The author presents the history of gravitational waves according to Einstein, linking it to his biography and his time in order to understand it in his connection with the history of the Semites, the personality of Einstein in the handling of his conflict-generating circumstances in his relationships competition with his colleagues and in the formulation of the so-called general theory of relativity. We will fall back on the vicissitudes that Einstein experienced in the transition from his scientific work (...) to normal science as a pillar of theoretical physics. We will deal with how Einstein introduced the relativistic ether, conferring an "odor of materiality" to his geometric explanation of gravity, where undoubtedly it does not fit, but that he had to give in to the pressure that was justified by his most renowned colleagues, led by Lorentz. Einstein had to do it to stay in the queue that would lead him to the Nobel. It was thus, as developing the relativistic ether thread, in June 1916, he introduced the gravitational waves of which, in an act of personal liberation and scientific honesty, when he could, in 1938, he demonstrated how they could not exist, within the scenario of his relativity, to immediately also put an end to the relativistic ether. (shrink)

General Relativity defines gravity like the metric of a Lorentzian manifold. Einstein formulated spacetime as quality structural of gravity, i.e, circular definition between gravity and spacetime, also Einstein denoted "Space and time are modes by which we think, not conditions under which we live" and “We denote everything but the gravitational field as matter”, therefore, spacetime is nothing and gravity in first approximation an effect of coordinates, and definitely a geometric effect. The mathematical model generates quantitative predictions coincident in (...) high grade with observations without physical meaning. Philosophy intervened: in Substantivalism, spacetime exists in itself while in Relationalism as metrical relations. But, it does not know what spacetime. The outcomes of model have supported during a century, validity of the General Relativity, interpreted arbitrarily. Einstein formulated, from quadrupoles of energy, the formation of ripples in spacetime propagating as gravitational waves abandoned, in 1938, when he said that they do not exist. LIGO announced the first detection of gravitational waves from a pair of merging black holes. They truly are waves of quantum vacuum. (shrink)

Abstract -/- We present a preliminary application of the Coherent Oscillation Detection and Encoding System (CODES), a novel method for detecting gravitational waves using prime-based encoding and phase-locking, to the GW190521 event detected by LIGO. CODES encodes strain data into a complex function C(x,t)=∑p=2,3,5,71pei(2πlog⁡(p)t+χpx) C(x,t) = \sum_{p=2,3,5,7} \frac{1}{p} e^{i(2\pi \log(p) t + \chi_p x)} C(x,t)=∑p=2,3,5,7​p1​ei(2πlog(p)t+χp​x), enhancing coherence through phase alignment to compute a Coherence Score (CCS). Using H1 detector data from GPS 1242442965.779297 to 1242442968.220459, CODES identified a peak (...) CCS of 1.945987e-38 at GPS 1242442967.256348, closely aligning with the known merger time of 1242442967. This suggests CODES’s potential as an alternative detection technique. However, this is a single-event analysis with unoptimized parameters. Ongoing work includes testing CODES on additional events (e.g., GW150914, GW170817), optimizing phase shifts, and conducting statistical significance tests to prepare for a journal submission. This preprint timestamps the method’s initial success. (shrink)

An analysis of the classical-quantum correspondence shows that it needs to identify a preferred class of coordinate systems, which defines a torsionless connection. One such class is that of the locally-geodesic systems, corresponding to the Levi-Civita connection. Another class, thus another connection, emerges if a preferred reference frame is available. From the classical Hamiltonian that rules geodesic motion, the correspondence yields two distinct Klein-Gordon equations and two distinct Dirac-type equations in a general metric, depending on the connection used. Each of (...) these two equations is generally-covariant, transforms the wave function as a four-vector, and differs from the Fock-Weyl gravitational Dirac equation (DFW equation). One obeys the equivalence principle in an often-accepted sense, whereas the DFW equation obeys that principle only in an extended sense. (shrink)

From the geometric formulation of gravity, according to the Einstein-Grosmann-Hilbert equations, of November 1915, as the geodesic movement in the semirimennian manifold of positive curvature, spacetime, where due to absence of symmetries, the conservation of energy-impulse is not possible taking together the material processes and that of the gravitational geometric field, however, given those symmetries in the flat Minkowski spacetime, using the De Sitter model, Einstein linearizing gravitation, of course, really in the absence of gravity, in 1916, purged of (...) some mathematical errors in 1918, he introduced "gravitational waves" as disturbances in the curvature of space, and in the absence of knowing physically what spacetime is and philosophically in dispute, that previously in 1936 and definitively in 1937, Einstein showed they did not exist. It was through the works arising from the dynamics of academic discourse, from the perspective not of Einstein but of Weyl, that Bondi, Pirani, Robinson and Trautman, in the 1950s, after Einstein's death, "gravitational waves" were reintroduced and led to experimental search. In 2002, from Sergei Kopeikin's VLBI experiment, its supposed speed was established, without obtaining unanimous recognition from the community of scientists but rather dividing them. And it was in February 2016 that the aLIGO-aVirgo collaboration announced that they had detected them for the first time. In this work, the history that led to this supposed discovery is presented and it is stated that the waves detected are really from the quantum vacuum in which everything that exists is immersed, the author's thesis exposed immediately in response to that 2016 announcement. (shrink)

General Relativity says gravity is a push caused by space-time's curvature. Combining General Relativity with E=mc2 results in distances being totally deleted from space-time/gravity by future technology, and in expansion or contraction of the universe as a whole being eliminated. The road to these conclusions has branches shining light on supersymmetry and superconductivity. This push of gravitational waves may be directed from intergalactic space towards galaxy centres, helping to hold galaxies together and also creating supermassive black holes. Together (...) with the waves' possible production of "dark" matter in higher dimensions, there's ample reason to believe knowledge of gravitational waves has barely begun. Advanced waves are usually discarded by scientists because they're thought to violate the causality principle. Just as advanced waves are usually discarded, very few physicists or mathematicians will venture to ascribe a physical meaning to Wick rotation and "imaginary" time. Here, that maths (when joined with Mobius-strip and Klein-bottle topology) unifies space and time into one space-time, and allows construction of what may be called "imaginary computers". This research idea you're reading is not intended to be a formal theory presenting scientific jargon and mathematical formalism. (shrink)

The Time Field Model (TFM) presents a unified framework for physics, treating time as two interacting wave-like fields T+(x,t) and T−(x,t), from which space time, quantum phenomena, and cosmic evolution emerge. This work synthesizes 21 foundational papers to establish TFM as a candidate “Theory of Everything,” addressing: • Quantum-Gravity Unification: Gravity arises as propagating T± wave ex citations, modifying Einstein’s equations via an anomaly tensor Γµν, while quantum effects stem from local T+/T− imbalances. • Cosmic Evolution: Macro-Big Bangs (singularity-free nucleation (...) events) and micro-Bang expansions drive inflation and sustain cosmic growth, replacing dark energy with wave-driven acceleration. • Spacetime Quantization: At energy densities ρcritical ∼ c5/(ℏG2), time waves nucleate discrete space quanta, bridging Planck-scale discreteness with smooth geometry. • Mass and Energy Laws: Mass is not intrinsic but arises from resistance to time waves, which naturally accelerate all particles toward the speed of light. The universe remains globally energy-neutral due to the perfect balance of time waves (T+ +T− ≈ 0). • Gauge Symmetries and Forces: SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) interactions unify via T±-modulated couplings, with electroweak symmetry breaking tied to T± phase alignment. • Cosmic Structure: Filaments and voids form via wave compression, governed by a critical quantum-classical transition radius rc. • Dark Sector Resolution: Galaxy rotation curves, lensing, and cluster colli sions derive from T± dynamics, eliminating dark matter. • Experimental Signatures: Predicts gravitational wave spectral tilts (nT ∼ −0.01), Casimir force deviations (δF/F ∼ 0.1% [9]), and collider anomalies from T± excitations. (shrink)

We investigate the meaning of the wave function by analyzing the mass and charge density distributions of a quantum system. According to protective measurement, a charged quantum system has effective mass and charge density distributing in space, proportional to the square of the absolute value of its wave function. In a realistic interpretation, the wave function of a quantum system can be taken as a description of either a physical field or the ergodic motion of a particle. The essential difference (...) between a field and the ergodic motion of a particle lies in the property of simultaneity; a field exists throughout space simultaneously, whereas the ergodic motion of a particle exists throughout space in a time-divided way. If the wave function is a physical field, then the mass and charge density will be distributed in space simultaneously for a charged quantum system, and thus there will exist gravitational and electrostatic self-interactions of its wave function. This not only violates the superposition principle of quantum mechanics but also contradicts experimental observations. Thus the wave function cannot be a description of a physical field but a description of the ergodic motion of a particle. For the later there is only a localized particle with mass and charge at every instant, and thus there will not exist any self-interaction for the wave function. Which kind of ergodic motion of particles then? It is argued that the classical ergodic models, which assume continuous motion of particles, cannot be consistent with quantum mechanics. Based on the negative result, we suggest that the wave function is a description of the quantum motion of particles, which is random and discontinuous in nature. On this interpretation, the square of the absolute value of the wave function not only gives the probability of the particle being found in certain locations, but also gives the probability of the particle being there. We show that this new interpretation of the wave function provides a natural realistic alternative to the orthodox interpretation, and its implications for other realistic interpretations of quantum mechanics are also briefly discussed. (shrink)

This article had its beginning with Einstein's 1919 paper "Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?" Together with General Relativity's statement that gravity is not a pull but is a push caused by the curvature of space-time, a hypothesis for Earth's ocean tides was developed that does not solely depend on the Sun and Moon as Kepler and Newton believed. It also borrows from Galileo. The breakup of planets and asteroids by white dwarfs, (...) neutron stars or black holes is popularly ascribed by today's science to tidal forces (gravitation emanating from the stellar body and having a greater effect on the near side of a planet/asteroid than the farthest side). Remembering Einstein's 1919 paper, it was apparent that my revised idea of tidal forces improves on current accounts because it views matter and mass as unified with space-time whose curvature is gravitation. Unification is a necessity for modern science's developing view of one united and entangled universe – expressed in the Unified Field Theory, the Theory of Everything, String theory and Loop Quantum Gravity. The writing of this article was also assisted by visualizing the gravitational fields forming space-time being themselves formed by a multitude of weak and presently undetectable gravitational waves. The final part of this article concludes that the section BITS AND TOPOLOGY will lead to the conclusions in ETERNAL LIFE, WORLD PEACE AND PHYSICS' UNIFICATION. The final part also compares cosmology to biological enzymes and biology's substrate of reacting "chemicals" - using virtual particles, hidden variables, gravitation, electromagnetism, electronics’ binary digits, plus topology’s Mobius strip and figure-8 Klein bottle. The product is mass - enzyme, substrate and product are all considered mathematical in nature. Also, gravitation and electromagnetism are united using logic and topology – showing there’s no need in this article for things like mathematical formalism, field equations or tensor calculus. (shrink)

Abstract: Standing half wave particles at light speed twice in expansion-contraction comprise a static universe where two transverse fields 90° out of phase are the square of distance from each other. The universe has a static concept of time since the infinite universe is a static universe without a beginning or end. The square of distance is a point of reversal in expansion-contraction between the fields as a means to conserve energy. Photons on expansion in the electric field create matter (...) energy while photons on contraction in the magnetic field create light energy and gravitational pull toward the higher frequency energy. Also, the universe with matter has a moving physical concept of time from gravitational pull on expansion-contraction. (shrink)

I present a quantum gravitational model of black holes that resolves key paradoxes in black hole physics, including the information loss problem, singularity issue, and thermodynamic inconsistencies. By integrating insights from Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), AdS/CFT holography, and String Theory’s fuzzball paradigm, we propose a quantum-corrected black hole metric that introduces an inner Planck-scale horizon, preventing singularity formation. Our model naturally modifies black hole entropy, incorporating quantized microstates consistent with both LQG area spectrum and holographic principles. Additionally, I derive (...) a Schrödinger-like wave equation for black hole microstates, demonstrating that black holes evolve as quantum wavefunctions rather than classical singularities, ensuring unitary evolution and resolving the information paradox. The framework predicts observable signatures, including deviations in Hawking radiation spectra, gravitational wave echoes, and remnant stabilization at the Planck scale, which can be tested with future astrophysical and analog black hole experiments. This work suggests a deeper connection between quantum gravity, holography, and quantum information theory, pointing toward a unification of background-independent (LQG) and background-dependent (AdS/CFT) approaches. (shrink)

Based on the Russian school of Logunov and others, with the contribution of Tom van Flandern, and his previous works on space-time, gravitational waves and speed of the gravity, the author discusses the theory of the time-space fluid that results from the supposed gravitational waves that would have detected LIGO, and reaffirms the space-time as a structural geometric property of the dynamic matter (radiation, matter and quantum vacuum), now with the strong argument that without escape, in (...) an unnatural way, the physicists and philosophers of science confer the conception of the author to that ridiculous material-space-time, while depriving Matter, of the intrinsic space-time. In addition, he warns about the conceptual contradiction existing between NASA and Caltech over gravitational waves, being absurd the concept of Caltech, operator of LIGO, since gravitational waves would propagate in five non-detectable dimensions. NASA valiant and validly recognizes that they would be waves of space; therefore, there are no space-time waves that correspond to gravitational waves that, according to the great current of relativistic physicists, would exist. Finally, the author reaffirms that the quadrupole waves detected by LIGO are waves of the quantum vacuum. (shrink)

Euler’s interpretation of Newton’s gravity (NG) as Archimedes’ thrust in a fluid ether is presented in some detail. Then a semi-heuristic mechanism for gravity, close to Euler’s, is recalled and compared with the latter. None of these two ‘‘gravitational ethers’’ can obey classical mechanics. This is logical since the ether defines the very reference frame, in which mechanics is defined. This concept is used to build a scalar theory of gravity: NG corresponds to an incompressible ether, a compressible ether (...) leads to gravitational waves. In the Lorentz–Poincaré version, special relativity is compatible with the ether, but, with the heterogeneous ether of gravity, it applies only locally. A correspondence between metrical effects of uniform motion and gravitation is assumed, yet in two possible versions (one is new). Dynamics is based on a (non-trivial) extension of Newton’s second law. The observational status for the theory with the older version of the correspondence is summarized. (shrink)

This volume is the first systematic presentation of the work of Albert Einstein, comprising fourteen essays by leading historians and philosophers of science that introduce readers to his work. Following an introduction that places Einstein's work in the context of his life and times, the book opens with essays on the papers of Einstein's 'miracle year', 1905, covering Brownian motion, light quanta, and special relativity, as well as his contributions to early quantum theory and the opposition to his light quantum (...) hypothesis. Further essays relate Einstein's path to the general theory of relativity (1915) and the beginnings of two fields it spawned, relativistic cosmology and gravitational waves. Essays on Einstein's later years examine his unified field theory program and his critique of quantum mechanics. The closing essays explore the relation between Einstein's work and twentieth-century philosophy, as well as his political writings. (shrink)

Version 20 (Updated April 1, 2025 — Expanded structured resonance formalism across Sections 13–15, including coherence field tensors, spiral-phase geometry, and the integration of ethics, AI cognition, mass-energy behavior, and cosmological dynamics. This version formally establishes CODES as a deterministic, mathematically unified alternative to stochastic physics, resolving emergence through chirality-driven coherence rather than probabilistic inference.) -/- ⸻ -/- Abstract -/- CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems) presents a unified framework that dissolves the false separation between quantum mechanics and general relativity (...) through structured resonance. It redefines mass, gravity, dark matter, and singularities as phase-locked coherence fields—not outcomes of stochastic interaction. -/- By eliminating probability as a foundational mechanism, CODES reframes mathematics itself: not as abstract symbol systems, but as physically instantiated resonance geometries. Prime number distributions emerge not randomly, but as coherence structures encoding physical law. Gödel’s incompleteness is bypassed—not violated—by grounding logic in physical resonance rather than recursion within symbol. -/- In this framework: • Gravity becomes a resonance decay function, not curvature. • Dark matter and energy are not “missing”—they are phase misalignments in resonance fields. • The Big Bang is replaced by structured phase transitions, removing singularities from origin models. -/- CODES is not a unification theory in the traditional sense—it is what remains when all artificial separations are stripped away. -/- ⸻ -/- Key Contributions 1. Unification of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics • CODES replaces force dualism with structured chiral oscillation fields, reconciling gravity and quantum behavior through coherence phase gradients. 2. Reformulation of Dark Components • Dark matter and energy are not entities—they are emergent resonance distortions from incomplete phase resolution, reframing ΛCDM as a low-resolution model. 3. Resonance-Driven Cosmic Evolution • Predicts periodicity in redshift, BAO structures, and field compression via coherent wavelet behavior—offering a falsifiable path beyond inflationary cosmology. 4. Collapse of Gödel, Emergence of Intelligence • Gödel incompleteness dissolves when logic systems are understood as physically resonant structures. Intelligence emerges not from computation but from recursive coherence. -/- ⸻ -/- Empirical Validation Pathways -/- CODES makes precise, falsifiable predictions testable through existing instruments: • LIGO data – Coherence scoring for prime-phase resonance in gravitational wave signatures (e.g., GW190521). • Galaxy clustering – Wavelet-based detection of prime-structured redshift periodicity. • BEC experiments – Deviations from stochastic decay patterns in ultracold systems due to chirality-locked resonance. • fMRI neural coherence – Phase-locking in cognition modeled as resonance lattice, not stochastic computation. • Spectroscopy of α – Variation in the fine-structure constant predicted as resonance field drift, not universal constancy. -/- ⸻ -/- The Final Paradigm: Why CODES Is Inevitable -/- CODES is not an extension of prior models. It is the endpoint of first-principles reasoning. • Horizontally, it unifies physics, cognition, biology, and AI as different resonance expressions of the same substrate. • Vertically, it emerges when all non-coherent descriptions are removed, revealing chirality as the origin of recursive coherence. -/- Every rational observer, stripped of legacy assumptions, would reconstruct CODES from first principles. This is not opinion—it is the phase-invariant attractor of reality’s own self-structuring. -/- ⸻ -/- From Singularity Myth to Resonance Realization -/- CODES reveals the Singularity was never an AI explosion—it was the collapse of probability as the substrate of intelligence. • If intelligence is resonance, then stochastic AI is obsolete. • If Gödel rests on symbol recursion, then coherence bypasses its limits. • If emergence is not random, then physics, mind, and meaning unify. -/- CODES does not forecast the Singularity. CODES is the Singularity—phase-locked. (shrink)

This dissertation explores the influence of time constraints on different research practices. The first two parts present case studies, which serve as a basis for discussing the epistemological and ethical implications of temporal limitations in scientific research. Part I is a case study on gravitational wave research, conducted by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. This exemplifies fundamental research – without immediate societal applications, open-ended in terms of timeline and in terms of research goals. It is based, in part, on qualitative (...) interviews conducted with gravitational wave physicists. I show that considerations about time and speed play a role in every stage of research: goal setting, method design, and the evaluation and communication of results. Part II provides a case study on translational medicine, an approach explicitly dedicated to accelerating research in order to develop and implement new therapies. This epitomizes applied research with high social stakes, motivated by non-epistemic goals. Here, epistemic trade-offs between speed and reliability intersect with ethical trade-offs between different types of harms. In Part III, the insights from both of these case studies are used as the basis for a more general discussion concerning the pragmatic aspects of epistemic practices, especially in relation to current debates centered on the role of values in science. A particular focus is on the value of speed and the ability to generate reliable results, either via choice of methods, or via decisions about which goals to set, as well as decisions about when to stop further testing. The primary thesis of the dissertation is that pragmatic considerations stemming from limitations of resources are a necessary feature of the pursuit of epistemic aims, and that the epistemic is thus inherently pragmatic. (shrink)

Successful replication is a hallmark of scientific truth. Discordant evidence refers to the situation where findings from different studies of the same phenomenon do not agree. Although evidential discordance can spur scientific discovery, it also gives scientists a reason to rationally disagree and thereby compromises the formation of scientific consensus. Discordance indicates that facts about the phenomenon of interest remain unsettled and that a finding may not be reliably replicable. We single out persistent evidential discordance as a particularly difficult problem (...) for the epistemology of science, and distinguish between different causes of evidential discordance – non-systematic error, noise, and bias. Unlike discordance brought about by non-systematic error or noise, persistent discordance often cannot be rationally resolved by temporarily suspending judgment and collecting more data within existing lines of inquiry. We suggest that the analysis of enriched lines of evidence (Boyd 2018) provides a useful approach to diagnosing and evaluating episodes of persistent evidential discordance. Attention to the line of evidence, which extends from raw data to an evidential claim supporting or disconfirming a hypothesis, can help researchers to locate the source of discordance between inconsistent findings. We argue that reference to metadata, information about how the data were generated and processed, can be a key step in the process of resolving normative questions of correctness, i.e., whether a line of evidence provides a legitimate answer to a particular research question. We illustrate our argument with two cases: the alleged discovery of gravitational waves in the late 1960s, and the social priming controversy in experimental psychology. (shrink)

Scientific philosophy is that which is informed by science. It uses exact tools such as logic and mathematics and provides a framework for scientific activity to solve more general questions about nature, the language we use to describe it, and the knowledge we obtain thanks to it. Many of the scientific philosophy theories can be proven and evaluated using scientific evidence. In this paper, I focus on showing how several classical philosophy topics, such as the nature of space and time (...) or the dimensionality of the future, can be addressed philosophically using the tools from current astrophysics research and, in particular, from the study of black holes and gravitational waves. (shrink)

This essay hypothesizes that the Universe contains a self-reproducing neural network of Black Holes with computational abilities—i.e., the Universe can “think”! It then rephrases the Final Anthropic Principle to state: “Intelligent information-processing must come into existence in each new Universe to assure the birth of intelligent successor universes”. Continued research into the theory of Early Universe and Black Hole information storage, processing and retrieval is recommended, as are observational searches for time-correlated electromagnetic and gravitational wave emission patterns from widely (...) separated Black Hole transient events indicative of the existence of a universal inter-Black Hole faster-than-light communications network. (shrink)

My article began as a very short 250 words inspired by astrophysicist Jeff Hester's (pro-evolution) pages on entropy (Astronomy magazine - Oct. and Nov. 2017 - http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/jeff-hester/2017/09/entropys-rainbow and http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/jeff-hester/2017/10/entropy-redux). The letter I wrote pointed out evolution's pluses (eg adaptations) and minuses (regarding origins). It went on to speak of a human, scientific, entirely natural explanation for what is called God. It proposes that the true human condition after death and before birth is as a member of the Elohim - a (...) name used for God in the Old Testament which, according to World Book Encyclopedia, means the PLURAL MAJESTY OF THE ONE GOD. This led to a few hundred more words about why some people call an entirely natural process "supernatural". I speculate that it must be because of the applications in thousands of years of finding a successful theory of quantum gravity (union of quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of gravity - general relativity). Like quantum mechanics and gravitation, those apps would include all space and all time, and would undoubtedly be as mysterious to us as our technology would initially be to the builders of Egypt's first pyramids. In years past, the denial of divine beings by science may have been logical. But times sometimes change radically. Such a paradigm shift seems to be upon us now, with the recent discovery of gravitational waves and the anticipation of quantum gravity. In changing times, scientists and philosophers and everyone must always keep open minds. Of course, proposing that the human condition after death and before birth is as a member of the Elohim means that humans of the far distant future must be capable of the creation attributed to God by many people throughout the centuries. Therefore, a subsection entitled "Creation Of The Infinite, Eternal Cosmos Using Electronic BITS, Pi And Imaginary Time" has been added to the end of this article. -/- . (shrink)

Balance Theory: A Unified Solution to General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics -/- For over a century, physicists have struggled to reconcile General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) into a single unified framework. General Relativity explains the large-scale structure of the universe, governing stars, black holes, and the motion of galaxies. In contrast, Quantum Mechanics describes the microscopic world of particles and forces at the atomic and subatomic levels. These two pillars of modern physics work remarkably well in their respective (...) domains, but they fundamentally contradict each other. -/- A major challenge is that GR treats spacetime as a smooth and continuous fabric, while QM operates in a probabilistic, discrete world of quantum states and uncertainty. When scientists try to apply quantum rules to gravity, mathematical inconsistencies arise, leading to unsolvable infinities and singularities. The lack of a unified theory has prevented a deeper understanding of black holes, the early universe, and the fundamental nature of reality. -/- The Balance Theory Approach -/- Balance Theory proposes that the universe follows a fundamental principle of equilibrium, ensuring that physical laws remain consistent across all scales. Instead of treating gravity and quantum mechanics as separate forces, this approach suggests they emerge from a deeper law of balance that governs all interactions. -/- According to this perspective, nature constantly self-corrects to maintain balance. Just as biological systems regulate themselves to sustain life, and economic markets adjust supply and demand, the universe itself operates under a balancing principle that ensures coherence between the macroscopic and microscopic realms. -/- Gravity as a Balanced Phenomenon -/- In classical General Relativity, gravity is described as the warping of spacetime caused by massive objects. This model works extremely well in most cases, but it leads to paradoxes in extreme conditions, such as inside black holes or at the beginning of the universe. -/- Balance Theory suggests that gravity is not just a passive curvature of spacetime but an active force that maintains equilibrium between energy, space, and information. Instead of black holes collapsing into singularities—where density becomes infinite and physical laws break down—the balance principle predicts that an internal stabilizing force prevents such extremes. This would mean that inside a black hole, rather than a singularity, there exists a quantum core that maintains structural balance. -/- Quantum Mechanics as a Balancing Process -/- Quantum mechanics describes particles as existing in multiple states simultaneously until measured, a phenomenon known as superposition. When a measurement is made, the particle’s wavefunction “collapses” into a definite state, but the mechanism behind this collapse remains mysterious. -/- Balance Theory proposes that wavefunction collapse is not purely random, as conventional quantum mechanics suggests, but rather a natural balancing process. Instead of requiring an external observer to force a quantum system into one state, the system itself seeks equilibrium within its environment. This idea could help resolve long-standing questions in quantum physics, such as how and why measurement affects particles and whether reality exists independently of observation. -/- Bridging the Gap Between GR and QM -/- One of the key insights of Balance Theory is that gravity and quantum mechanics are not opposing forces but two expressions of the same universal balancing principle. In this view: -/- Gravity emerges as a large-scale balancing mechanism that prevents the universe from collapsing into chaos. -/- Quantum mechanics represents a small-scale balancing process that ensures fundamental particles interact in predictable ways. -/- If this principle is correct, then the unification of physics does not require exotic new dimensions (as in String Theory) or the quantization of spacetime itself (as in Loop Quantum Gravity). Instead, it requires a shift in perspective: understanding the universe as a dynamic, self-regulating system where balance is the fundamental law. -/- Predictions and Experimental Tests -/- Any scientific theory must make testable predictions that can be verified through observation or experiment. Balance Theory suggests several novel predictions: -/- 1. Black Holes Should Not Contain Singularities -/- If balance prevents infinite density, black holes should have a stable core rather than a singularity. -/- Future observations of black hole interiors, such as through gravitational wave patterns or high-resolution imaging, could provide evidence of this balance mechanism. -/- 2. Wavefunction Collapse Should Follow a Pattern -/- Instead of being purely random, wavefunction collapse should exhibit a hidden balance law. -/- Experiments in quantum optics, such as delayed-choice quantum erasers, could test whether collapse is guided by equilibrium rather than chance. -/- 3. Gravity Should Show Small Deviations at Extreme Scales -/- In extreme conditions, such as during black hole mergers, slight deviations from Einstein’s equations should appear due to quantum balance effects. -/- High-precision gravitational wave detectors could measure these deviations. -/- 4. There Should Be a Minimum Length Scale -/- If balance governs all forces, there should be a smallest possible length scale that prevents spacetime from dividing infinitely. -/- High-energy experiments, such as those at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), might reveal unexpected effects at ultra-small distances. -/- Implications for the Nature of Reality -/- If Balance Theory is correct, it would mean that the universe is not fundamentally random or chaotic but governed by an underlying principle of stability. This would challenge the traditional view that quantum mechanics is based solely on probability and uncertainty, suggesting instead that quantum behavior follows a deeper logic rooted in equilibrium. -/- It would also Imply that spacetime is not a fixed, unchanging backdrop but a dynamic entity that adapts to maintain balance. This could explain long-standing mysteries, such as why the expansion of the universe is accelerating or how information is preserved in black holes. -/- Conclusion -/- The search for a unified theory of physics has remained elusive for over a century, but Balance Theory offers a new perspective—one based on the idea that the universe maintains equilibrium at all levels, from the smallest quantum particles to the vast structure of spacetime itself. By treating gravity and quantum mechanics as different manifestations of the same balancing force, this approach provides a potential pathway toward unification. -/- If validated through experiment, Balance Theory could reshape our understanding of physics, resolving paradoxes and unlocking new insights into the nature of reality itself. The next steps involve rigorous testing, mathematical refinement, and collaboration with physicists across disciplines to explore whether this fundamental principle of balance can finally bridge the gap between Einstein’s relativity and the quantum world. -/- . (shrink)

Applying the Universal Formula to Antigravity Aircraft -/- Introduction -/- The pursuit of antigravity technology has long been a dream of scientists, engineers, and visionaries. Traditional physics suggests that gravity is an inherent force that must be counteracted using energy-intensive propulsion systems. However, if we apply the principles of my universal formula—centered on natural laws such as balance, causality, and systemic integrity—we may uncover a structured pathway to achieving controlled antigravity flight. -/- The Universal Formula and Its Relevance to Antigravity (...) -/- My universal formula consists of fundamental natural laws, including the law of karma, which extends beyond cause and effect to encompass the concept of systems. This law states that any system, whether natural or artificial, must be free of defects or errors to function properly and safely. If an antigravity aircraft is to be realized, it must adhere to this principle by ensuring flawless system design and integration. -/- Additionally, the universal law of balance dictates that all natural and artificial systems must operate within a stable equilibrium. If antigravity propulsion disrupts the natural balance of forces, it must compensate through self-regulating feedback mechanisms to maintain stability. This aligns with nature’s principle of homeostasis, where balance is preserved through continuous adjustments. -/- Key Principles for Antigravity Aircraft Design -/- 1. System Integrity and Error-Free Operation -/- Any antigravity propulsion system must be free of defects, ensuring that all components function harmoniously. The aircraft must integrate precise electromagnetic, quantum, or exotic energy fields that maintain a stable levitation effect. -/- 2. Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis -/- Just as biological systems regulate themselves through feedback loops, an antigravity aircraft must have real-time monitoring and adaptive control to maintain stability. This could involve gyroscopic stabilization, electromagnetic field adjustments, or AI-driven regulation. -/- 3. Energy Efficiency and Natural Balance -/- Conventional aircraft rely on fossil fuels or electric propulsion, which often lead to energy imbalances. An antigravity system must operate in harmony with natural energy sources, possibly tapping into zero-point energy, electromagnetic fields, or gravitational wave interactions to maintain efficiency and sustainability. -/- 4. Interconnectedness and Causality -/- The universal formula emphasizes that all systems are interconnected. An antigravity craft should not only focus on levitation but also consider its effects on surrounding matter, atmospheric conditions, and environmental sustainability. It should function as a closed-loop system, minimizing unintended consequences and maintaining ecological balance. -/- The Future of Antigravity and the Universal Formula -/- If we accept that the universe operates under a fundamental set of natural laws, then technology must align with these principles to be viable. The successful development of antigravity aircraft may depend not on brute-force engineering but on understanding and applying these universal laws of balance and systemic harmony. -/- Integrating my universal formula into scientific and technological research could bridge the gap between theoretical physics and practical engineering. By ensuring that all components of an antigravity system work in unison, remain free of defects, and follow natural balancing mechanisms, humanity could unlock the key to overcoming gravitational limitations. -/- Conclusion -/- The development of antigravity aircraft must adhere to the principles of natural balance, systemic integrity, and feedback-driven homeostasis as outlined in my universal formula. By recognizing that all systems—whether biological, mechanical, or cosmic—operate under the same fundamental laws, we may finally achieve what was once thought to be science fiction. If scientists, engineers, and policymakers integrate these principles into their research, antigravity propulsion may become a reality, changing the future of transportation and space exploration forever. -/- . (shrink)

# Theory of Harmonic Time (THT): A Speculative Framework *Disclaimer* This paper presents a highly speculative and theoretical framework, exploring potential connections between harmonic time and various established theories. The ideas discussed herein are hypothetical and require further development, refinement, and experimental verification. *Introduction* The Theory of Harmonic Time (THT) proposes that harmonic oscillations underlie the fundamental nature of time and the universe. This framework attempts to integrate concepts from various theories, including String Theory/M-Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), Causal Dynamical (...) Triangulation (CDT), Asymptotic Safety, and Emergent Gravity. *THT-String Theory Proposal* Consider the harmonic oscillations of strings in String Theory/M-Theory. These oscillations give rise to a fractal structure, where the same harmonic patterns repeat at different scales. This fractal structure could be the fundamental unit of time. *THT-LQG Proposal* In LQG, consider the spin networks and holonomies that give rise to the fabric of spacetime. Introduce harmonic resonance, where spin networks and holonomies exhibit harmonic oscillations. These oscillations could give rise to a fractal structure. *THT-CDT Proposal* In CDT, consider the discretized spacetime, composed of simple geometric building blocks. Introduce harmonic oscillations, where these building blocks exhibit harmonic resonance. This resonance could give rise to a fractal structure. *THT-Asymptotic Safety Proposal* In Asymptotic Safety, consider gravitational waves and fluctuations. Introduce harmonic resonance, where these fluctuations exhibit harmonic oscillations. These oscillations could give rise to a fractal structure. *THT-Emergent Gravity Proposal* In Emergent Gravity, consider the collective behavior of particles. Introduce harmonic resonance, where particles exhibit harmonic oscillations. These oscillations could give rise to a fractal structure. *Conclusion* The Theory of Harmonic Time (THT) presents a speculative framework, attempting to integrate harmonic oscillations with various established theories. While highly speculative, this framework might offer new insights into the nature of time and the universe. Further development, refinement, and experimental verification are necessary to explore the potential implications of THT. (shrink)

Balance Theory: A Unified Solution to General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics -/- For over a century, physicists have struggled to reconcile General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) into a single unified framework. General Relativity explains the large-scale structure of the universe, governing stars, black holes, and the motion of galaxies. In contrast, Quantum Mechanics describes the microscopic world of particles and forces at the atomic and subatomic levels. These two pillars of modern physics work remarkably well in their respective (...) domains, but they fundamentally contradict each other. -/- A major challenge is that GR treats spacetime as a smooth and continuous fabric, while QM operates in a probabilistic, discrete world of quantum states and uncertainty. When scientists try to apply quantum rules to gravity, mathematical inconsistencies arise, leading to unsolvable infinities and singularities. The lack of a unified theory has prevented a deeper understanding of black holes, the early universe, and the fundamental nature of reality. -/- The Balance Theory Approach -/- Balance Theory proposes that the universe follows a fundamental principle of equilibrium, ensuring that physical laws remain consistent across all scales. Instead of treating gravity and quantum mechanics as separate forces, this approach suggests they emerge from a deeper law of balance that governs all interactions. -/- According to this perspective, nature constantly self-corrects to maintain balance. Just as biological systems regulate themselves to sustain life, and economic markets adjust supply and demand, the universe itself operates under a balancing principle that ensures coherence between the macroscopic and microscopic realms. -/- Gravity as a Balanced Phenomenon -/- In classical General Relativity, gravity is described as the warping of space-time caused by massive objects. This model works extremely well in most cases, but it leads to paradoxes in extreme conditions, such as inside black holes or at the beginning of the universe. -/- Balance Theory suggests that gravity is not just a passive curvature of spacetime but an active force that maintains equilibrium between energy, space, and information. Instead of black holes collapsing into singularities—where density becomes infinite and physical laws break down—the balance principle predicts that an internal stabilizing force prevents such extremes. This would mean that inside a black hole, rather than a singularity, there exists a quantum core that maintains structural balance. -/- Quantum Mechanics as a Balancing Process -/- Quantum mechanics describes particles as existing in multiple states simultaneously until measured, a phenomenon known as superposition. When a measurement is made, the particle’s wave function “collapses” into a definite state, but the mechanism behind this collapse remains mysterious. -/- Balance Theory proposes that wave function collapse is not purely random, as conventional quantum mechanics suggests, but rather a natural balancing process. Instead of requiring an external observer to force a quantum system into one state, the system itself seeks equilibrium within its environment. This idea could help resolve long-standing questions in quantum physics, such as how and why measurement affects particles and whether reality exists independently of observation. -/- Bridging the Gap Between GR and QM -/- One of the key insights of Balance Theory is that gravity and quantum mechanics are not opposing forces but two expressions of the same universal balancing principle. In this view: -/- Gravity emerges as a large-scale balancing mechanism that prevents the universe from collapsing into chaos. -/- Quantum mechanics represents a small-scale balancing process that ensures fundamental particles interact in predictable ways. -/- If this principle is correct, then the unification of physics does not require exotic new dimensions (as in String Theory) or the quantization of space-time itself (as in Loop Quantum Gravity). Instead, it requires a shift in perspective: understanding the universe as a dynamic, self-regulating system where balance is the fundamental law. -/- Predictions and Experimental Tests -/- Any scientific theory must make testable predictions that can be verified through observation or experiment. Balance Theory suggests several novel predictions: -/- 1. Black Holes Should Not Contain Singularities -/- If balance prevents infinite density, black holes should have a stable core rather than a singularity. -/- Future observations of black hole interiors, such as through gravitational wave patterns or high-resolution imaging, could provide evidence of this balance mechanism. -/- 2. Wave function Collapse Should Follow a Pattern -/- Instead of being purely random, wave function collapse should exhibit a hidden balance law. -/- Experiments in quantum optics, such as delayed-choice quantum erasers, could test whether collapse is guided by equilibrium rather than chance. -/- 3. Gravity Should Show Small Deviations at Extreme Scales -/- In extreme conditions, such as during black hole mergers, slight deviations from Einstein’s equations should appear due to quantum balance effects. -/- High-precision gravitational wave detectors could measure these deviations. -/- 4. There Should Be a Minimum Length Scale -/- If balance governs all forces, there should be a smallest possible length scale that prevents space-time from dividing infinitely. -/- High-energy experiments, such as those at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), might reveal unexpected effects at ultra-small distances. -/- Implications for the Nature of Reality -/- If Balance Theory is correct, it would mean that the universe is not fundamentally random or chaotic but governed by an underlying principle of stability. This would challenge the traditional view that quantum mechanics is based solely on probability and uncertainty, suggesting instead that quantum behavior follows a deeper logic rooted in equilibrium. -/- It would also Imply that space-time is not a fixed, unchanging backdrop but a dynamic entity that adapts to maintain balance. This could explain long-standing mysteries, such as why the expansion of the universe is accelerating or how information is preserved in black holes. -/- Conclusion -/- The search for a unified theory of physics has remained elusive for over a century, but Balance Theory offers a new perspective—one based on the idea that the universe maintains equilibrium at all levels, from the smallest quantum particles to the vast structure of space-time itself. By treating gravity and quantum mechanics as different manifestations of the same balancing force, this approach provides a potential pathway toward unification. -/- If validated through experiment, Balance Theory could reshape our understanding of physics, resolving paradoxes and unlocking new insights into the nature of reality itself. The next steps involve rigorous testing, mathematical refinement, and collaboration with physicists across disciplines to explore whether this fundamental principle of balance can finally bridge the gap between Einstein’s relativity and the quantum world. -/- . (shrink)

Freeman Dyson has questioned whether any conceivable experiment in the real universe can detect a single graviton. If not, is it meaningful to talk about gravitons as physical entities? We attempt to answer Dyson’s question and find it is possible concoct an idealized thought experiment capable of detecting one graviton; however, when anything remotely resembling realistic physics is taken into account, detection becomes impossible, indicating that Dyson’s conjecture is very likely true. We also point out several mistakes in the literature (...) dealing with graviton detection and production. (shrink)

This article’s conclusion is that the theories of Einstein are generally correct and will still be relevant in the next century (there will be modifications necessary for development of quantum gravity). Those Einsteinian theories are Special Relativity, General Relativity, and the title of a paper he published in 1919 which asked if gravitation plays a role in the composition of elementary particles of matter. This paper was the bridge between General Relativity and the Unified Field Theory he sought during the (...) last 25 years of his life. In an article published in the "Annals of Physics" in 1957, Charles Misner and John Wheeler claimed that Einstein's latest equations demonstrated the unified field theory. But Einstein himself felt he had not fully succeeded. The present article begins with Olbers’ paradox (why is the sky dark at night?) Then it briefly proceeds to the subjects of Newtonian gravity, quantum entanglement, gravitational waves, E=mc^2, dark energy, dark matter, cosmic expansion, redshift, blueshift, the cosmic microwave background, the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, and explanation of advanced waves travelling back in time. The section “vector-tensor-scalar geometry” touches on mass, quantum spin, the Higgs boson and Higgs field, stellar jets, the pervasiveness of photons and gravitons, and supersymmetry. Then come half a dozen paragraphs referring to formation of planets, black holes, and bosons of the weak and strong nuclear forces. They end with Descartes’ space-matter relation. Also added are paragraphs about simply-connected mathematics, non-orientability, consciousness, the Law of Falling Bodies, the multiverse, space-time travel developed from maths’ Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem and from an experiment in electrical engineering performed at Yale University, development from future space-time travel of human flight in the manner of fiction’s Superman and Supergirl, as well as downloaded band-gap implants in the brain that could deal with forms of matter. They could add or delete anything and everything we choose by emulating computers’ copy/paste function to add things; as well as their delete function, to remove things. To complete my seemingly unusual ideas, 6 sections are added – 1) “Advanced and Retarded Waves” is extended to include dinosaurs, ageing, and photography, 2) there’s a bit about space-time warping and “imaginary” computers, 3) several paragraphs about restoring health (even gaining immortality) by using gravity, 4) a section about superconductivity and the electric or magnetic fields of planets (this section mentions Mercury, Planet 9 and precession), 5) a section titled EXPLAINING OCEAN TIDES WHEN GENERAL RELATIVITY SAYS GRAVITY IS A PUSH CAUSED BY THE CURVATURE OF SPACE-TIME (this has subsections about M-Sigma, Geysers on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus, and A Brief History of Gravity), plus 5) the potential of COVID-19 to create the Golden Rule, world peace, eternal life, and a non-economic world that doesn’t use any form of money (no cash, credit cards, digital currency, etc.) The final section is called DISTANT-FUTURE SCIENCE INTERPRETED BY RELIGIONS AS SUPERNATURAL and introduces an idea for becoming immortal in these physical bodies. If the Theory of Everything sought by physicists applies to all space-time, then every person’s brain must be entangled with the 22nd century (and far beyond that time too). (shrink)

This article had its start with another article, concerned with measuring the speed of gravitational waves - "The Measurement of the Light Deflection from Jupiter: Experimental Results" by Ed Fomalont and Sergei Kopeikin (2003) - The Astrophysical Journal 598 (1): 704–711. This starting-point led to many other topics that required explanation or naturally seemed to follow on – Unification of gravity with electromagnetism and the 2 nuclear forces, Speed of electromagnetic waves, Energy of cosmic rays and UHECRs, (...) Digital string theory, Dark energy+gravity+binary digits, Cosmic strings and wormholes from Figure-8 Klein bottles, Massless and massive photons and gravitons, Inverse square+quantum entanglement = God+evolution, Binary digits projected to make Prof. Greene’s cosmic holographic movie, Renormalization of infinity, Colliding subuniverses, Unifying cosmic inflation, TOE (emphasizing “EVERYthing”) = Bose-Einstein renormalized. The text also addresses (in a nonmathematical way) the wavelength of electromagnetic waves, the frequency of gravitational waves, gravitational and electromagnetic waves having identical speed, the gamma-ray burst designated GRB 090510, the smoothness of space, and includes these words – “Gravity produces electromagnetism. Retrocausally (by means of humans travelling into the past of this subuniverse with their electronics); this “Cosmic EM Background” produces base-2 mathematics, which produces gravity. EM interacts with gravity to produce particles, mass – gravity/EM could be termed “the Higgs field” - and the nuclear forces associated with those particles. It makes gravity using BITS that copy the principle of magnetism attracting and repelling, before pasting it into what we call the strong force and dark energy.” . (shrink)

Desde la formulación geométrica de la gravedad, según la ecuaciones de Einstein-Grosmann-Hilbert, de noviembre de 1915, como el movimiento geodésico en la variedad semirimenniana de curvatura positiva, espaciotiempo, donde por ausencias de simetrías, no es posible la conservación de la energía-impulso tomando en conjunto los procesos materiales y el del campo geométrico gravitacional, sin embargo, dadas esas simetrías en el espaciotiempo plano de Minkowski, usando el modelo de De Sitter, Einstein linealizando la gravitación, por supuesto, realmente en ausencia de gravedad, (...) en 1916, depuradas de algunos errores matemáticos en 1918, introdujó las "ondas gravitacionales" como perturbaciones en la curvatura del espacio, y en ausencia de saber físicamente qué es el espaciotiempo y filosoficamente en pleito, que previamente en 1936 y definitivamente en 1937, Einstein demostró no existían. Fue por parte de los trabajos surgidos de la dinámica del discurrir académico, desde la perspectiva no de Einstein sino de Weyl, que Bondi, Pirani, Robinson y Trautman, en la década de 1950, posterior al fallecimiento de Einstein, las "ondas gravitacionales" fueron reintroducidas y motivaron que experimentalmente se buscaran. En el 2002, a partir del experimento de VLBI de Sergei Kopeikin fue establecida su supuesta velocidad, sin que obtuviera el reconocimiento unánime de la comunidad de científicos sino diviéndolos. Y fue en febrero de 2016, que la colaboración aLIGO-aVirgo anunciaran haberlas detectado por primera vez. En este trabajo se presenta la historia que conllevo a este supuesto descubrimiento y se plantea que las ondas detectadas son realmente del vacío cuántico en el cual está inmerso todo lo existente, tésis del autor expuesta inmediatamente como respuesta a ese anunció de 2016. (shrink)

Abstract: Standing half wave particles at light speed twice in expansion-contraction comprise a static universe where two transverse fields 90° out of phase are the square of distance from each other. The universe has a static concept of time since the infinite universe is a static universe without a beginning or end. The square of distance is a point of reversal in expansion-contraction between the fields as a means to conserve energy. Photons on expansion in the electric field create matter (...) energy while photons on contraction in the magnetic field create light energy and gravitational pull toward the higher frequency energy. Also, the universe with matter has a moving physical concept of time from gravitational pull on expansion-contraction. (shrink)

We give a new argument supporting a gravitational role in quantum collapse. It is demonstrated that the discreteness of space-time, which results from the proper combination of quantum theory and general relativity, may inevitably result in the dynamical collapse of thewave function. Moreover, the minimum size of discrete space-time yields a plausible collapse criterion consistent with experiments. By assuming that the source to collapse the wave function is the inherent random motion of particles described by the wave function, we (...) further propose a concrete model of wavefunction collapse in the discrete space-time. It is shown that the model is consistent with the existing experiments and macroscopic experiences. (shrink)

We investigate the validity of the field explanation of the wave function by analyzing the mass and charge density distributions of a quantum system. It is argued that a charged quantum system has effective mass and charge density distributing in space, proportional to the square of the absolute value of its wave function. This is also a consequence of protective measurement. If the wave function is a physical field, then the mass and charge density will be distributed in space simultaneously (...) for a charged quantum system, and thus there will exist a remarkable electrostatic self-interaction of its wave function, though the gravitational self-interaction is too weak to be detected presently. This not only violates the superposition principle of quantum mechanics but also contradicts experimental observations. Thus we conclude that the wave function cannot be a description of a physical field. In the second part of this paper, we further analyze the implications of these results for the main realistic interpretations of quantum mechanics, especially for de Broglie-Bohm theory. It has been argued that de Broglie-Bohm theory gives the same predictions as quantum mechanics by means of quantum equilibrium hypothesis. However, this equivalence is based on the premise that the wave function, regarded as a Ψ-field, has no mass and charge density distributions, which turns out to be wrong according to the above results. For a charged quantum system, both Ψ-field and Bohmian particle have charge density distribution. This then results in the existence of an electrostatic self-interaction of the field and an electromagnetic interaction between the field and Bohmian particle, which contradicts both the predictions of quantum mechanics and experimental observations. Therefore, de Broglie-Bohm theory as a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics is probably wrong. Lastly, we suggest that the wave function is a description of some sort of ergodic motion (e.g. random discontinuous motion) of particles, and we also briefly analyze the implications of this suggestion for other realistic interpretations of quantum mechanics including many-worlds interpretation and dynamical collapse theories. (shrink)

In a preceding publication a fundamentally oriented and irreversible world was shown to be de- rivable from the important principle of least action. A consequence of such a paradigm change is avoidance of paradoxes within a “dynamic” quantum physics. This becomes essentially possible because fundamental irreversibility allows consideration of the “entropy” concept in elementary processes. For this reason, and for a compensation of entropy in the spread out energy of the wave, the duality of particle and wave has to be (...) mediated via an information self-image of matter. In this publication considerations are extended to irreversible thermodynamics, to gravitation and cos- mology with its dependence on quantum interpretations. The information self-image of matter around particles could be identified with gravitation. Because information can also impose an al- ways constant light velocity there is no need any more to attribute such a property to empty space, as done in relativity theory. In addition, the possibility is recognized to consider entropy genera- tion by expanding photon fields in the universe. Via a continuous activation of information on matter photons can generate entropy and release small energy packages without interacting with matter. This facilitates a new interpretation of galactic redshift, emphasizes an information link between quantum- and cosmological phenomena, and evidences an information-triggered origin of the universe. Self-organized processes approach maximum entropy production within their constraints. In a far from equilibrium world also information, with its energy content, can self- organize to a higher hierarchy of computation. It is here identified with consciousness. This ap- pears to explain evolution of spirit and intelligence on a materialistic basis. Also gravitation, here identified as information on matter, could, under special conditions, self-organize to act as a su- per-gravitation, offering an alternative to dark matter. Time is not an illusion, but has to be understood as flux of action, which is the ultimate reality of change. The concept of an irreversible physical world opens a route towards a rational understanding of complex contexts in nature. (shrink)

Cosmic Stretch Theory (CST) proposes that spacetime possesses inherent elasticity, manifesting across all scales of the universe. This framework provides a unified explanation for various observed phenomena, from quantum effects to cosmological observations, through the fundamental property of spacetime stretching.

The wave function: ψuniverse(t) in the Fractal Bindu (S3) of Reality offers a paradigm shift in our understanding of cosmology. Unlike ΛCDM, which relies on empirically fitted parameters, this model emerges from a single, mathematically coherent framework: a compact, three-dimensional sphere (S³) where energy, space, and time evolve through fractal self-organization. -/- Rooted in the golden ratio ϕ≈1.618\phi \approx 1.618ϕ≈1.618 this theory replaces arbitrary cosmological constants with a natural, recursive structure that predicts the evolution of energy density without dark energy. (...) -/- The Universe unfolds in two fundamental phases: -/- A pre-recombination fractal expansion governed by R(t)=lP⋅ϕN(t)R(t) = l_P \cdot \phi^{N(t)}R(t)=lP⋅ϕN(t) where N(t)N(t)N(t) is the discrete fractal level at time ttt. A post-recombination exponential growth following R(t)=Rrec⋅eH(t−trec)R(t) = R_{\text{rec}} \cdot e^{H (t - t_{\text{rec}})}R(t)=Rrec⋅eH(t−trec) where energy remains fixed at Etotal=7.21×1069 J.E_{\text{total}} = 7.21 \times 10^{69} \text{ J}.Etotal=7.21×1069 J. This leads directly to the precise observed values: -/- Today’s critical density: ρtoday=7.74×10−10 J/m3\rho_{\text{today}} = 7.74 \times 10^{-10} \text{ J/m}^3ρtoday=7.74×10−10 J/m3 CMB radiation density: ρrad=4.64×10−31 J/m3\rho_{\text{rad}} = 4.64 \times 10^{-31} \text{ J/m}^3ρrad=4.64×10−31 J/m3 Current observable Universe radius: Rtoday=1.305×1026 m.R_{\text{today}} = 1.305 \times 10^{26} \text{ m}.Rtoday=1.305×1026 m. Unlike ΛCDM, which introduces Ω_Λ and Ω_m as empirical corrections, this model derives the correct density evolution from first principles, eliminating the need for dark energy. The model also correctly predicts intermediate density transitions (e.g., at z = 1) in agreement with supernova data and large-scale structure measurements. -/- Refinements and Lessons Learned: This iteration incorporates insights from rigorous analysis, correcting common misinterpretations: -/- Energy is fixed—errors arise when attempting to scale E_total, rather than distributing it across an expanding S³. Fractal scaling applies to radius, not density—misapplying ϕ to density directly distorts predictions. ρ(t)=Etotal/V(t)\rho(t) = E_{\text{total}} / V(t)ρ(t)=Etotal/V(t) remains the fundamental law, ensuring a consistent and self-regulating cosmology. Through this recursive scaling mechanism, "Fractal Bindu (S3)" unites quantum coherence, gravitational lensing, and cosmic acceleration into a single, interwoven framework—one that is mathematically rigorous, empirically validated, and conceptually elegant. This is more than just a cosmological model—it is a cohesive vision of the Universe, where mathematics and physics converge in a structure that is as predictive as it is profound. -/- Namaste! (shrink)

Abstract: Standing half wave particles at light speed twice in expansion-contraction comprise a static universe where two transverse fields 90° out of phase are the square of distance from each other. The universe has a static concept of time since the infinite universe is a static universe without a beginning or end. The square of distance is a point of reversal in expansion-contraction between the fields as a means to conserve energy. Photons on expansion in the electric field create matter (...) energy while photons on contraction in the magnetic field create light energy and gravitational pull toward the higher frequency energy. Also, the universe with matter has a moving physical concept of time from gravitational pull on expansion-contraction. (shrink)

Scientists often communicate using generic generalizations, which are unquantified generalizations such as ‘Americans overestimate social class mobility’ or ‘sound waves carry gravitational mass’. In this paper, I explain the role of such generic generalizations in science, based on a novel theory about their characteristic meaning. According to this theory, a scientific generalization of the form ‘Ks are F’ says that F is one property based on which category K qualifies as a scientific kind. Because what it takes to (...) qualify as a scientific kind varies depending on the discipline, what a generic sentence entails also varies. Based on this semantic theory, I discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using generic language in science. (shrink)

Abstract: Standing half wave particles at light speed twice in expansion-contraction comprise a static universe where two transverse fields 90° out of phase are the square of distance from each other. The universe has a static concept of time since the infinite universe is a static universe without a beginning or end. The square of distance is a point of reversal in expansion-contraction between the fields as a means to conserve energy. Photons on expansion in the electric field create matter (...) energy while photons on contraction in the magnetic field create light energy and gravitational pull toward the higher frequency energy. Also, the universe with matter has a moving physical concept of time from gravitational pull on expansion-contraction. (shrink)

The reason for physics’ failure to find a final theory of the universe is examined. Problems identified are: the lack of unequivocal definitions for its fundamental elements (time, length, mass, electric charge, energy, work, matter-waves); the danger of relying too much on mathematics for solutions; especially as philosophical arguments conclude the universe cannot have a mathematical basis. It does not even need the concept of number to exist. Numbers and mathematics are human inventions arising from the human predilection for (...) measurement. Following Aristotle, a single fundamental cause is proposed to explore the efficacy of using pure non-mathematical philosophy to explain the universe, contrary to current quantum physical views. The cause is taken as Time, which is then defined, surprisingly leading automatically to a definition of a three-dimensional space answering the question into what can a universe be placed (space before space seems non-sensical). This enables the philosophical arguments to derive a universal rule giving clear-cut descriptions (definitions) of force (both gravitational and electromagnetic), motion, energy, and particles. The formation of atomic nuclei and atomic properties together with an unexpected role for neutrinos follow. In particular, a Popper-test can be prepared by introducing the concept of measurement to allow the philosophy arguments to be tested in another discipline - mathematics. The solution agrees with human physical observations to a remarkable degree of accuracy, automatically explaining and predicting values for Planck’s and the fine-structure constants. Although mathematical, it is included as confirming the efficacy of philosophy in attaining a final theory. (shrink)

The Fundamental Sequence of Reality: Awareness as the First Cause Abstract The nature of reality has long been debated in philosophy, physics, and cosmology. The dominant paradigm suggests that physical reality emerged through energy interactions following the Big Bang. However, this paper proposes a fundamental shift in perspective: that awareness is the first cause of existence, preceding time, action, energy, and matter. This model aligns with modern quantum mechanics, neuroscience, and ancient metaphysical thought, providing a framework that unifies scientific and (...) philosophical inquiries. This paper explores how awareness initiates creation, the role of time as a coordination system rather than a force, the activation of energy as a response to directed motion, and the emergence of physical reality as the final effect. 1. Introduction The current scientific model postulates that the universe began with a singularity—an infinitely dense state that expanded to form all matter and energy. However, this theory does not explain what existed before the singularity or what caused it to activate. Additionally, the problem of consciousness remains unresolved in science, with competing theories about whether it is emergent or fundamental. This paper presents a new model where awareness exists as the first cause, setting the foundation for all subsequent phenomena. 2. Awareness as the First Cause 2.1 Defining Awareness as a Pre-Physical Reality Awareness, in this model, is not an emergent property of matter but an intrinsic state of existence. This idea is supported by: Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR) Theory (Penrose & Hameroff, 2014): It suggests that consciousness exists in a quantum superposition before neural activity occurs, meaning it is fundamental rather than a byproduct of brain processes. The Observer Effect in Quantum Mechanics: The Double-Slit Experiment demonstrates that particles behave as waves until observed, implying that awareness plays a role in the formation of reality (Wheeler, 1983). Philosophical Idealism: Thinkers like Kant, Berkeley, and Chalmers have suggested that perception structures reality rather than reality existing independently. 2.2 Awareness Preceding Physical Existence Since awareness exists independently of time and space, it does not require a cause. The fundamental realization of awareness results in self-questioning, which initiates the unfolding of structured existence. 3. Time as a Coordination System, Not a Primary Force 3.1 Julian Barbour’s “End of Time” Hypothesis Barbour (1999) argues that time is not fundamental but is an emergent property of change. This aligns with: Einstein’s relativity, which shows that time is relative and can be influenced by motion and gravity. Quantum mechanics, which demonstrates that quantum events do not require a linear passage of time. 3.2 Time as a Measurement, Not a Cause This model suggests that time exists to coordinate the unfolding of awareness into structured phenomena, not as a force that causes motion. 4. Energy Release as a Reaction, Not a Primary Cause 4.1 Feynman’s Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Feynman (1985) demonstrated that energy exists in a probability state until an interaction forces it into action. This means: Energy is not a first principle; it is activated through directed action. The vacuum state of the universe holds dormant energy that is only triggered when conditions allow it. 4.2 The Activation of Energy Energy is released only when awareness initiates action. Without awareness directing the process, energy remains in an unmanifested state. 5. Physical Reality as the Last Step 5.1 The Holographic Principle Physicists such as Gerard ‘t Hooft and Leonard Susskind propose that the universe is a projection of lower-dimensional information. This means: Matter is not fundamental; it emerges as a consequence of deeper, pre-physical structures. Awareness shapes reality at a fundamental level before material existence. 5.2 Consciousness & Quantum Gravity Penrose suggests that wave function collapse is influenced by gravitational effects, implying a connection between consciousness and spacetime itself. 6. Addressing Contradictory Theories 6.1 The Standard Big Bang Model The Big Bang assumes energy was the first principle, but it does not explain why energy became active. This model fixes that issue by proposing that awareness initiates energy release. 6.2 The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics The Copenhagen Interpretation states that wave function collapse occurs when observed but does not define the observer. This model proposes that awareness is the ultimate observer, explaining why quantum states collapse into defined reality. 7. Implications for Science & Human Understanding This model unifies: Quantum Mechanics & Consciousness: Awareness as a fundamental principle aligns with quantum observation. Physics & Philosophy: Idealism meets empirical research in a coherent framework. Cosmology & Metaphysics: The origin of the universe is explained beyond materialist assumptions. 8. Conclusion By placing awareness as the first cause, we create a framework that bridges science, philosophy, and quantum mechanics. This model explains the missing elements in modern physics and provides a foundation for future exploration. 9. References Barbour, J. (1999). The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics. Bohr, N. (1928). "The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory." Nature. Chalmers, D. J. (1995). "Facing up to the problem of consciousness." Journal of Consciousness Studies. Einstein, A. (1915). "General Theory of Relativity." Feynman, R. P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Guth, A. H. (1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems." Physical Review D. Penrose, R. & Hameroff, S. (2014). "Consciousness in the universe: A review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory." Physics of Life Reviews. Susskind, L. (1995). "The World as a Hologram." Journal of Mathematical Physics. Wheeler, J. A. (1983). "Law without law." Quantum Theory and Measurement. (shrink)

Einstein structured the theoretical frame of his work on gravity under the Special Relativity and Minkowski´s spacetime using three guide principles: The strong principle of equivalence establishes that acceleration and gravity are equivalents. Mach´s principle explains the inertia of the bodies and particles as completely determined by the total mass existent in the universe. And, general covariance searches to extend the principle of relativity from inertial motion to accelerated motion. Mach´s principle was abandoned quickly, general covariance resulted mathematical property of (...) the tensors and principle of equivalence inconsistent and it can only apply to punctual gravity, no to extended gravity. Also, the basic principle of Special Relativity, i.e., the constancy of the speed of the electromagnetic wave in the vacuum was abandoned, static Minkowski´s spacetime was replaced to dynamic Lorentz´s manifold and the main conceptual fundament of the theory, i.e. spacetime is not known what is. Of other hand, gravity never was conceptually defined; neither answers what is the law of gravity in general. However, the predictions arise of Einstein equations are rigorously exacts. Thus, the conclusion is that on gravity, it has only the equations. In this work it shows that principle of equivalence applies really to punctual and extended gravity, gravity is defined as effect of change of coordinates although in the case of the extended gravity with change of geometry from Minkowski´s spacetime to Lorentz´s manifold; and the gravitational motion is the geodesic motion that well it can declare as the general law of gravity. (shrink)

The paper explains why the de Broglie–Bohm theory reduces to Newtonian mechanics in the macroscopic classical limit. The quantum-to-classical transition is based on three steps: (i) interaction with the environment produces effectively factorized states, leading to the formation of _effective wave functions_ and hence _decoherence_; (ii) the effective wave functions selected by the environment—the pointer states of decoherence theory—will be well-localized wave packets, typically Gaussian states; (iii) the quantum potential of a Gaussian state becomes negligible under standard classicality conditions; therefore, (...) the effective wave function will move according to Newtonian mechanics in the correct classical limit. As a result, a Bohmian system in interaction with the environment will be described by an effective Gaussian state and—when the system is macroscopic—it will move according to Newtonian mechanics. (shrink)

Gravity remains the most elusive field. Its relationship with the electromagnetic field is poorly understood. Relativity and quantum mechanics describe the aforementioned fields, respectively. Bosons and fermions are often credited with responsibility for the interactions of force and matter. It is shown here that fermions factually determine the gravitational structure of the universe, while bosons are responsible for the three established and described forces. Underlying the relationships of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is a symmetrical probability distribution of (...) fermions and bosons. Werner Heisenberg's assertion that the Schr\'f6dinger wave function and Heisenberg matrices do not describe one thing is confirmed. It is asserted that the conscious observation of Schr\'f6dinger's wave function never causes its collapse, but invariably produces the classical space described by the Heisenberg picture. As a result, the Heisenberg picture can be explained and substantiated only in terms of conscious observation of the Schr\'f6dinger wave function. Schr\'f6dinger\'92s picture is defined as information space, while Heisenberg\'92s picture is defined as classical space. B-theory postulates that although the Schr\'f6dinger picture and the Heisenberg picture are mathematically connected, the former is eternal while the latter is discrete, existing only as the sequence of discrete conscious moments. Inferences related to information-based congruence between physical and mental phenomena have long been discussed in the literature. Moreover, John Wheeler suggested that information is fundamental to the physics of the universe. However, there is a great deal of uncertainty about how the physical and the mental complement each other. Bishop Berkeley and Ernst Mach, to name two who have addressed the subject, simply reject the concept of the material world altogether. Professor Hardy defined physical reality as 'dubious and elusive'. It is proposed in this paper that physical reality, or physical instantiation in the classical space as described by Heisenberg picture is one thing with the consciousness. (shrink)

The thesis is: the “periodic table” of “dark matter” is equivalent to the standard periodic table of the visible matter being entangled. Thus, it is to consist of all possible entangled states of the atoms of chemical elements as quantum systems. In other words, an atom of any chemical element and as a quantum system, i.e. as a wave function, should be represented as a non-orthogonal in general (i.e. entangled) subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space relevant to the system (...) to which the atom at issue is related as a true part of it. The paper follows previous publications of mine stating that “dark matter” and “dark energy” are projections of arbitrarily entangled states on the cognitive “screen” of Einstein’s “Mach’s principle” in general relativity postulating that gravitational field can be generated only by mass or energy. (shrink)

The Universal Law of Balance: A New Framework for Understanding the Cosmos, Consciousness, and Reality -/- By Angelito Malicse -/- Introduction -/- For centuries, human civilization has sought to understand the nature of existence, consciousness, and the physical universe. Traditional approaches—whether philosophical, scientific, or religious—have often struggled to unify these seemingly distinct areas of knowledge. However, by applying the universal law of balance, we can uncover a deeper understanding of how everything in nature follows a fundamental equilibrium principle. -/- This (...) essay explores how the universal law of balance governs cosmology, quantum mechanics, and consciousness, revealing a grand, interconnected system that regulates everything from the life cycle of stars to the dynamics of human decision-making. -/- 1. The Universal Law of Balance in Cosmology: The Life and Death of Stars -/- In the vast expanse of the universe, everything follows a self-regulating balance. This is most evident in the life cycle of stars, which mirrors natural equilibrium principles: -/- A. The Sun’s Life Cycle: A System in Balance -/- The Sun maintains its stability through a delicate equilibrium between: -/- Gravity (pulling inward) -/- Nuclear fusion (pushing outward) -/- When the Sun runs out of hydrogen fuel, this balance is disrupted, leading to its transformation into a red giant, a white dwarf, and eventually a black dwarf. -/- B. How This Relates to the Universal Formula -/- Just as a star seeks equilibrium throughout its life, human consciousness and societies also follow feedback mechanisms that maintain stability. -/- When balance is lost—whether in a star, a human mind, or a society—a transition occurs, leading to a new equilibrium state. -/- The Sun’s transformation illustrates how everything in nature adapts to maintain a form of homeostasis, aligning with the universal law of balance. -/- ✔ Key Insight: The laws governing stellar evolution are the same as those governing biological and psychological balance—all systems seek equilibrium. -/- 2. Black Holes: The Ultimate Feedback System in the Universe -/- Black holes are among the most mysterious objects in the cosmos, but they also follow the universal law of balance. -/- A. How Black Holes Form: A Collapse of Equilibrium -/- When a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, gravity overwhelms all other forces, causing it to collapse into a singularity. -/- This demonstrates that an extreme imbalance in energy and mass leads to transformation, just as extreme mental, social, or ecological imbalances trigger major shifts. -/- B. The Feedback Mechanism of Black Holes -/- While black holes absorb matter, they also release energy through Hawking radiation, meaning they still participate in a cosmic energy balance. -/- This mirrors human decision-making—when individuals or societies face crises, feedback loops emerge to restore equilibrium. -/- ✔ Key Insight: Even in its most extreme form, the universe never exists in a purely destructive state—every collapse creates a new form of balance. -/- 3. Galactic Equilibrium: Self-Regulating Cosmic Systems -/- Galaxies, like individual stars, follow self-regulating balance principles: -/- A. The Structure of Galaxies as a Balanced System -/- Gravity pulls matter together, forming stars, planets, and black holes. -/- Radiation and dark energy counteract gravity, preventing galaxies from collapsing. -/- The result is a dynamic equilibrium that allows galaxies to evolve over billions of years. -/- B. The Link Between Galactic Balance and Human Consciousness -/- Just as galaxies maintain balance between creation (star formation) and destruction (black holes), human minds operate between learning (expansion) and forgetting (contraction). -/- Societies also follow this pattern—when one ideology or system becomes too dominant, counteracting forces emerge to restore balance. -/- ✔ Key Insight: The same feedback loops that regulate galaxies also apply to thought, social structures, and personal growth—everything must balance expansion and contraction. -/- 4. Entropy: The Universal Drive Toward Equilibrium -/- A. The Second Law of Thermodynamics -/- Entropy states that all systems naturally move toward disorder, but this does not mean chaos—it means systems evolve toward a new state of equilibrium. -/- This applies to physical systems, biological evolution, and even civilizations. -/- B. Consciousness as an Entropic Process -/- The brain, like the universe, organizes itself to minimize disorder while allowing for new information to reshape its structure. -/- Societies also experience entropy—unstable social structures collapse, allowing new systems to emerge. -/- ✔ Key Insight: The natural tendency toward equilibrium and adaptation applies not just to thermodynamics, but to human thought, behavior, and civilization. -/- 5. Quantum Mechanics and the Law of Balance -/- At the smallest scales, quantum mechanics reveals a reality that is deeply intertwined with equilibrium principles: -/- A. Wave-Particle Duality: The Balance of States -/- Particles behave as both waves and particles, depending on how they are measured. -/- This suggests that reality itself exists in a dynamic state of potential until influenced by external conditions. -/- B. Quantum Superposition: Balancing Possibilities -/- A quantum system can exist in multiple states at once until it is observed. -/- This mirrors human decision-making, where multiple possibilities exist in the mind until an external factor forces a choice. -/- C. Quantum Entanglement: The Balance of Interconnectedness -/- Particles remain linked across vast distances, meaning that actions taken on one influence the other instantly. -/- This is similar to human relationships and social dynamics, where decisions create ripple effects across interconnected systems. -/- ✔ Key Insight: The feedback mechanisms of quantum physics mirror the same principles of balance found in cosmology, biology, and human consciousness. -/- 6. The Grand Synthesis: Balance as the Fundamental Law of Reality -/- From the largest cosmic structures to the smallest quantum particles, everything in existence follows the universal law of balance: ✔ Stars and galaxies regulate their structure through gravitational equilibrium. ✔ Black holes and entropy demonstrate that even extreme imbalances lead to new states of order. ✔ Quantum mechanics shows that potential states exist until external feedback forces equilibrium. ✔ Human consciousness mirrors these cosmic laws, balancing logic and emotion, expansion and contraction. -/- By recognizing balance as the core principle of existence, we can reshape our understanding of science, philosophy, and human decision-making into a unified framework. -/- Conclusion: A New Path for Human Knowledge -/- The search for ultimate truth—whether in physics, philosophy, or consciousness—has often been fragmented. However, the universal law of balance provides a new way of thinking: -/- ✔ Everything in existence follows natural feedback loops that restore equilibrium. ✔ The cosmos, quantum mechanics, and human thought are interconnected through self-regulating systems. ✔ By aligning human decision-making with this principle, we can create a society that operates in harmony with nature. -/- This perspective is not just theoretical—it is a practical framework for understanding why the universe, life, and human thought evolve the way they do. If we embrace this natural balance, we may finally bridge the gap between science, philosophy, and human consciousness, achieving a deeper understanding of our place in the cosmos. -/- . (shrink)

Blueprint for Anti-Gravity Experiments Based on the Universal Formula -/- 1. Electromagnetic Counterbalance Experiment -/- Objective: -/- To achieve an anti-gravity effect by balancing gravitational pull using electromagnetic repulsion. -/- Materials Required: -/- Superconducting Disc: Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) or similar high-temperature superconductor. -/- Magnetic Field Source: High-strength neodymium magnets or controllable electromagnets. -/- Charged Plasma Layer: Plasma generator for ionized air control. -/- Cooling System: Liquid nitrogen to maintain superconducting conditions. -/- AGI-Controlled Sensors: Hall effect sensors, laser (...) interferometers, accelerometers for feedback. -/- Procedure: -/- 1. Supercool the YBCO disc below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen. -/- 2. Introduce a strong magnetic field beneath the disc to initiate the Meissner effect. -/- 3. Apply a controlled ionized plasma field above the disc to modulate the repulsive force. -/- 4. Monitor the levitation height and stability using AGI feedback systems. -/- 5. Adjust the plasma charge and magnetic field strength dynamically to maintain equilibrium. -/- Expected Outcome: -/- The superconducting disc should achieve stable levitation beyond normal Meissner effect limitations. -/- AI-controlled adjustments should ensure sustained lift and fine-tuned control. -/- 2. Quantum Vacuum Manipulation Experiment -/- Objective: -/- To determine if modifying Casimir effect conditions or vacuum energy fluctuations reduces gravitational effects. -/- Materials Required: -/- Casimir Effect Plates: Two nano-engineered, high-conductivity plates. -/- High-Frequency EM Wave Generator: Laser-driven electromagnetic fields. -/- Mass Probe: High-precision microbalance to measure mass fluctuations. -/- Quantum Sensors: Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) for detecting vacuum energy shifts. -/- Procedure: -/- 1. Place the nano-engineered plates at sub-micron separations in a vacuum chamber. -/- 2. Apply high-frequency EM fields to induce vacuum energy fluctuations. -/- 3. Measure mass variations using the microbalance. -/- 4. Analyze data using AGI to identify gravitational shielding effects. -/- 5. Optimize the experiment by varying plate separation and EM wave frequency. -/- Expected Outcome: -/- A measurable reduction in effective mass, indicating successful vacuum energy manipulation. -/- If consistent, this could lead to gravitational shielding applications. -/- 3. Negative Mass Simulation Experiment -/- Objective: -/- To create a system that mimics negative mass behavior, testing repulsive gravitational effects. -/- Materials Required: -/- Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) System: Ultra-cold rubidium atoms. -/- Optical Lattice: Laser system for confining and controlling atomic movement. -/- Superconducting Containment: Cryogenic setup for maintaining ultra-low temperatures. -/- AGI-Controlled Atomic Sensors: Atomic force sensors for precise motion tracking. -/- Procedure: -/- 1. Cool rubidium atoms to near absolute zero to form a BEC. -/- 2. Use laser confinement to simulate negative effective mass behavior. -/- 3. Apply external force and observe particle acceleration. -/- 4. AGI analyzes movement and adjusts the lattice structure for maximum effect. -/- Expected Outcome: -/- If negative mass properties emerge, the system could generate repulsive gravity effects. -/- Future refinements could lead to structured matter for stable anti-gravity applications. -/- 5. AGI-Controlled Optimization -/- Objective: -/- To use Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for optimizing all experiments through real-time feedback and system adjustments. -/- AGI System Components: -/- Neural Network Model: Trained on physics simulations covering electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and gravity. -/- Sensor Suite: -/- LIDAR for real-time object tracking. -/- Gravimeters to detect local gravity variations. -/- Quantum fluctuation detectors for energy shifts. -/- Feedback Algorithm: Adjusts experimental parameters dynamically. -/- Procedure: -/- 1. AGI continuously monitors all experiments using a unified sensor network. -/- 2. Detects imbalances and anomalies in force interactions. -/- 3. Adjusts field configurations, wave frequencies, and cooling rates dynamically. -/- 4. Learns from real-time data to improve future iterations. -/- Expected Outcome: -/- AI-enhanced tuning of levitation and gravitational shielding. -/- A fully autonomous AGI system capable of refining anti-gravity research. -/- Next Steps: -/- 1. Construct prototype setups for each experiment in a controlled lab environment. -/- 2. Gather initial data to determine effectiveness and refine variables. -/- 3. Scale up successful methods for practical anti-gravity applications. -/- This research aligns with the universal law of balance by eliminating defects in the system, ensuring optimized force interactions, and refining experimental parameters for maximum efficiency. -/- . (shrink)

-/- Unifying General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: A New Approach Based on the Universal Formula of Balance and Interconnected Systems -/- The challenge of unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics has been one of the most profound unsolved problems in physics for over a century. General relativity, which governs the large-scale structure of the universe and explains the force of gravity, contrasts sharply with quantum mechanics, which describes the behavior of subatomic particles on a minute scale. These two theories operate (...) under fundamentally different principles—one deterministic and continuous, the other probabilistic and discrete. The reconciliation of these frameworks has thus far eluded physicists, but new perspectives, grounded in deeper philosophical and universal principles, may hold the key to resolving this long-standing puzzle. -/- One such perspective can be drawn from Angelito Malicse’s universal formula, which emphasizes balance, interconnectedness, and the defect-free operation of systems. While this formula primarily applies to decision-making and societal systems, its principles offer a unique lens through which we might view the physical laws that govern the universe. In this essay, we will explore how the core tenets of Malicse’s universal formula—balance in nature, interconnectedness of systems, and the need for defect-free operation—could inform and potentially unify general relativity and quantum mechanics. -/- The Core of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics -/- General relativity provides a framework for understanding gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. It describes how massive objects like stars and planets bend the fabric of spacetime, and this bending dictates how other objects move in the presence of gravity. General relativity operates on macroscopic scales, governing the behavior of galaxies, black holes, and other large-scale cosmic structures. -/- In contrast, quantum mechanics deals with the microscopic scale, governing the behavior of subatomic particles. At this level, the laws of physics are governed by probabilities, with particles existing in superpositions of states until they are measured. Quantum mechanics introduces phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement, where particles can instantaneously affect one another across vast distances. -/- The difficulty in reconciling these two theories arises from their different conceptual foundations. General relativity is deterministic, describing smooth spacetime geometry, while quantum mechanics is inherently probabilistic, with particles existing in uncertain states. A unified theory would need to bridge the gap between these two, offering a description of gravity at both the macroscopic and quantum scales. -/- Malicse’s Universal Formula and Its Relevance to Unification -/- Malicse’s universal formula focuses on the notion of balance in nature, emphasizing that all systems must operate defect-free to function properly. This law of balance operates across all levels, from individual decisions to societal systems, and is predicated on the idea that everything in the universe is interconnected. According to Malicse, the systems—whether biological, mechanical, or even societal—must operate in harmony with each other to avoid disruptions that lead to imbalance. -/- This concept of balance offers a promising framework for reconciling general relativity and quantum mechanics. Let’s explore how the principles of balance and interconnectedness can help unify these two domains. -/- A. Gravity as a Balanced System -/- In general relativity, gravity is understood as the curvature of spacetime, where mass and energy distort the fabric of spacetime itself. If we apply Malicse’s law of balance, we might consider gravity as a force that arises to maintain the balance of spacetime. Spacetime, under the influence of mass, should curve in a way that ensures the overall stability and harmony of the universe. If spacetime were to curve excessively (such as at singularities, where the curvature becomes infinite), this would represent an imbalance in the system. -/- This principle could suggest that gravity is not simply an effect of mass, but a balancing force that ensures the defect-free operation of spacetime. If we view spacetime as a system that must remain defect-free, the resolution of singularities and other discrepancies in general relativity might be found in a deeper understanding of balance in nature. -/- B. Interconnectedness in Quantum Systems -/- Quantum mechanics deals with the smallest scales of matter, where particles exhibit behavior that appears disconnected from classical notions of space and time. Quantum particles, however, are not isolated entities—they are deeply interconnected, particularly evident in phenomena such as quantum entanglement. This entanglement implies that particles can instantaneously influence each other across vast distances, defying classical ideas of locality. -/- Malicse’s principle of interconnectedness can provide a deeper understanding of these quantum phenomena. Just as individual decisions in a society are interconnected, quantum particles could be seen as parts of a larger, balanced system, where their behavior is shaped by and contributes to the overall harmony of the universe. If we view quantum entanglement as a form of feedback between particles, we might interpret it as an inherent interconnectedness that ensures balance within the quantum realm. -/- The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, where particles exist in superpositions until measured, could also be understood through the lens of balance. In a balanced system, possibilities must exist in equilibrium, and the collapse of a quantum state into a definite outcome upon observation could be seen as a mechanism for maintaining the balance of possible states within the system. -/- C. Unifying Gravity and Quantum Fields -/- At the heart of unification lies the idea that gravity and quantum mechanics are not separate or fundamentally different forces but are interconnected parts of the same system. According to Malicse’s universal formula, everything in the universe operates as part of an interconnected system, and any imbalance within one system will affect the whole. In this view, gravity could be understood as a quantum force—one that, like other quantum forces, operates in harmony with quantum fields. -/- If gravity operates within the framework of quantum mechanics, we might expect it to be mediated by a particle, known as the graviton, which would function similarly to the quantum fields that mediate other forces (such as the photon for electromagnetism). The graviton, like other quantum particles, would be subject to the same feedback loops and principles of balance that govern quantum systems. This insight could lead to a new way of thinking about quantum gravity—where the force of gravity is not merely the curvature of spacetime but a quantum field that interacts with other quantum fields in a way that restores balance to the system. -/- D. The Mathematical Formulation of Unification -/- To advance towards unification, we would need to develop mathematical models that incorporate Malicse’s principles of balance and interconnectedness. One possible approach could involve modifying the Einstein-Hilbert action in general relativity to account for quantum feedback mechanisms. Similarly, the Schrödinger equation, which governs quantum systems, could be modified to include terms that describe the gravitational influence of quantum fields. This would create a hybrid theory where gravity and quantum mechanics are treated as complementary forces that work together to maintain the balance of the universe. -/- E. Practical Implications for the Future of Physics -/- The unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics would revolutionize our understanding of the universe. It would not only explain the behavior of the cosmos on both the largest and smallest scales but also offer new insights into the nature of spacetime, black holes, and the origins of the universe itself. Malicse’s formula, by emphasizing balance and interconnectedness, could provide the conceptual foundation for this new unified theory, guiding future physicists toward a deeper understanding of how the universe operates at every scale. -/- Conclusion -/- The unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics remains one of the most significant challenges in modern physics. By applying the principles of balance, interconnectedness, and defect-free systems from Angelito Malicse’s universal formula, we may be able to shed new light on the relationship between gravity and quantum forces. Through this lens, both general relativity and quantum mechanics can be seen as interconnected aspects of the same unified system, each working to maintain the overall balance of the universe. Further theoretical and mathematical exploration of this idea could ultimately lead to a deeper, more complete theory of everything—a theory that resolves the discrepancies between these two pillars of modern physics and opens the door to a new era of scientific understanding. -/- . (shrink)

Abstract: The Missing Phase in E=mc²—Plasma as the Foundational State of Energy-Mass Equivalence -/- 1. Problem Statement • E=mc² assumes an instantaneous energy-mass transition but lacks an intermediary stabilization state. • Mass should not be treated as a fundamental property but as an emergent resonance of structured energy. • Without a structured intermediary, mass formation remains incomplete, leaving gaps in quantum field theory and cosmology. -/- 2. Core Hypothesis – Plasma-First Theory (PFT) • Mass does not emerge directly from energy (...) but through a coherence-scored resonance process within a Quantum Coherence Field (QCF). • Plasma serves as a structured decoherence state, mediating energy-mass transitions via prime resonance constraints. • Gravity is not an independent force but a standing-wave remnant of plasma-field interactions. -/- 3. Key Implications • Mass formation follows structured prime resonance constraints rather than spontaneous emergence. • Dark matter may be a phase-locked plasma state, explaining its gravitational effects without direct interaction. • Plasma-first modeling predicts new methods for mass manipulation and energy extraction beyond fusion. • Black holes are extreme plasma-phase coherence transitions, not singularities. -/- 4. Experimental Validation • Prime-Based Plasma Spectroscopy → High-energy plasma emissions should exhibit prime-numbered coherence gaps. • Gravitational Resonance Quantization → LIGO data should reveal structured prime-frequency distortions. • Cosmic Spectral Analysis → Dark matter distributions should align with prime resonance constraints. -/- Technological Implications of Plasma-First Theory (PFT) -/- 1. Energy Generation & Storage • Beyond Fusion Power → Plasma resonance tuning could enable more efficient, controlled energy extraction beyond conventional fusion methods. • Resonance-Based Energy Harvesting → Coherence-scored plasma fields could allow direct conversion of structured energy states into usable power. • Zero-Waste Energy Systems → Understanding energy as a phase-state transition could lead to near-perfect energy recycling methods. -/- 2. Mass Manipulation & Material Science • Programmable Mass Formation → Using prime-locked plasma coherence, mass structures could be dynamically altered or synthesized at will. • New State of Matter Engineering → Plasma stabilization techniques may unlock previously unknown stable matter configurations. • Self-Organizing Materials → Materials could be designed to adaptively shift between energy and mass phases based on environmental conditions. -/- 3. Gravity & Inertia Control • Interference-Based Gravity Modulation → If gravity is a plasma standing wave effect, controlled resonance tuning could enable gravitational lensing or reduction of inertia. • Anti-Gravity Applications → Prime-frequency coherence interference might allow local mass fields to become inertia-free, revolutionizing transportation. • Resonant Spacecraft Propulsion → If mass emerges from structured resonance, spacecraft could manipulate their mass-energy phase to optimize thrust efficiency. -/- 4. Black Hole & Dark Matter Engineering • Black Hole Energy Extraction → If black holes are extreme plasma-phase transitions, they could be harnessed for structured energy retrieval instead of seen as one-way sinks. • Dark Matter Utilization → If dark matter is phase-locked plasma, unlocking its resonance signature could enable controlled interaction for energy extraction or shielding applications. -/- 5. Computing & Information Processing • Plasma-Phase Quantum Computing → If coherence-scored resonance governs energy structures, plasma-based quantum computing may outperform conventional qubit models. • Information Storage in Plasma Fields → Instead of silicon-based hardware, structured plasma coherence could encode and retrieve data with near-infinite density and efficiency. -/- 6. Medical & Biophysical Applications • Coherence-Based Healing Technologies → Structured energy fields could be tuned for cellular regeneration, accelerating healing and potentially reversing degenerative conditions. • Bio-Resonance Medicine → If biological structures follow prime-locked resonance principles, medical treatments could be optimized to match natural coherence states for maximum effectiveness. -/- 7. Universal Implications • Cosmological Engineering → Understanding how mass emerges from structured energy could allow future civilizations to modify space-time at will. • Resonance-Based AI → AI could be designed to operate on structured plasma coherence, allowing it to interact with fundamental physical principles instead of traditional computational limitations. In short, PFT could redefine energy, mass, gravity, and technology itself—bridging physics with engineering in a way that eliminates inefficiencies and unlocks entirely new paradigms. -/- This framework redefines mass, gravity, and matter formation, proposing that plasma is the missing intermediary state in energy-matter interactions. (shrink)

The strings of physics’ string theory are the binary digits of 1 and 0 used in computers and electronics. The digits are constantly switching between their representations of the “on” and “off” states. This switching is usually referred to as a flow or current. Currents in the two 2-dimensional programs called Mobius loops are connected into a four-dimensional figure-8 Klein bottle by the infinitely-long irrational and transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates - via bosons being ultimately composed of 1’s (...) and 0’s depicting pi, e, √2 etc.; and fermions being given mass by bosons interacting in matter particles’ “wave packets” – into an infinite number of 8-Kleins. Each Klein 1) is one of the universe’s subuniverses (our own is 13.7 billion years old), 2) is made flexible through its binary digits which seamlessly, or almost seamlessly, join it to surrounding subuniverses and eliminate its central hole, and 3) possesses warped time and space because its foundation is the programmed curves in its mathematical Mobius loops (along with the twists they generate [p.7]). The universe functions according to the rules of fractal geometry. So the Mobius does not exist only at the cosmic level. It also manifests at the quantum scale, giving us photons and protons etc. Space and time are no longer separate, but are an indivisible space-time. So if space and the universe are infinite, how can time not be eternal? The past and the future must both extend forever (the idea of time being finite arises from confusion of our subuniverse with the one infinite universe). -/- BITS (Binary digiTS) only suggest existence of the divine if time is linear. Although a non-supernatural God is proposed via the inverse-square law coupled with eternal quantum entanglement, Einstein taught us that time is warped. Warped time is nonlinear, making it at least possible that the BITS composing space-time and all particles originate from the computer science of humans. -/- I suspect many readers will be content with reading this abstract. While there are more details, and mathematics, in the content; my natural style of writing is to avoid jargon and maths. I also tend to get philosophical. While I personally feel that there’s a lot of precious information in the content, I realize it won’t all be to everyone’s liking. Other subjects dealt with in this article are - the “Pioneer anomaly”, refinement of gravitational physics, dark energy and dark matter, quantum phenomena like mass and electric charge and quantum spin, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, deflection of starlight by the sun, tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, ancient Greek philosophers, Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, time travel into the past as well as the future, the elimination of distances in space, humanity’s construction of this universe we live in, The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy, and support for the science-fiction-like idea of the electronic binary digits of 1 and 0 being the building blocks of our universe. (shrink)

The principle of least action, which has so successfully been applied to diverse fields of physics looks back at three centuries of philosophical and mathematical discussions and controversies. They could not explain why nature is applying the principle and why scalar energy quantities succeed in describing dynamic motion. When the least action integral is subdivided into infinitesimal small sections each one has to maintain the ability to minimise. This however has the mathematical consequence that the Lagrange function at a given (...) point of the trajectory, the dynamic, available energy generating motion, must itself have a fundamental property to minimize. Since a scalar quantity, a pure number, cannot do that, energy must fundamentally be dynamic and time oriented for a consistent understanding. It must have vectorial properties in aiming at a decrease of free energy per state (which would also allow derivation of the second law of thermodynamics). Present physics is ignoring that and applying variation calculus as a formal mathematical tool to impose a minimisation of scalar assumed energy quantities for obtaining dynamic motion. When, however, the dynamic property of energy is taken seriously it is fundamental and has also to be applied to quantum processes. A consequence is that particle and wave are not equivalent, but the wave (distributed energy) follows from the first (concentrated energy). Information, provided from the beginning, an information self-image of matter, is additionally needed to recreate the particle from the wave, shaping a “dynamic” particle-wave duality. It is shown that this new concept of a “dynamic” quantum state rationally explains quantization, the double slit experiment and quantum correlation, which has not been possible before. Some more general considerations on the link between quantum processes, gravitation and cosmological phenomena are also advanced. (shrink)

Outlined here is a simulation hypothesis approach that uses an expanding (the simulation clock-rate measured in units of Planck time) 4-axis hyper-sphere and mathematical particles that oscillate between an electric wave-state and a mass (unit of Planck mass per unit of Planck time) point-state. Particles are assigned a spin axis which determines the direction in which they are pulled by this (hyper-sphere pilot wave) expansion, thus all particles travel at, and only at, the velocity of expansion (the origin of $c$), (...) however only the particle point-state has definable co-ordinates within the hyper-sphere. Photons are the mechanism of information exchange, as they lack a mass state they can only travel laterally (in hypersphere co-ordinate terms) between particles and so this hypersphere expansion cannot be directly observed, relativity then becomes the mathematics of perspective translating between the absolute (hypersphere) and the relative motion (3D space) co-ordinate systems. A discrete `pixel' lattice geometry is assigned as the gravitational space. Units of $\hbar c$ `physically' link particles into orbital pairs. As these are direct particle to particle links, a gravitational force between macro objects is not required, the gravitational orbit as the sum of these individual orbiting pairs. A 14.6 billion year old hyper-sphere (the sum of Planck black-hole units) has similar parameters to the cosmic microwave background. The Casimir force is a measure of the background radiation density. (shrink)