las leyes newtonianas. (shrink)

El pasado 11 de febrero se conmemoró en México el Día Internacional de la Mujer y la Niña en la Ciencia. Esta celebración, creada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en el 2015 y promovida a través de su agencia para el fomento de la educación y la cultura, UNESCO, tiene el propósito de impulsar el acceso y la participación equitativa de las niñas y mujeres en la ciencia, la educación y la tecnología. Tarea que, aún en los (...) albores del siglo XXI, no es vana; puesto que el reconocimiento a la labor y presencia de las mujeres en la producción de conocimiento sigue enfrentando obstáculos estructurales importantes. (shrink)

Le critique congolais Ngal dans son livre Creation et rupture en litterature africaine (1994) affirme que la litterature negro-africaine d'expression fran9aise a connu, depuis sa naissance, une serie de remises en cause traduites, dans les ceuvres des ecrivains, par le renouvellement des formes et des modeles thematiques. II distingue ainsi dans 1'histoire litteraire negro-africaine francophone cinq ruptures fondamentales chronologiquement introduites par 1'emergence du mouvement de la negritude (debut 1935), la naissance des independances (annees soixante). la publication des soleils des independances (...) d'Ahmadou Kourouma et du Devoir de violence de Yambo Ouologuem (annees 1968-1970), puis, enfin, la parution de La vie et demie de Sony Labou Tansi et du Pleurer-rire de Henri Lopes (tournant 1980). (shrink)

Hegel’s interpretation of Sophocles’ play Antigone is central to an understanding of woman’s role in the Hegelian system. Hegel is fascinated by this play and uses it in both the Phenomenology and the Philosophy of Right to demonstrate that familial ethical life is woman’s unique responsibility. Antigone is revealed as the paradigmatic figure of womanhood and family life in both the pagan and modern worlds although there are fundamental differences between these two worlds for Hegel. In order to situate the (...) interpretation of this play within its wider context I shall begin with a brief outline of the pagan world described in the Phenomenology. I will then consider the interpretation of this play within the analysis of the modern world in the Philosophy of Right. Throughout, the focus will be on woman’s role in Hegel’s philosophy. (shrink)

Este es un libro que nace de nuestro compromiso por señalar las contribuciones de las filósofas a partir de la pregunta vital: ¿Quiénes nos formaron? Como resultado, se presenta este diálogo a doce voces; reunidas para dialogar, desde distintos lugares en América Latina, sobre nuestra formación teórica, profesional y humana desde una plataforma equitativa y franca. Concebido, en medio de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, queremos construir un espacio abierto a nuevas ideas, propuestas e identidades en la Filosofía. Más aún, queremos (...) invitar a nuestros alumnxs a vislumbrar las posibilidades de un cambio radical en la forma en que concebimos y hacemos filosofía. (shrink)

The Racial Contract pone la teoría clásica del contrato social occidental, sin ambages, al servicio de un uso radical extraordinario. Con una mirada arrolladora sobre el expansionismo y el racismo europeos de los últimos quinientos años, Charles W. Mills demuestra cómo este peculiar y no reconocido "contrato" ha dado forma a un sistema de dominación europea global: cómo da lugar a la existencia de "blancos" y "no blancos", personas de pleno derecho y subpersonas, cómo influye en la teoría moral (...) y la psicología moral de los blancos; y cómo este sistema se impone a los no blancos mediante el condicionamiento ideológico y la violencia. The Racial Contract sostiene que la sociedad en la que vivimos es un estado continuado de supremacía blanca. Levantando un espejo ante la filosofía dominante, este provocativo libro explica el esquema evolutivo del contrato racial desde la época de la conquista del Nuevo Mundo y el posterior colonialismo, pasando por el contrato escrito de la esclavitud, hasta el sistema de segregación "separados pero iguales" en los Estados Unidos del siglo XX. Según Mills, el contrato ha proporcionado la arquitectura teórica que justifica toda una historia de atrocidades europeas contra los no blancos, desde las afirmaciones de David Hume e Immanuel Kant de que los negros tenían un poder cognitivo inferior, pasando por el Holocausto, hasta el tipo de imperialismo en Asia que se demostró con la guerra de Vietnam. Mills sugiere que la guetización del trabajo filosófico sobre la raza no es accidental. Este trabajo desafía la suposición de que la teoría dominante carece en sí misma de raza. Al igual que la teoría feminista ha revelado el sesgo invisible de la filosofía política hacia los hombres blancos, la explicación de Mills del contrato racial expone sus fundamentos raciales. (shrink)

Este célebre texto del filósofo jamaiquino Charles Wade Mills es uno de los pioneros de los estudios sobre ignorancia activa y construcción de la ignorancia. Centrado en la perspectiva étnico-racial, el trabajo continúa parte de las tesis gnoseológicas-epistemológicas comenzadas por el autor en su obra máxima "El contrato racial" (1997).

Against the apparent casting away of poetry from contemporary philosophy of language and aesthetics which has left poetry forceless, I argue that poetry has a linguistic, philosophical, and even political force. Against the idea that literature (as novel) can teach us facts about the world, I argue that the force of literature (as poetry) resides in its capacity to change our ways of seeing. First, I contest views which consider poetry forceless by discussing Austin’s and Sartre’s views. Second, I explore (...) the concept of force in the realm of art—focusing on Nietzsche’s philosophy and Menke’s Kraft der Kunst—and the relations between linguistic, artistic, and political forces. Third, I consider how the transformative force of poetry can be considered political by turning to Kristeva’s Revolution in Poetic Language and Meschonnic’s conception of poetry according to which the poem does something to language and the subject. To illustrate this transformative force of poetry, I analyse Caroline Zekri’s poem ‘Un pur rapport grammatical’. I therefore think of poetry not only as doing something with language, but also as doing something to language. To rephrase Austin’s famous title, and thus reverse his evaluation of poetry, poetry might reveal to us not only How to Do Things with Words, but how to do things to words and, through this doing, how to transform and affect the world. (shrink)

In this paper, Charles Mills discusses what he calls “white ignorance”, developing one of the main themes of his 1997 book, The Racial Contract. His discussion is concerned with the idea of a cognitive disadvantage based on membership in a social group, which is not strange to the radical philosophical tradition, and that has been explored with more vigor in the recent Social Epistemology, in debates about epistemic injustices, silencing, willful ignorance, cognitive biases, epistemological standpoints, etc. Mills argues (...) for an “Epistemology of the white ignorance”, a racially and socially situated epistemology, which contraposes itself, in a great extent, to the individualistic tendencies of the traditional epistemological work, while conserving the interests in objectivity and truth of this work. (shrink)

A Zoom discussion about racism and ableism in philosophy.

In recent years, a number of US states have adopted laws that require pregnant women to have an ultrasound examination, and be shown images of their foetus, prior to undergoing a pregnancy termination. In this paper, I examine one of the basic presumptions of these laws: that seeing one’s foetus changes the ways in which one might act in regard to it, particularly in terms of the decision to terminate the pregnancy or not. I argue that mandatory ultrasound laws compel (...) women into a position of moral spectatorship and require them to recognise the foetus as a being for whom they are responsible, particularly through empathic responses to ultrasound images. The approach I propose extends the project of a bioethics of the image and highlights the need for a critical analysis of the political mobilization of empathy in discussions of abortion. (shrink)

It is hardly a novel claim that the work of Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–2018) contains influences from philosophical Daoism, but I argue that this influence has yet to be fully understood. Several scholars criticize Le Guin for misrepresenting Daoist ideas as they appear in ancient Chinese philosophical texts, particularly the Dao De Jing and the Zhuangzi. While I have sympathy for this charge, especially as it relates to Le Guin’s translation of the Dao De Jing, I argue that it (...) fails to understand the extent to which her fiction contains her own philosophical development of Daoist ideas. Looking at some of her most influential works (e.g., The Left Hand of Darkness, The Dispossessed, The Lathe of Heaven, A Wizard of Earthsea, etc.), I suggest that Le Guin’s fiction is better seen as a refocusing of Daoist concepts such as complementary contrasts and non-action (wu wei) in the contexts of modern feminism, modern anarchism, science fiction, and fantasy. Le Guin was not trying to represent ancient Daoism as a scholar. Rather, she was trying to reimagine Daoism as a creative artist and philosopher in her own right. This way of viewing Le Guin’s work does not fully exorcise the specter of the possibility of Orientalist cultural appropriation, but it does make the issue more complex in a way that can deepen further conversations. To what extent can an artist be guilty of misrepresentation if representation was not, strictly speaking, her goal? I end with a brief reflection on what is perhaps the deepest philosophical lesson of Le Guin’s work: everything is more complicated than it first appears. On that note, the present article is an attempt not just to do philosophy about Le Guin, but to do philosophy in a Le Guinian fashion, which requires rethinking the metaphor of combat that guides much academic philosophy today. (shrink)

French is recognized as the second official language of Nigeria. Yet in many sections of the Nigerian society, French language is not given official recognition. Among the youths of the nation it has not gained wide acceptance because there is poor understanding of the importance of French as an international language. This is believed to have kept lots of Nigerian youths from gaining knowledge and good command of the language. These same youths are the target of French government's on-going efforts (...) to widen usage of French internationally. As at present having good grasp of French language is an added advantage to the youth for employability, trade, the economy, and our cultural life. Therefore, this paper projected the relevance of French Language and proposed strategies for advancing the grasping of French Language among Nigerian youths. (shrink)

Communication plays an important role in promoting sustainable consumption. Yet how the academic literature conceptualizes and relates communication and sustainable consumption remains poorly understood, despite growing research on communication in the context of sustainable consumption. This article presents the first comprehensive review of sustainable consumption communication (SCC) research as a young and evolving field of scholarly work. Through a systematic review and narrative synthesis of N = 67 peer-reviewed journal articles, we consolidated the research conducted in this field into four (...) distinct types: communication as an approach to (1) behavior change, (2) self-empowerment, (3) systems change, and (4) reflection on current discourses and practices around sustainable consumption. Our findings reveal that most journal articles focus on incremental changes in individual consumer behavior (“weak” sustainable consumption) and employ communication as an intervention tool with little reference to communication science and theory. They also reveal integration challenges arising from the disciplinary diversity and fragmentation characteristic of the research field. Future research should develop shared frameworks and terminology, diversify its foci, synthesize relevant evidence, and innovate critical perspectives that go beyond one-way business-to-consumer communication. The results of our review can serve researchers engaged in sustainable consumption communication to better systematize their efforts and contribute more effectively to changing systems of consumption in the future. (shrink)

Le present article porte sur la possibilite de traduire les proverbes du francais en igbo tout en passant par 1'anglais. On a entame la chercher dans le but d'integrer plusieurs precedes disponible a un traducteur afm que la creativite en traduction ne soit pas rompue. Plus precisement, nous avons adopte la proposition qui voit« la creativite » comme un precede possible pour traduire les proverbes, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit des situations ou les deux cultures en jeu (celle de la langue source (...) et celle de la langue cible), sont completement differentes, comme dans le cas d'Igbo et du franfais. Par la creativite, nous avons melange tous les precedes possibles qui sont a la portee du traducteur. Nous avons done precede a reperer quelques proverbes francais, leurs equivalents Igbo et a demontrer jusqu'a quel point, un apprenant de la langue franfaise dans notre milieu peut alleger les problemes incessants que lui posent les proverbes en general. (shrink)

This is the annotated bibliography that accompanied Volume 2 of American Association of Philosophy Teachers Studies in Pedagogy, a special issue on teaching Plato. It includes sections covering teaching several specific dialogues: Republic, Meno, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Lysis, as well as sections on "Socrates as Teacher" and general articles on teaching Plato.

La diversite des langues et la multiciplocite des cultures creent des problemes de communication qui empechent, dans quelque mesure, les problemes de I'interference de la langue Igbo dans I'apprentissage de la langue francais. La langue etrangere pose beauoup de problemes au Nigeria surtout a l;ecole secondaire. D'autrepart, nous osons esperer que nos lectoralsseront sensbilises par ce travail, et leur attention attire aux problemes generaux de la langue maternelle, la situation generaux de la langue maternelle, la situation generale des enfants Igbo, (...) leproblemede pronunciation, lafaute dans les bi-consonnes et les autreproblemes. De cette maniere, ce travailpourra contribuer a I'amelioration de notre societe. Nous ne crayons pas que la tdche des expositer les problemes rencontrees par les appranants du franc, langue etrangere que nous avons choisi ce sujet et aussipour bien aider les apprannats et les professeurs a resoudre cesproblemes poses par ce sujet. (shrink)

We take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world's scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a ‘10 second survey’, where the participant is presented with a single statement (...) to consider, and a standard five point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement 'Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus'. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields. (shrink)

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service in Alaska, USA, conducted a species status assessment for a petition to list the Alexander Archipelago wolf (Canis lupus ligoni) under the Endangered Species Act in 2020-2022. This federal undertaking could not be adequately prepared without including the knowledge of Indigenous People who have a deep cultural connection with the subspecies. Our objective is to communicate the authoritative expertise and voice of the Indigenous People who partnered on the project by demonstrating how their (...) knowledge contributed to the species status assessment. The Indigenous knowledge applied in the assessment is the cultural and intellectual property of those who have shared it. We employed rapid appraisal research to expeditiously develop a preliminary and qualitative understanding of Indigenous People's cultural and ecological knowledge of Alexander Archipelago wolves. We used semi-directed interviewing and inductive coding from grounded theory for text analysis. Indigenous knowledge contributed to the agency's understanding of the Alexander Archipelago wolf in Southeast Alaska and helped the agency with their classification decision. Indigenous research partners explained the rich cultural significance and position of wolves in Tlingit society and described human–wolf relationships and ecological interactions. The agency used a single-species assessment approach based in species ecology and conservation biology, whereas the Indigenous wolf experts applied a multi-species, community ecology approach based in a sociocultural context of balance and respect. The Indigenous wolf experts successfully addressed knowledge gaps identified by the agency. The partners were challenged by a short regulatory timeframe that did not allow for comprehensive study of Indigenous knowledge and constrained review and feedback by Indigenous experts. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service learned that its assessment framework was not designed to account for an Indigenous worldview. To level the playing field, the agency and Indigenous experts should discuss how to co-develop an assessment framework that equitably applies both perspectives. (shrink)

It is common knowledge that Nietzsche is very critical of traditional philosophy and strongly opposes a number of philosophers, but Alain Badiou goes beyond this claim to interpret and classify Nietzsche as an “antiphilosopher.” As such, Badiou’s interpretation belongs to the vast literature focusing on Nietzsche’s critique of metaphysics and truth. However, Badiou goes a bit further and develops a notion of “antiphilosophy” that not only is critical but also has a positive impact: Nietzsche is not only a critic of (...) metaphysics, but he is also an antiphilosopher like Pascal or Rousseau. Nietzsche. L’antiphilosophie I is the transcript from a seminar Badiou gave in 1992–93 and, as the title suggests, is... (shrink)

Liao and Carbonell argue that medical devices are often not merely biased, but rather materialize oppression through the perpetuation of oppression into the present and future (Liao and Carbonell 2...

Embedding ethics modules within computer science courses has become a popular response to the growing recognition that CS programs need to better equip their students to navigate the ethical dimensions of computing technologies like AI, machine learning, and big data analytics. However, the popularity of this approach has outpaced the evidence of its positive outcomes. To help close that gap, this empirical study reports positive results from Northeastern’s program that embeds values analysis modules into CS courses. The resulting data suggest (...) that such modules have a positive effect on students’ moral attitudes and that students leave the modules believing they are more prepared to navigate the ethical dimensions they’ll likely face in their eventual careers. Importantly, these gains were accomplished at an institution without a philosophy doctoral program, suggesting this strategy can be effectively employed by a wider range of institutions than many have thought. (shrink)

Charles Mills began his career as a Marxist but at a particular point shifted to a focus on race, deliberately leaving behind an explicit concern with class, though implying that both class and race (along with gender) constitute distinct, interacting, domination systems in society. I argue that Mills’s permanent contribution to political theory is to see white supremacy as a sociopolitical order with its own character and logic, but that his specific account of race and white supremacy is (...) faulty because class processes are internal to the racial domination system, and “racial injustice” already incorporates some aspects of class injustice. Thus Mills fails to recognize that white supremacy can fail to benefit and indeed can positively harm some white people. More generally, he fails to theorize class as a pervasive domination system. This argument does not reduce race to class, as Mills was correct in criticizing Marxism for (sometimes) doing. Some aspects of race do not concern class, while others do. Mills also fails to consistently articulate the specific normative character of current racial injustice, misleadingly conflating it with the “subperson” view of Black people dominant in the earlier colonial, slavery, and Segregation periods of white supremacy. For example, people of color now are accorded (if sometimes imperfectly) a panoply of rights denied in those earlier periods, and for Mills denial of rights is a core criterion of subpersonhood. The current period, better characterized by the idea of “racial disrespect” than “subpersonhood,” involves a form of wrongfulness much more similar in character to contemporary class injustice than the sub-personhood period did. -/- Mills thus gives a misleading picture of the severity of class injustice in relation to racial injustice; they are much more similar than he says. And he also fails to recognize that racial injustice also incorporates forms of class injustice. (shrink)

In this article, we address the relevance of J.S. Mill’s political philosophy for a framework of public health ethics. In contrast to some readings of Mill, we reject the view that in the formulation of public policies liberties of all kinds enjoy an equal presumption in their favor. We argue that Mill also rejects this view and discuss the distinction that Mill makes between three kinds of liberty interests: interests that are immune from state interference; interests that enjoy a presumption (...) in favor of liberty; and interests that enjoy no such presumption. We argue that what is of focal importance for Mill in protecting liberty is captured by the essential role that the value of self-determination plays in human well-being. Finally, we make the case for the plausibility of a more complex and nuanced Millian framework for public health ethics that would modify how the balancing of some liberty and public health interests should proceed by taking the thumb off the liberty end of the scale. Mill’s arguments and the legacy of liberalism support certain forms of state interference with marketplace liberties for the sake of public health objectives without any presumption in favor of liberty. (shrink)

Working within the broad lines of general consensus that mark out the core features of John Stuart Mill’s (1806–1873) logic, as set forth in his A System of Logic (1843–1872), this chapter provides an introduction to Mill’s logical theory by reviewing his position on the relationship between induction and deduction, and the role of general premises and principles in reasoning. Locating induction, understood as a kind of analogical reasoning from particulars to particulars, as the basic form of inference that is (...) both free-standing and the sole load-bearing structure in Mill’s logic, the foundations of Mill’s logical system are briefly inspected. Several naturalistic features are identified, including its subject matter, human reasoning, its empiricism, which requires that only particular, experiential claims can function as basic reasons, and its ultimate foundations in ‘spontaneous’ inference. The chapter concludes by comparing Mill’s naturalized logic to Russell’s (1907) regressive method for identifying the premises of mathematics. (shrink)

Mill’s Principle of Utility: Origins, Proof, and Implications is a scholarly monograph on John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism with a particular emphasis on the proof he provides for the principle of utility. Originally published as Mill’s Principle of Utility: A Defense of John Stuart Mill’s Notorious Proof (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), the present volume is a revised and enlarged edition with additional material, tighter arguments, and updated references. The initiative is still principally an analysis, interpretation, and defense of the controversial proof, which (...) has yet to attract a scholarly consensus on how it works and whether it succeeds. Well over a century and a half after Mill’s initial contribution, the subject matter continues to figure prominently in classroom discussions, where the principle and its proof are presented and debated in connection with the critical baggage of logical problems and conceptual confusions wrongly attributed to Mill from the beginning. The overarching aim of the book, now supplemented with a comprehensive historical background and salient philosophical implications, remains the vindication of Mill’s reasoning in pursuit of what he promises as a proof of the principle of utility. (shrink)

Mill’s aim in chapter 3 of Utilitarianism is to show that his revisionary moral theory can preserve the kind of authority typically and traditionally associated with moral demands. One of his main targets is the idea that if people come to believe that morality is rooted in human sentiment then they will feel less bound by moral obligation. Chapter 3 emphasizes two claims: (1) The main motivation to ethical action comes from feelings and not from beliefs and (2) Ethical feelings (...) are highly malleable. I provide a critical examination of Mill’s use of these claims to support his argument that Utilitarianism can preserve morality’s authority. I show how the two claims, intended to form a significant rebuttal to the worry about Utilitarianism, can in fact be combined to raise powerful skeptical concerns. I explain how Mill evades the skepticism, and why contemporary philosophers who lack Millian optimism about human nature find it harder to avoid the skeptical outcome. (shrink)

I suggest following Paul Feyerabend's own advice, and interpreting Feyerabend's work in light of the principles laid out by John Stuart Mill. A review of Mill's essay, On Liberty, emphasizes the importance Mill placed on open and critical discussion for the vitality and progress of various aspects of human life, including the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Many of Feyerabend's more unusual stances, I suggest, are best interpreted as attempts to play certain roles--especially the role of "defender of unpopular minority opinion"--that (...) are necessary to fulfilling Mill's conditions for rational exchange and optimal human development. (shrink)

Why must we respect others’ rights to dispute scientific knowledge such as that the Earth is round, or that humans evolved, or that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are warming the Earth? In this paper, I argue that in On Liberty Mill defends the freedom to dispute scientific knowledge by appeal to a novel social epistemic rationale for free speech that has been unduly neglected by Mill scholars. Mill distinguishes two kinds of epistemic warrant for scientific knowledge: 1) the positive, direct evidentiary (...) warrant that scientific experts construct for their knowledge by applying the methods Mill had set out in his A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, and 2) a social testimonial warrant that the non-expert “public” has for what Mill refers to as their “rational[ly] assur[ed]” beliefs on scientific subjects. Mill does not argue that scientific claims can never be proven true with complete practical certainty to scientific experts, nor does he argue that scientists must engage in free debate with critics such as flat-earthers in order to fully understand the grounds of their scientific knowledge. Instead, Mill argues that in the absence of the freedom to dispute scientific knowledge, non-experts cannot establish that scientific experts are credible sources of testimonial knowledge. To establish the credibility of scientific expert speakers, non-expert audiences must have a rational assurance, Mill argues, that experts have satisfactory answers to objections that might undermine the positive, direct evidentiary proof of scientific knowledge. But since non-experts cannot distinguish objections that undermine such expert proof from objections that do not, censorship of any objection — even the irrelevant objections of literal or figurative flat-earthers — will prevent non-experts from determining whether scientific expert speakers are credible. Hence, while censoring irrelevant objections would not undermine the positive, direct evidentiary warrant that scientific experts have for their knowledge, doing so would destroy the non-expert, social testimonial warrant for that knowledge. The asymmetry between how expert scientific speakers and non-expert audiences warrant their scientific knowledge is what both generates and necessitates Mill’s social epistemic rationale for the “absolute” freedom to dispute it. (shrink)

In this paper, I examine how philosophers before and after G. E. Moore understood intrinsic value. The main idea I wish to bring out and defend is that Moore was insufficiently attentive to how distinctive his conception of intrinsic value was, as compared with those of the writers he discussed, and that such inattentiveness skewed his understanding of the positions of others that he discussed and dismissed. My way into this issue is by examining the charge of inconsistency that Moore (...) levels at the qualitative hedonism outlined by J. S. Mill in Utilitarianism. Along the way I suggest that there are a number of ways in which Moore was unfair in rejecting qualitative hedonism as inconsistent. I close by relating the issues that arise in discussion of Moore to contemporary debates on value and reasons. (shrink)