In today’s global higher education environment, international students represent not only an important source of external income for universities: the degree of cross-border student mobility also reflects the internationalization of higher education sector. Universities have engaged in efforts to sell themselves to prospective students and promotional videos are among the most widely used marketing tools for this purpose. This study reports the results of a study analyzing the content of 140 higher education promotional videos from 14 countries available on (...) class='Hi'>YouTube. The results reveal that while the pattern of use of YouTube for two-waycommunication with viewers, information contents and appeal messages among sampled universities is fairly homogenous, some marked differences emerge when cultural background and global position ranking of the university are taken into account. The implications of these findings are that, although, transnational higher education has been profoundly globalized, culture still plays a significant role in marketing practice for the recruitment of mobile students. In addition, different universities have various student-targeted segments. These findings provide the basis of a series of recommendations for universities looking to optimize their use of YouTube and promotional video design to market to international students. (shrink)

YouTube has been implicated in the transformation of users into extremists and conspiracy theorists. The alleged mechanism for this radicalizing process is YouTube’s recommender system, which is optimized to amplify and promote clips that users are likely to watch through to the end. YouTube optimizes for watch-through for economic reasons: people who watch a video through to the end are likely to then watch the next recommended video as well, which means that more advertisements can be served (...) to them. This is a seemingly innocuous design choice, but it has a troubling side-effect. Critics of YouTube have alleged that the recommender system tends to recommend extremist content and conspiracy theories, as such videos are especially likely to capture and keep users’ attention. To date, the problem of radicalization via the YouTube recommender system has been a matter of speculation. The current study represents the first systematic, pre-registered attempt to establish whether and to what extent the recommender system tends to promote such content. We begin by contextualizing our study in the framework of technological seduction. Next, we explain our methodology. After that, we present our results, which are consistent with the radicalization hypothesis. Finally, we discuss our findings, as well as directions for future research and recommendations for users, industry, and policy-makers. (shrink)

Kirja-arvio teoksesta Jordan B. Peterson, 12 elämänohjetta. Käsikirja kaaosta vastaan (12 Rules for Life. An Antidote to Chaos, 2018). Suom. Tero Valkonen. WSOY, Helsinki 2018.

Free YouTube to Mp3 Converter - YTMP3 By using our converter you can easily convert YouTube videos to mp3 (audio) or mp4 (video) files and download them for free - this service works for all kinds of computers, tablets and mobile devices. The videos are always converted in the highest available quality. Please note that we can only convert videos up to a length of 90 minutes - the limitation is necessary, so the conversion of any video will (...) not take more than a couple of minutes. Our service is for free and does not require any software or registration. By using our service you are accepting our terms of use. To convert a video, copy the YouTube video URL into our converter, choose a format and click the convert button. As soon as the conversion is finished you can download the file by clicking on the download button. Thank your for being our valued user. nice to see you. (shrink)

The use of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube in the society has become ubiquitous. The advent of communication technologies alongside other unification trends and notions such as media convergence and digital content allow the users of the social network to integrate these networks in their everyday life. There have been several attempts in the literature to investigate and explain the use of social networks such as Facebook and WhatsApp by university students in the Arab region. However, (...) little research has been done on how university students utilise online audiovisual materials in their academic activities in the UAE. This research aims to elucidate the use of YouTube as a learning aid for university students in the UAE. We adopt the technology acceptance model (TAM) as the theoretical framework for this investigation. A quantitative methodology is employed to answer the research question. Primary data consisting of 221 correspondents were analysed, covering patterns of using YouTube as an academic audiovisual learning aid. Statistical techniques including descriptive, correlations, regression tests were used to analyse the data. The study concluded that students use YouTube as a learning tool for their academic studies and enriching their general knowledge; and there is a positive relationship between the use of YouTube videos in academic settings and the students’ overall performance. This study can shed light for teachers, curriculum designers, government entities, and other stakeholders on how to best utilise and integrate the online technology — YouTube — as a learning aid. (shrink)

Essa pesquisa elege como material específico de análise uma sequência de cursos oferecidos pelo “YouTube Academy” para a criação, gerenciamento e divulgação de uma empresa associada à plataforma de vídeos do YouTube. O objetivo é investigar os modos de imbricação e/ou separação entre o sujeito e a empresa. Para construir os procedimentos analíticos, delimitamos as seguintes perguntas: Como as formas imaginárias do sujeito (o “eu”, a identidade e a individualidade) estão relacionadas com a criação e o funcionamento de (...) uma empresa no YouTube? Como o trabalho e as relações de trabalho são significados nessa discursividade? A pesquisa é filiada à Análise de Discurso Materialista, em diálogo com autores que analisam as relações de trabalho contemporâneas. O olhar discursivo chega a três regularidades: 1) homogeneização das diferentes condições de produção no trabalho dos youtubers; 2) o paralelismo discursivo entre sujeito, canal e empresa (negócio); 3) uma retórica do equilíbrio entre “vida profissional” e “vida pessoal”. O material se sustenta no funcionamento de uma busca pela saturação dos sentidos com soluções e cursos para cada uma das etapas da (re)produção desse trabalho, para a suposta totalidade do processo. The specific analysis material for this essay was chosen from a sequence of courses, offered by the “YouTube Academy”, with the aim of creating, managing and announcing a company associated with the YouTube video platform. Its goal is to examine the ways of imbrication and/or separation between the subject and the company. In order to build the analytical procedures, we delineated the following questions: How are the imaginary for ms of the subject (the “self” as identity and individuality) related to the creation and operation of a company on YouTube? How are work and work relations meant in this discursivity? The research is affiliated with Materialist Discourse Analysis, in dialogue with authors who analyze contemporary work relations. The discursive look reaches three regularities: 1) homogenization of the different production conditions in the work of “youtubers”; 2) the discursive parallelism between subject, channel and company (busi-ness); 3) a rhetoric of the balance between “professional life” and “personal life”. The material is based on the operation of a search for the saturation of the senses with solutions and courses for each of the stages of the (re)production of this work, for the supposed totality of the process. (shrink)

Autogestão, autoempreendedorismo, infotrabalho, trabalho intermitente, criptomoeda, uberização, proletariado de serviços e servidão digital delineiam uma série de designações indicativas das mudanças das condições de (re)produção do Capital nas suas formas contemporâneas. Grandes corporações como Google, Facebook e Amazon participam desse processo tanto no eixo da infraestrutura econômica, quanto na produção discursiva que sustenta ideologicamente as relações de trabalho determinadas pelo Aparelho Digital. Essa pesquisa elege como material específico de análise uma sequência de cursos oferecidos pelo “YouTube Academy” para a (...) criação, gerenciamento e divulgação de uma empresa associada à plataforma de vídeos do YouTube. O objetivo é investigar os modos de imbricação e/ou separação entre o sujeito e a empresa. Para construir os procedimentos analíticos, delimitamos as seguintes perguntas: Como as formas imaginárias do sujeito (o “eu”, a identidade e a individualidade) estão relacionadas com a criação e o funcionamento de uma empresa no YouTube? Como o trabalho e as relações de trabalho são significados nessa discursividade? O olhar discursivo é ainda guiado por compreensões de pesquisas anteriores: o modo como o “eu” é discursivizado em produto, o funcionamento da “empresa de si” como modelo de identificação e a empresarialidade. As referências passam por Michel Pêcheux, Eni Orlandi, Suzy Lagazzi, Luciana Nogueira, Guilherme Adorno, Joel Bombardelli, Pierre Dardot, Christian Laval e Ricardo Antunes. O conceito de político, compreendido discursivamente como conflito e disputa pelos sentidos - e seus efeitos de deslocamento, assim como o apagamento do político do lugar que lhe seria próprio - e o conceito de exterioridade discursiva são mais enfaticamente mobilizados na pesquisa, além das discussões em torno do discurso neoliberal e da psicologização do sujeito pelos efeitos discursivos de liberdade e autonomia. Um trabalho de análise da constituição da discursividade que tem o “sentido (já) lá” como resultado do efeito de exterioridade. Esperamos mostrar, assim, como, nas condições de produção sócio-históricas de um “Imperialismo Digital”, uma mudança da “economia política do poder-dizer” afeta os modos de circulação não só dos discursos, mas do próprio Capital. (shrink)

The purpose of the article was to explain how the communicative specificity of the digital social media environment is changing the traditional Lasswell’s linear model. The changes that occur in the structural units of the model were explored. This complex was examined based on the material of 18 successful YouTube blogs dedicated to football. It was found that the modern ecosystem of sports journalism is undergoing significant transformations in terms of content and structure. And the fact that modern digital (...) journalism is already perceived by users as a part of everyday life changes the roles of content creators and those who consume this content. The element “With What Effect?” remains relevant and the closest to the classic one, which, due to interactivity and the ability to maximally objectify the effectiveness of content in social media, in modern sports journalism can become the main conceptual factor of digital narrative. (shrink)

Resumo: Com o objetivo de compreender os processos de identificação do sujeito em alguns funcionamentos discursivos dos vlogs, no YouTube, este trabalho analisa o modo como o contraponto entre a eficácia imaginária e o jogo significante na história produz o reconhecimento de lugares e poderes do dizer no desconhecimento constitutivo de sua relação com o Interdiscurso, nas condições de produção específicas do digital. Os recortes delimitados são: as designações equívocas de vlogueiro, youtuber e criador; a produção da autoria na (...) imbricação de diferentes materialidades, a composição autoral que lhe é própria; e a discursividade que sustenta os enunciados “Eu sou eu mesmo” e “Broadcast yourself”. A análise do material aponta para compreensões que dizem respeito da relação da forma-sujeito do Capital com a discursividade dos objetos paradoxais em sua formulação e circulação digital. Abstract: Aiming to understand subject identification processes in some Youtube vlogs' discursive functioning, this work analyses how the counterpoint between the imaginary impact and the significant role in history produces the acknowledgement of places and powers of saying in the constitutive unawareness of its relation to the Interdiscourse, taking the particular production conditions of digitality. The cutout of this research is: the equivocal designations vlogueiro, youtuber and criador; the authorship production in the encounter of different materialities, the authorial composition which is proper to them; and the discursivity that supports the following utterances: "Eu sou eu mesmo" ["I am myself"] and "Broadcast yourself". The analysis indicates comprehensions that concern Capital subject-form's relation to the discursivity of paradoxical objects in digital formulation and circulation. (shrink)

Upon the relation between significant, subject and history, Materialistic Discourse Analysis –theoretical and methodological framework of the present research –confronts itself perennially with the analytical material in order to understand language in the movement of the social. The theory only takes place when it is in front of the analytical procedures of a specific object, which, in this investigation, it may be identified as: the discourses about the self in the authorial composition of vlogs, YouTube videos characterized as a (...) language ritual in which the subject, as he texts (himself) in digital space, affects the stabled relations of privacy, the other and the meanings of authorship. Besides the exponent authors of discourse studies –namely Michel Pêcheux and Eni Orlandi –, the research also consulted specific works about the imbrication of different significant materialities (Suzy Lagazzi), about the contemporary functioning of the digital (Solange Gallo and Cristiane Dias), about the law from a critical-Marxist perspective (Bernard Edelman, Márcio Naves and Celso Kashiura), in addition to a materialistic background supported by Louis Althusser. Aiming to analyze the discourse(s) about the 'self' in the authorial composition of vlogs, the proceduresare driven by the question Which interpretation gestures about the 'self' are mobilized in the confluence between the significant formulation in the digital space of the vlog reading and the subject that publicizes what is represented as particular? The analytical framework is built on the support of comprehending vlogs as a place of saying that runs in digital space and is crossed by tenuous frontiers as creating equivocal ties with the social in the imbrication of symbolical and political. Mediante a relação entre significante, sujeito e história, a Análise de Discurso Materialista, aporte teórico e metodológico da pesquisa proposta, confronta-se constantemente com o material analítico para compreender a linguagem no movimento do social. A teoria somente se realiza perante os procedimentos de análise de um objeto específico, que nesta investigação é delimitado como: os discursos sobre o eu na composição autoral dos vlogs, vídeos do YouTube caracterizados como ritual de linguagem em que o sujeito, ao (se) textualizar no espaço digital, mexe com as relações estabilizadas de privacidade, com o outro e com os sentidos de autoria. Além de estudos sobre o discurso, tendo Michel Pêcheux e Eni Orlandi como expoentes da área, a pesquisa recorreu aos trabalhos específicos sobre a imbricação de diferentes materialidades significantes (Suzy Lagazzi), sobre o funcionamento contemporâneo do digital (Solange Gallo e Cristiane Dias), sobre o direito a partir de umas perspectiva crítico-marxista (Bernard Edelman, Márcio Naves e Celso Kashiura), além de um embasamento materialista ancorado em Louis Althusser. Com o objetivo de analisar o(s) discurso(s) sobre o „eu‟ na composição autoral dos vlogs, os procedimentos se guiam pela pergunta Que gestos de interpretação sobre o „eu‟ são suscitados no encontro entre a formulação significante no espaço digital de leitura do vlog e o sujeito que publiciza o que é representado como particular? O dispositivo analítico construído tem como suporte a compreensão dos vlogs como um lugar de dizer funcionando no espaço digital e atravessado por fronteiras tênues na criação de laços equívocos com o social na imbricação do simbólico com o político. (shrink)

Uma entrada produtiva para explorar o funcionamento discursivo das textualidades digitais é o modo como a autoria se relaciona com a inscrição político-ideológica do sujeito, historizando o discurso em suas diferentes materialidades significantes2. Para este trabalho, trago compreensões sobre os vlogs (videologs) que circulam e são produzidos para a plataforma YouTube. Nos vlogs, a tomada de posição de um “eu”, no efeito de falar diretamente para a câmera e assumindo o “falar sobre” (a vida pessoal, fatos cotidianos, comentários sobre (...) acontecimentos midiáticos, ciência e política, e dicas de atividades específicas ligadas a jogos de videogames, beleza e gastronomia) se dá no encontro de uma formulação estruturada pela imbricação de diferentes materialidades significantes (a imagem, o corpo, a sonoridade, a língua) e os rituais de criação de um vlog regulamentados e determinados pelo e no YouTube. (shrink)

(The Kindle book can be ordered for $3.21 from Amazon) -/- Thinking is a fundamental activity of our species – those that give names to other creatures and call themselves humans. Textbooks tell us that there is about 1.2 kg of matter called the brain inside the human body. It sounds small but actually is proportionally the biggest among all animals on Earth. -/- I became more aware of thinking at around 5th grade upon hearing about an ancient paradox. It (...) can be summarized as follows. -/- ¤ -/- Once upon a time, there was a stupid king. In his kingdom lived a sage who was highly respected for his intelligence. The King did not appreciate this fact. Maybe the Sage made fun of the King’s intellect, but I am not so sure. Anyway, one day, the King summoned the Sage, intending to kill him. -/- The King said, “Wise man, I heard you earn a living by thinking and arguing. Now I give you two options to die.” -/- The Sage said, “Please tell me the choices, Your Majesty.” -/- The King continued, “You live by your tongue, so I will let you say one sentence before you die. If what you say is true, you will die by hanging. If what you say is false, you will die by beheading.” -/- Little did the King know that this was a stupid order. After a short while, the Sage confidently spoke his “last words”, which actually were what saved his life: -/- “Your Majesty, I am about to be beheaded!” -/- ¤ -/- As a “wild animal” going out into life from a young age, my brain spent a lot of time and energy looking for food. Now that I have become older, my body no longer needs so much sustenance. However, my mind craves a different type of nourishment: food for thought. -/- Food for thought can directly lead to food (on the table). My main job as a scientist exemplifies what I have just stated. Maybe we were wrong. Maybe it has been “thought for food” all along, like in such a sequence as TFFTTTFTFFTTFFFT... -/- In the hyper-chaotic infosphere today, we are surrounded by the noises of information, not only as wavy shores or waterfalls but also mega-tsunamis, through Twitter, Facebook, Tiktok, Instagram, Youtube, etc. More than ever, tranquility and calmness are necessary. Like what you have seen in wilderness video clips, predators such as lions, bears, and alligators act lightning-fast when catching prey. But when food is served, the natural world returns to its peaceful, soothing silence. -/- This short book is in its own tidy infosphere, where each little story is also brief and self-contained. Despite this small appearance, I hope the content inside carries the value of tranquility and life observation. The book is petite, but pretty sure not malnourished. A not-too-small detail is that the way the content was shaped and distilled reflects some innovations of mine and my research team: the mindsponge theory, a new theory of serendipity, the bayesvl R package, the BMF analytics, as well as other experiences from working in the field of science. After all, scientific works were my main source of food (before this book sells well – if it does). -/- Welcome to the priceless sober moments – with a chicken-burger price tag! -/- I hope this book will bring readers some moments of calmness, peaceful smiles, and maybe a couple of good laughs too. -/- ~~~ -/- *This update: December 12, 2023 (Third edition, with additions). (shrink)

[Author note: There is a video explainer of this paper on youtube at the new work in philosophy channel (search for surname+deepfakes).] -/- It is widely thought that deepfake videos are a significant and unprecedented threat to our epistemic practices. In some writing about deepfakes, manipulated videos appear as the harbingers of an unprecedented _epistemic apocalypse_. In this paper I want to take a critical look at some of the more catastrophic predictions about deepfake videos. I will argue for (...) three claims: (1) that once we recognise the role of social norms in the epistemology of recordings, deepfakes are much less concerning, (2) that the history of photographic manipulation reveals some important precedents, correcting claims about the novelty of deepfakes, and (3) that proposed solutions to deepfakes have been overly focused on technological interventions. My overall goal is not so much to argue that deepfakes are not a problem, but to argue that behind concerns around deepfakes lie a more general class of social problems about the organisation of our epistemic practices. (shrink)

It is often said that ‘what it is like’-knowledge cannot be acquired by consulting testimony or reading books [Lewis 1998; Paul 2014; 2015a]. However, people also routinely consult books like What It Is Like to Go to War [Marlantes 2014], and countless ‘what it is like’ articles and youtube videos, in the apparent hope of gaining knowledge about what it is like to have experiences they have not had themselves. This article examines this puzzle and tries to solve it (...) by appealing to recent work on knowing-wh ascriptions. In closing I indicate the wider significance of these ideas by showing how they can help us to evaluate prominent arguments by Paul [2014; 2015a] concerning transformative experiences. (shrink)

Performance is increasingly important to the poet, which is evidenced by the growing numbers of videos and audio recordings online including YouTube, the National Poetry library, and Poetry Archive. As a result, there are greater opportunities to engage with poets reading their own work and consequently, there is a need to move away from thinking of poetry as primary something that takes shape on the page. Furthermore, by refocusing attention to poetry as an oral artform, in particular to poetry (...) performance, different ways of understanding the value of poetry come to the fore. The live poetry performance, I argue, offers an attempt to reclaim the personal individual expression of language in contemporary society and demands attention by the audience because of the role of voice and body in the performance. Through awareness of ‘uniqueness of voice,’ the performed poem becomes a site of collective meaning making with individual identity intact as a shared endeavour between performer and audience, and necessarily resists appropriation (in the sense that the words experienced cannot be divorced from the performer or the performance space to serve as a proxy for meaning elsewhere). This chapter therefore makes an argument for the need to engage with spoken word and performance poetry in the live performance space. (shrink)

In this essay, I want to explore one of the most ironic episodes in the history of propaganda, the attempt by various federal agencies to moderate American WWII anti-Japanese propaganda films. My texts will be four films, two produced by the military, and two by Hollywood: December 7th (1943), directed by Gregg Toland and revised by John Ford; Air Force (1943), directed Howard Hawks; Know Your Enemy: Japan (1945), directed by Frank Capra; and Betrayal for the East (1945), directed by (...) William Berke. As all of these films are readily available on YouTube, I will be brief in my description of them. Instead, I will focus on how they served to intensify racial hatred of Japanese in general and Japanese-Americans in particular, and how the federal government tried to control that propaganda—but was limited by its own policies regarding Japanese-Americans. (shrink)

This book offers a detailed study of the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Benedict de Spinoza, focussing on their concept of power as potentia, concrete power, rather than power as potestas, authorised power. The focus on power as potentia generates a new conception of popular power. Radical democrats–whether drawing on Hobbes's 'sleeping sovereign' or on Spinoza's 'multitude'–understand popular power as something that transcends ordinary institutional politics, as for instance popular plebsites or mass movements. However, the book argues that these (...) understandings reflect a residual scholasticism which Hobbes and Spinoza ultimately repudiate. Instead, on the book's revisionist conception, a political phenomenon should be said to express popular power when it is both popular (it eliminates oligarchy and encompasses the whole polity), and also powerful (it robustly determines political and social outcomes). Two possible institutional forms that this popular power might take are distinguished: Hobbesian repressive egalitarianism, or Spinozist civic strengthening. But despite divergent institutional proposals, the book argues that both Hobbes and Spinoza share the conviction that there is nothing spontaneously egalitarian or good about human collective existence. From this point of view, the book accuses radical democrats of pernicious romanticism; the slow, meticulous work of organizational design and maintenance is the true centre of popular power. Three minute video summary available via HPBin3. Extended discussion on The Political Theory Review podcast. First chapter open access available via Oxford Scholarship Online. Videos of book talks at National University of Singapore (Centre for Legal Theory) and Universidad de Buenos Aires (Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani) available via YouTube. (See links below.). (shrink)

Following the storming of the US Capitol building, Donald Trump became digitally toxic, and was deplatformed from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube—as well as a host of other social media networks. Subsequent debate has centred on the questions of whether these companies did the right thing and the possible ramifications of their actions for the future of digital societies along with their democratic organisation. This article seeks to answer this question through examining complex, and seemingly contradictory notions (legality and (...) the protection of public interest vs issues of democratic legitimacy and digital sovereignty) and argues that reform is needed to determine who, in the future, will control the infosphere—and how. (shrink)

In this paper, I wish to criticize the notion that consensus is an epistemology. While I have never seen it explicitly claimed that “consensus is an epistemology,” I have nonetheless seen it implied in many scholarly (and layperson) articles. This occurs whenever articles cite, “a majority of scholars agree that…” or “most scientists/researchers think…” In our democratic, individualistic society, we put a value on high value votes and the quantification of majority viewpoints, whether it be in political polls (due to (...) living in a democracy), online on websites with ranking or voting systems such as Reddit, YouTube, or Instagram. The danger here is we may defer too much to the consensus view without appropriate justification. I will give several reasons why we should be skeptical of appeals to consensus (including a consensus of experts), which include its non-obvious link to ontology, the fact that consensus changes, and a lack of specificity of who counts as an ``expert,'' the lack of specificity on how to handle consensus (if it does occur), and epistemic undercutting defeaters from evolutionary epistemology. While an appeal to consensus may not tell us much about whether a theory is true, they can give us practical or pragmatic reasons for trusting a position. (shrink)

Alongside the increasing popularity of digital, ‘social’ media platforms, has been the emergence of self-styled digital life-coaches, many of whom seek to propagate their knowledge of and interests in a variety of topics through online social networks (such as, Facebook, Youtube, Instagram, etc.). With many of these ‘social influencers’ garnering a large online following, their popularity, social significance and cultural impact offers important insights into the place and purpose of the subject in our digital media environment. Accordingly, this chapter (...) will examine the proliferation of digital media technologies, which, on the one hand, propose the dissolution of the subject (wearable technology, technological singularity, etc.), while on the other, provide new opportunities for discovering, ‘sharing’ and/or improving one’s ‘inner-Self’ (digital media gurus, online health and fitness regimes, etc.). It is in considering how the effects of this ‘digital subject’ redefines traditional (Cartesian) conceptions, that the relative significance of ‘Digital Guru Media’ (DGM) can be drawn. In particular, explicit attention is given to examining how our engagements with social media can be considered in relation to Lacan’s (2002) notion of the big Other and its relevance in introducing, examining and, possibly, subverting, the digital media guru. (shrink)

There is a strong appetite in ‘the wild’ (i.e., beyond the academy) for public philosophy. There are myriad forums available, from magazines and online publications to podcasts and YouTube videos, for those who wish to engage in philosophy in a non-academic context. For academic philosophers, this has raised methodological and metaphilosophical questions like: ‘what is the best way to engage in public philosophy?’ and ‘what are our aims when we engage in public philosophy?’ But what do ‘the public’ want? (...) If public philosophy is philosophy written for a public audience, what is it, exactly, that it can or might do for them? Several answers have been proposed by philosophers, but less attention has been paid to how the public themselves might answer that question. The aim of this essay is to try and put together at least the beginning of an answer. In June 2022 we put out a survey in the hope of eliciting views from ‘the public’ on issues relating to the nature and aims of both philosophy (more generally) and public philosophy. In doing so, our aim was to take a ‘democratic’ approach to answering the question: What is public philosophy? (shrink)

The curious case of Bronze Age Pervert (BAP, for short), of unfortunate name, or “handle,” in his world. Author of the self-published Bronze Age Mindset (2018), BAP is present in 4Chan discussion threads and on YouTube, and he produces weekly subscription-only podcasts with approximately 6,500 paying clients (I am among them). He was banned from Twitter but reinstated in December 2022, and he now has over 100,000 followers. A Google search turns up scores of articles addressing or discussing his (...) work, all written in palatable forms. But BAP’s own subjects and rhetoric are for adults only. Who is BAP, what does he espouse, and what compels the attention of orthodox Catholics? (shrink)

Este trabajo se propone documentar y reflexionar sobre la utilización de herramientas pedagógico-didácticas en tiempos de SAR-COV-2 desde el espacio de la Práctica Docente de los Institutos de Formación Docente del Distrito 040-General Madariaga, provincia de Buenos Aires (ISFD N°169; ISFDyT N°59). Motiva la investigación que existen pocos trabajos empíricos que documenten las experiencias de la práctica docente en esta zona y en este contexto sanitario. Desde una perspectiva crítica se dará cuenta de las concepciones, utilización de herramientas y estrategias (...) que se ponen en juego desde las prácticas y residencia de los Profesorados de Inicial y Primaria, durante la pandemia mencionada. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, exploratoria. Como resultados principales se abordarán la resignificación de distintas herramientas pedagógico-didácticas, como las videollamadas; la organización de contenidos mediante Classroom, Plataformas digitales y el dictado de clases por canales de YouTube. La finalidad es subrayar como común denominador la búsqueda de alternativas de interacción gratuitas, por parte de las docentes que, en casi la totalidad de los casos, tuvieron que garantizar la continuidad pedagógica mediante la propia construcción de dichos canales de comunicación. (shrink)

An article about the place philosophy has in our lives. Lectured on youtube.

The aim of this project to expose the reasons behind the pandemic of misinformation (henceforth, PofM) by examining the enabling conditions of epistemic agency and the emerging technologies that threaten it. I plan to research the emotional origin of epistemic agency, i.e. on the origin of our capacity to acquire justification for belief, as well as on the significance this emotional origin has for our lives as epistemic agents in our so-called Misinformation Age. This project has three objectives. First, I (...) plan to expose the degree to which epistemic agency is made possible by an under-researched species of emotion called epistemic feelings. Perhaps, the most epistemically significant is the feeling of confidence. In particular, epistemic feelings make epistemic agency possible by making errors in reasoning salient or the potential lack thereof. -/- Second, in order to diagnose the reasons for PofM, I will analyze the emotional basis of epistemic agency in the context of emerging technologies. Epistemic feelings ought to be construed as motivators of epistemic acts, specifically acts following exposure to misinformation spread by social media. For example, a recent study found that subjects on YouTube have a 6.3% probability in five clicks to go from watching innocuous videos to misogynistic videos. Accordingly, one prominent view holds that social media algorithms lead subjects down the proverbial rabbit hole, producing content that elicits strong emotional reactions. -/- But under-researched is the degree to which these emotions are intertwined with epistemic feelings, so that subjects are likely to misjudge the information as correct due to being primed to do so by processing the AI's suggested media. Thus, when this technology is used in epistemic practices, the result is invariably epistemically bad behavior because of how this manner of producing content motivates epistemic acts through the production of erroneous feelings of confidence, which result from the perceived ease of cognitive processing: the content is easy to process and so, the subject confidently misjudges, it is true. As of yet, an account of this cognitive and emotional decision-making process has not been used to analyze how emerging technologies are threatening epistemic agency, and thus our wellbeing as knowers. -/- Finally, I plan to develop therapeutics for PofM by outlining how to reform our collective epistemic practices. Thus, this project complements existing research in virtue epistemology, specifically by articulating the challenges to cultivating epistemic virtues and warding off the vices of the mind. In summation, the project aims to account for how emerging technologies are committing a form of epistemic injustice through the exploitation of cognitive biases and the production of erroneous epistemic feelings, with the overarching goal being a framework for convalescing from the pandemic of misinformation plaguing our age. (shrink)

contents -/- ONT vol 1 i. short review: Beyond the Black Rainbow ii. as you die, hold one thought iii. short review: LA JETÉE -/- ONT vol 2 i. maya means ii. short review: SANS SOLEIL iii. vocab iv. eros has an underside v. short review: In the Mood for Love -/- ONT vol 3 i. weed weakens / compels me ii. an Ender's Game after-party iii. playroom is a realm of the dead iv. a precise german History v. short (...) review: STATUES ALSO DIE vi. Kenneth Clark, curator for Fascism vii. a protest poem, in industry lit viii. Lawrence and the English Romance -/- ONT vol 4 i. short review: The Eyes of Tammy Faye ii. vR is efficient R iii. all thru Asia, robes for monks iv. same of God, and of the one God sent v. i thought of the Messiah / muse would be vi. conscience is strong vii. a monk's exalted end -/- ONT vol 5 -/- i. for Shakespeare's Richard the Third ii. the truth is i pass over so many words iii. the boori nazar / nadhar iv. i've awe for jihaad v. short review: Hail, Caesar! vi. a minute of Nothing, gone from YouTube vii. we were rivalrous friends, again viii. my bardo pdf ix. within i'm a weak old mandarin -/- ONT vol 6 i. short review: The Intern ii. the confusion of Chinatown iii. we'll remember water, in Theology iv. Respironics versus ResMed v. i'd bet my life for what vi. the Mad Max deity vii. they'd kill my rat, not heal him -/- ONT vol 7 i. Austen would eroticize all life ii. Merchant/Ivory, a name oddly right iii. Ellie Arroway / Agent Starling iv. abattoir / l’abattoir / laboratoire v. von Neumann's brain an anomaly vi. was terrified of death, delighted in the a-bomb vii. the Greatest Brain is variously named -/- ONT vol 8 i. the day they shot the sacrifice ii. Yay or Nay, on Animal Testing iii. an ought is an is / an is is an ought iv. Behaviorism is for zombies v. a finding from the neuro-lab, on empathy vi. i’ve never had discernible abs vii. a cowardice i'm assenting to perpetually -/- ONT vol 9 i. Day of the Locust / Triffids ii. we're wide on a Paramount soundstage iii. HOLLYWOOD, an ecologic history iv. yet one more site of end-time art v. he's "a bookworm with bulging lobes" vi. apartment is my state of being apart vii. enlightenment means a weight's release -/- ONT lates and xtras i. re Gödel's ontological argument ii. deep in pi's numeric noise iii. from Nothing, something iv. endless in the wrong direction, tragic v. they give you all Eternity to answer vi. what of God's mercy? vii. informed consent and prayer viii. i won't live on. a deed i've done may ix. my selective memory x. Janus means: in close-up foam, two faces xi. a liveable world is a readable world xii. what Supervenes from this? xiii. at each extreme our naming is anachronism xiv. Cat is a collapsing of the wave-function xv. diminishing returns in the history of Experiment xvi. all those undershared Nobels xvii. ice preserves the Cold from heat xviii. a desert spreads xix. Pinker's wit, on jokes xx. Rome surrounds St. Paul / Paul is now the center xxi. each is a gathering Ministry xxii. white boy shot execution-style xxiii. the McDonald's Statement of Claim xxiv. first & last: Don Quixote / Ulysses xxv. The Summer of Rave xxvi. this electro is intrinsically anonymous xxvii. all thru Asia, Drake-Rihanna xxviii. WHO IS BETTER: PLATON OR KANT? (shrink)

Cunoașterea și informațiile (abordate în ansamblu sau în componentele lor distincte) sunt o preocupare majoră pentru tehnologia informației, sisteme de informații, știința informației și activitatea de informații în general. Procesul obţinerii, prelucrării şi analizei informaţiilor este o preocupare majoră pentru societatea actuală. În acest scop se folosesc procedee şi tehnici specifice pentru culegerea sau generarea de informaţii, prelucrarea acestora prin analiză şi sinteză, generarea de predicţii şi strategii, transmisia şi prezentarea informaţiilor factorilor de decizie, şi stocarea lor. Analiza informațiilor poate (...) fi caracterizată ca o intreprindere epistemologică, care urmărește să dezvolte o înțelegere clară a produselor cunoașterii. Perspectiva lui Polanyi despre cunoaștere servește unor considerații epistemologice fundamentale privind cunoașterea ca produs. Conceptul acesta de cunoaștere personală contribuie la o înțelegere mai profundă a cunoașterii. Perspectiva inversează ierarhia tradițională epistemologică. Cea mai mare provocare ar putea fi aceea de a convinge analiștii, conducerea și clienții lor de avantajele metodelor analitice structurale. O introducere treptată și naturală a acestor metode în fluxul obișnuit de procese și produse de informații ar putea fi mai eficientă decât realinierea la scară largă a gândirii. "Spațiul" activităților de informații s-a extins de la guverne ca actori statali la actori non-statali precum ONG-uri, instituții transnaționale și corporații, firme private și grupuri de interese și presiuni reprezentând comunități, concepte și ideologii diverse. Procesul de luare a deciziilor a devenit dispersat și granular. Actuala "democratizare" a serviciilor de informații are un impact major asupra colectării și analizei informațiilor, și a procesului decizional, determinând serviciile de informații să devină mai transparente, să ia în considerație dezbaterile publice a acțiunilor lor și să fie nevoite, uneori, să le justifice public. Un domeniu de care pot beneficia serviciile de informații este cel al managementului cunoașterii, implicat într-o dezbatere riguroasă asupra conceptelor, teoriilor și abordărilor cunoașterii și utilizării acestora. Noua paradigmă a serviciilor de informații impune schimbări majore la nivel organizațional și de pregătire a profesioniștilor pentru a înțelege și adopta noile concepte și tehnologii. -/- CUPRINS -/- Introducere 1 Cunoaștere - Definirea cunoașterii în filozofie - Comunicarea cunoașterii - Cunoașterea situată - Cunoașterea parțială - Cunoașterea științifică - 1.1 Ontologia - - Prezentare generală - - - Unele întrebări fundamentale - - - Concepte - - - Tipuri - - Istorie - - - Originile - - - - Parmenide și monismul - - - - Pluralismul ontologic - - - - Platon - - Ontologia în știință - - Alte subiecte ontologice - - - Formațiuni ontologice - - - Certitudine ontologică și epistemologică - - - Corpul și mediul, care pun la îndoială semnificația ființei - - - Ontologie și limbă - - - Ontologie și geografia umană - - - Realitate și actualitate - 1.2 Epistemologia - - Context și semnificație - - Cunoașterea - - - Cunoașterea că, cunoașterea cum și cunoașterea directă - - - Credință - - - Adevăr - - - Justificare - - - Problema lui Gettier - - - Externalism și internalism - - - Problema valorii - 1.3 Metodologii - - Prezentare generală - - - Procesul - - - - Formularea unei întrebări - - - - Ipoteza - - - - Predicția - - - - Testarea - - - - Analiza - - - Alte componente - - - - Replicarea - - - - Examinarea externă - - - - Înregistrarea și partajarea datelor - - Investigații științifice - - - Proprietățile cercetării științifice - - - Credințe și prejudecăți - - Elementele metodelor științifice idealizate - - Elemente ale metodei științifice - - - Caracterizări - - - Incertitudine - - - Definire - - - Dezvoltarea ipotezelor - - - Predicții din ipoteze - - - Experimente - - - Evaluare și îmbunătățire - - - Confirmarea - - Modele de cercetare științifică - - - Modelul clasic - - - Modelul ipotetico-deductiv - - - Modelul pragmatic - - Știința sistemelor complexe - 1.4 Hermeneutica - - Etimologie - - Hermeneutica filosofică - - - Hermeneutica modernă - - - - Schleiermacher (1768-1834) - - - - Dilthey (1833-1911) - - - - Heidegger (1889-1976) - - - - Gadamer (1900-2002) și colab. - - - - Noua hermeneutică - - - - Hermeneutica marxistă - - - - Hermeneutica obiectivă - 1.5 Filosofia limbajului - - Subiecte și sub-domenii majore - - - Compoziție și părți - - - Natura sensului - - - Referință - - - Mintea și limba - - - - Înnăscut și învățat - - - - Limba și gândul - - - Interacțiunea socială și limba - - Limbajul și filozofia continentală - - Probleme în filosofia limbajului - - - Imprecizia - - - Problema universalului și a compoziției - - - Natura limbajului - - - Abordări formale versus informale - - - Traducere și interpretare - 1.6 Logica - - Concepte - - Forma logică - 1.7 Filosofia logicii - - Adevăr - - - Purtătorii de adevăr - - - Adevăruri analitice, adevăr logic, valabilitate, consecință logică și implicare - 1.8 Declarații - - Declarația ca o entitate abstractă - 1.9 Dileme - - Utilizarea dilemei în logică - 1.10 Limitările cognitive - - Colin McGinn - - Friedrich Hayek - - John Tyndall - - Noam Chomsky - - Fenomene și obiecte și evenimente care nu se pot simți (numene) - - Noi misterieni - 1.11 Managementul cunoașterii - - Cercetare - - - Dimensiuni - - - Strategii - - - Motivații - 1.12 Ingineria cunoașterii - 1.13 Cunoașterea tacită în activitatea de informații 2 Date - Date, informații, cunoaștere și înțelepciune - În alte domenii - Memoria - - Procese - Înregistrări - 2.1 Referințe - - Etimologie și semnificații - - Semantică - - - Sens - - - Referent absent - - - Semnul lingvistic - - Informatică - - Biblioteci și știința informației - - Psihologie - - Școala - - Lege - - Artă - 2.2 Simboluri - - Etimologie - - Definiții - - Simbolurile și semiotica - - Psihanaliza, retorica și arhetipuri - - Paul Tillich - - Rolul contextului în simbolism - - - Semnificația istorică - - - Context - - Acțiuni simbolice - 2.3 Baze de date - - Baze de date guvernamentale - - - Uniunea Europeană - - Baze de date naționale ADN - 2.4 Metadate - - Definiție - - Identificarea - - - Exemplu - 2.5 Statistici - - Domeniu - - - Statistica matematică - - - Prezentare generală 3 Informații - Abordarea teoriei informației - Ca intrare senzorială - Ca reprezentare și complexitate - Informația ca mesaj - Informația ca determinant al transformărilor - Utilizarea studiului informațiilor - Informații mediate tehnologic - Informații sub forma unor fișiere - Semiotica - 3.1 Teoria informației - - Domeniul de studiu - - Evoluție - - Cantități de informații - - - Entropia unei surse de informații - - - Entropia comună - - - Entropia condițională (echivocă) - - - Informații reciproce (transinformații) - - - Divergența Kullback-Leibler (câștigul de informații) - - - Alte cantități - - Teoria codificării - - - Teoria surselor - - - - Rata - - - Capacitatea canalului - - - - Capacitatea anumitor modele de canale - - Aplicații în alte domenii - - - Utilizări în intelligence și aplicații de secretizare - - - Generarea numerelor pseudoaleatorii - - - Explorarea seismică - - - Semiotica - - - Aplicații diverse - - Unități de informație - - Unități primare - - Unități derivate din biți - - - Octet (byte) - - - Nibble - - - Cuvânt, bloc și pagină - - Exemple de valori - 3.2 Tehnologia informației - - Procesarea datelor - - - Stocarea datelor - - - Regăsirea datelor - - - Transmisia de date - - - Manipularea datelor - - Perspectiva - - - Perspectiva academică - - - Perspectiva etică - 3.3 Confidențialitatea informațiilor - - Tipuri de informații - - - Internet - - - Televiziunea prin cablu - - - Informații medicale - - - Informații financiare - - - Localizarea - - - Informații politice - - - Informații educaționale - - Legalitatea - 3.4 Informații sensibile - - Informații non sensibile - - - Informații publice - - - Informații de rutină în afaceri - - Tipuri de informații sensibile - - - Informații comerciale confidențiale - - - Informații clasificate - - Protecția legală împotriva divulgării neautorizate - - - Informații personale și private - - - Informații de afaceri confidențiale - - - Informații clasificate - - Informații sensibile digitale - 3.5 Informații clasificate - - Clasificări guvernamentale - - Nivele de clasificare - - - Top Secret (TS) - - - Secret - - - Confidențial - - - Resticționat - - - Neclasificat - - Permisul de acces - - Informații compartimentate - - Informații nucleare - - Internațional - - - Clasificările NATO - - - Organizații internaționale - - - Clasificări echivalente în diferite țări - - Clasificarea corporativă - - Protocolul luminii de trafic - 3.6 Tipuri de informații clasificate 4 Activitatea de informații - 4.1 Istoria activității de informații - 4.2 Știința informației - - Fundamente - - - Domeniu de aplicare și abordări - - - Definiții ale științei informației - - - Filozofia informației - - - Ontologie - - Extragerea informațiilor - - Vectori de cercetare și aplicații - - - Accesul la informații - - - Arhitectura informațiilor - - - Managementul informațiilor - - - Extragerea informațiilor - - - Societatea informațională - - - Reprezentarea cunoașterii și raționamentul - 4.3 Ontologia activității de informații - 4.4 Economia informațională - - Valoarea informațiilor - - Informațiile, mecanismul prețurilor și organizațiile - - Asimetria informațională - - - Semnalizare - - - Screening - - Bunuri informaționale - - - Împachetarea - 4.5 Economia informațiilor industriale - 4.6 Managementul informațiilor - - Aspecte teoretice - - - Teorii comportamentale și organizaționale - - - Teoria economică - - Managementul informațiilor strategice - - - Alinierea tehnologiilor și strategiilor de afacere cu managementul informațiilor - - - Un model de portofoliu contemporan pentru informații - - - Competențe pentru gestionarea calității informațiilor - - - Rezumat - - Operaționalizarea managementului informațiilor - - - Gestionarea schimbării necesare - - - Opera timpurie a lui Galbraith - - - Organizații matriceale - - Informații în sursă deschisă - - - Surse deschise pentru informații - - - Definiții pentru OSINT - - - Informații competitive - - - OSINT în afaceri - 4.7 Ciclul de informații - 4.8 Managementul ciclului de informații - - Prezentare generală - - - Definirea intelligence - - - Managementul ciclului de informații - - - Planificarea și prezentarea generală a direcției - - Cerințe - - - Naționale / strategice - - - Militare / operaționale - - Arhitectura intelligence - - - Bugetarea - - - Factori politici - - - Echilibrarea aplicării legii și securitatea națională - - - Public versus privat - - Planificarea colectărilor - - - CCIRM - - Emiterea de ordine și cereri - - - Prioritizare - - Alte subiecte - - - Folosirea politică greșită - - - Intelligence clandestină față de acțiunea sub acoperire - - - - Coordonarea acțiunii HUMINT și a acțiunii sub acoperire - - - - Riscuri și resurse comune - - Eșecurile din ciclul intelligence - - Alte cicluri - - - Bucla Boyd OODA - 4.9 Informațiile în afaceri (Business intelligence) - - Componente - - Istorie - - Depozitarea datelor - - Comparație cu inteligența competitivă - - Comparație cu cercetarea analitică de afaceri - - Aplicații într-o întreprindere - - Prioritizarea proiectelor - - Factori de succes în implementare - - - Suportul afacerii - - - Nevoile afacerii - - - Cantitatea și calitatea datelor disponibile - - Aspect utilizator - - Date semistructurate sau nestructurate - - - Date nestructurate vs. date semistructurate - - - Probleme cu date semistructurate sau nestructurate - - - Utilizarea de metadate - 4.10 Informații competitive - - Dezvoltare istorică - - Tendințe recente - - Domenii similare - - Etica - - Externalizarea - 4.11 Analogii cu alte discipline - - Știința - - Arheologia - - Afaceri - - Medicina 5 Comunitatea - 5.1 Sisteme informaționale - - Prezentare generală - - Tipuri de sisteme informaționale - 5.2 Comunicarea - - Comunicare nonverbală - - Comunicare verbală - - Comunicarea scrisă și dezvoltarea sa istorică - - Comunicare de afaceri - - Comunicare familială - - Comunicarea interpersonală - - Proiectarea comunicării - - Revoluția comunicării informațiilor - - Consultanța - 5.3 Societatea informațională - - Ce este? - - Creșterea informației în societate - - Dezvoltarea modelului societății informaționale - - - Tranziția economică - - Procesarea informațiilor sociale - 5.4 Guvernarea electronică - - Definirea e-guvernării - - Indicele ONU de dezvoltare a e-guvernării - - Exemple de e-guvernare și e-guvernanță - 5.5 Servicii secrete - - Relația dintre serviciile aceleiași țări - 5.6 Epistemologia activității de informații - 5.7 Comunități epistemice - 5.8 Comunități epistemice în UE - - Conceptul comunităților epistemice și limitele sale - - Agenția Europeană de Apărare - - Centrul UE de analiză a informațiilor - - Concluzie 6 Contrainformații - 6.1 Istoria spionajului - - Istoria timpurie - - Europa timpurie modernă - - Secolul al 18-lea - - - Franța - - - Marea Britanie - - - Spionaj industrial - - - Revoluția americană, 1775-1783 - - - Revoluția franceză și războaiele napoleoniene, 1793-1815 - - Secolul al 19-lea - - - Războiul civil american 1861-1865 - - - Informații militare - - - - Austria - - - - Marea Britanie - - - - Franța - - - - Germania - - - - Italia - - - - Rusia - - - Informații navale - - - Contraspionaj - - Secolul 20 - - - Agenții de informații civile - - - Primul Razboi Mondial - - - - Decodarea - - - Revoluția rusă - - - Perioada interbelică - - - - Germania nazistă - - - Al doilea razboi mondial - - - - MI6 în Marea Britanie - - - - MAGIC: SUA sparge codul japonez - - - - OSS în Statele Unite - - - - Contraspionaj - - - Războiul rece - - - Războiul post-rece - - - - Războiul din Irak 2003 - - - - Antiterorism - - - - - Israel - 6.2 Spionajul - - Țintele spionajului - - Metode și terminologie - - - Tehnologii și tehnici - 6.3 Contraspionaj - - Operațiunile de contraspionaj defensive - - - Contra-HUMINT - - - Motivații pentru divulgarea informațiilor și operațiunilor - - Teoria contraspionajului ofensiv - 6.4 Securitatea - - Clasificarea securității - - Concepte de securitate - - Managementul securității în organizații - 6.5 Terorism - - Lupta UE împotriva terorismului - - - Strategia UE - - - - Prevenirea - - - - Protecția - - - - Urmărirea - - - - Răspunsul - 6.6 O teorie a contrainformațiilor - - Definiții concurente - - Serviciile de informații - - - Factorii care determină comportamentul serviciilor de informații - - Contrainformații aplicate - - - Asistență politică - - - Suport operațional - - - Evidențierea documentelor - - Operațiuni de contrainformații - - Contraspionaj - - Domenii de studiu 7 Culegerea de informații - 7.1 Extragerea cunoașterii - - Privire de ansamblu - - Extragerea din surse structurate în RDF - - - Maparea din tabele/vizionări RDB în entități/atribute/valori RDF - - - Mapări complexe ale bazelor de date relaționale RDF - - - XML - - Extracția din surse naturale de limbaj - - - Extracție de informații (EI) tradițională - - - Extracția de informații bazată pe ontologie (EIBO) - - - Învățarea ontologiei - - - Adnotare semantică - - - Instrumente - - Descoperirea de cunoștințe - 7.2 Colectarea de informații umane - - Surse - - Operații de bază HUMINT - - - Pregătirea ofițerilor pentru lucrul în culturi - - - Diferențierea de bază pe tip de subiect - - - Selectarea surselor potențiale - - - Identificare - - - Tipuri de interviuri - - - - Informarea (debriefing) - - - - Interogare - - - Planificarea interviului inițial - - - - Caracteristicile interogatorului (anchetatorilor)â - - - - Sprijinirea nevoilor - - - - Atitudini ale subiectului - - - Planificarea interviurilor suplimentare - - Principii de interogare - - - Raport de construcție - - - Utilizarea înregistratoarelor - - - Lucrul cu interpreți - - Surse recrutate / de încredere - - - Spionaj - - Analiza relațiilor dintre subiecții HUMINT - 7.3 Investigații - - Surse clasice - - - Deducția - - - Inducția - - - Abducția - - Investigații criminale - 7.4 Profilarea infractorilor - 7.5 Informația asimetrică - - Modele de informații asimetrice - - Selecția adversă - - - Semnalizare (Signaling) - - - Investigare (Screening) - - Aplicarea asimetriei de informații în domeniul cercetării - - Surse de asimetrie informațională - - Efectul blogurilor asupra asimetriei informaționale - - Efectul inteligenței artificiale asupra asimetriei informaționale - 7.6 Proiectarea mecanismului - - Intuiția - - Proiectarea - - - Mecanismul - - - Principiul revelației - - - Gradul de implementare - 7.7 Raportul circular - - Exemple specifice - 7.8 Liberul acces la informații 8 Supravegherea - Tipuri - - Calculator - - Telefoane - 8.1 Camere de supraveghere - 8.2 Camere IP - - Standarde - - Avantaje ale camerelor IP - - Dezavantaje potențiale - 8.3 Camere web - - Probleme de intimitate - - Efecte asupra societății moderne - - Utilizări ale camerelor web - - - Monitorizare video pentru îngrijirea copiilor - - - Comerț - - - Apeluri video și videoconferințe - - - Video de securitate - - - Clipuri video și fotografii - - - Dispozitive de control al intrărilor - - Tehnologia camerelor web - 8.4 Supravegherea în IR - - Applicații - - Specificații - - Cum funcționează supravegherea în IR - 8.5 Supravegherea în masă - - Supravegherea în masă în Uniunea Europeană - - - INDECT - - - HIDE - 8.6 Supravegherea aeriană - 8.7 Supravegherea calculatoarelor - - Emanații - - Policeware - 8.8 Interceptarea convorbirilor telefonice - - Aspecte legale - - Supravegherea electronică a telefoanelor - 8.9 Identificarea automată și captura de date (AIDC) - 8.10 Captarea datelor din documente tipărite - - Cele mai cunoscute tipuri de aplicații - - - ABBYY - - - Accusoft - - - AnyDoc Software - - - Cvision Technologies - - - Expervision - - - I.R.I.S. Group - - - LEADTOOLS - - - Nuance Communications - - - PSIGEN Software - 8.11 Ingineria securității - - Calificări - - Atitudini privind securitatea - - Practici de bază - - Subdomenii - 8.12 Securitatea calculatoarelor - - Securitate prin proiectare - 8.13 Biometria - - Sisteme biometrice adaptive - - Direcții noi de dezvoltare - - - Accesul în rețele publice - - Supravegherea biometrică - - Funcționalitatea biometrică 9 Analiza informațiilor - Prezentare generală - Metoda analitică - - Stabilirea obiectivelor pentru o analiză de informații - - - Fii îndrăzneț și cinstit - - - Acord privind conținutul - - - Orientarea spre clienți - - - Orientarea spre colegi - - Organizând ceea ce aveți - Natura analizei - - Tipuri de raționament - - - Inducție: căutarea cauzalității - - - Deducția: aplicarea generalului - - - Intuiția instruită - - - Metoda științifică - - Metode de analiză - - - Analiza oportunităților - - - Analiza cuiului de siguranță - - - Analiza ipotezelor concurente - - - Analogie - Procesul analitic - - Definirea problemei - - Generarea de ipoteze - - Determinarea nevoilor de informații și colectarea de informații - - Evaluarea surselor - - Evaluarea ipotezelor (teste) - - Producția și ambalarea - - Evaluarea colegială - - Feedback de la client și evaluarea producției - Nu uitați niciodată utilizatorul final - 9.1 Conceptualizarea funcțiilor analizei de informații - 9.2 Metodologii în analiza informațiilor - 9.3 Euristica în analiza de informații - - Puterea de expertiză - - Paradoxul de expertiză - - Sarcinile analiștilor de informații - - Pro și contra echipelor - - Tehnologii - - Metodologii analitice - - Euristica - 9.4 Raționamentul inductiv - - Raționamentul inductiv vs. raționamentul deductiv - - Critici - - - Prejudecăți - - Tipuri de raționament inductiv - - - Generalizare - - - Silogismul statistic - - - Inducția simplă - - - Argumentul din analogie - - - Inferența cauzală - - - Predicția - - Inferența bayesiană - - Inferența inductivă - 9.5 Evaluarea informațiilor - - Procesul de evaluare a informațiilor - - Ciclul informațiilor centrice specifice - - Evaluarea informațiilor criminale - - - Utilizarea de Armata SUA - - - Procesul CRIMINT - - Analiza informațiilor criminale - 9.6 Abordarea orientată spre țintă a ciclului de informații - - Analiza orientată pe țintă - - - Procesul de intelligence - - Crearea modelului - - - Modele în intelligence - - - Surse de informații de intelligence - - - Popularea modelului - - Analiza organizațională - - Aplicarea abordării centrate pe țintă în intelligence - - Critici - 9.7 Analiza ipotezelor competitive - - Proces - - Puncte forte - - Puncte slabe - - - Analiza structurată a ipotezelor concurente - - - Alte abordări ale formalismului - 9.8 Analiza indicatorilor - - Istorie - - Elemente de analiză a indicatorilor - - - Tehnici analitice structurate - - - Cerință - - - Categorii - - - Factori - - - Scenarii - - - Indicatori - - Proces - - Beneficii - - Puncte slabe - - Tehnici analitice structurate înrudite - 9.9 Cuvinte de probabilitate estimativă - - Istorie - - - Informații - - - - Eșecuri de politică și de informații legate de CPE - - Reformele metodologiei - - - Cuantificarea fiabilității sursei și a încrederii analitice - - - Analiza stocastică - - - Standardizare - - - - Experiența Mercyhurst cu CPE standardizate - 9.10 Predicții - - Predicții informale pe bază de ipoteze - - Sondaje de opinie - - Statistici - - Supranaturalul (profeții) - - Predicția în știință - - Finanțe 10 Media și rețele sociale - Studiul - Istoria - Nivele de analiză a rețelelor sociale - - Nivel micro - - Nivel mediu - - Nivel macro - Legături teoretice - - Teorii importate - - Teorii specifice - Decalaje structurale - Clustere de cercetare - - Comunicare - - Comunitate - - Rețele complexe - - Rețele criminale - - Difuzarea inovațiilor - - Demografie - - Sociologia economică - - Sănătate - - Ecologie umană - - Limba și lingvistica - - Rețele literare - - Studii organizatorice - - Capitalul social - - Poziția și beneficiile rețelei - - Media socială - Servicii în rețele sociale - - Impactul social - - Caracteristici tipice - - Caracteristici suplimentare - 10.1 Media socială - - Clasificarea mediei sociale - - - Viralitate - - Bloguri - - Comunicarea prin calculator - - Defăimarea - - Jurnalism - - - Mass media - - Facebook - - Twitter - - YouTube - 10.2 Știri - - Caracteristici - - - Noutatea - - - Marfă - - - Tonul - - - Valoarea de noutate a știrii - - Media de știri - - - Ziare - - - Televiziunea - - - Internet - 10.3 Psihologia mulțimilor - 10.4 Manipularea prin media - - Contexte - - - Activism - - - Publicitate - - - Farsa - - - Propaganda - - - Război psihologic - - - Relații publice - - Tehnici - - - Marketingul motoarelor de căutare - - Profesioniști în conformitate - - - Tehnici - 10.5 Psihologia rețelelor sociale - - Neuroplasticitatea - 10.6 Analiza rețelelor sociale 11 Etica - Definirea eticii - 11.1 Relativismul moral - - Variații - - - Descriptiv - - - - Meta-etic - - - - Normativ - 11.2 Utilitarism - - Etimologie - - Fundal istoric - - - Filozofia chineză - - - Filosofia occidentală - 11.3 Dileme etice - - Exemple de dileme etice - - Răspunsuri la argumente - - Dileme morale - - - Exemple - - - Conceptul - - - Probleme - 11.4 Codul de conduită FBI - 11.5 Meta-etica - - Întrebări meta-etice - - Teoriile semantice - - - Centralism și non-centralism - 11.6 Filosofia dreptului - - Jurisprudență analitică - - Jurisprudența normativă - - Abordări filosofice ale problemelor juridice Încheiere Resurse Despre autor - Nicolae Sfetcu - - De același autor - - Contact Editura - MultiMedia Publishing . 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El emergente paradigma educativo del aprendizaje ubicuo está dando lugar a nuevos entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. El objetivo de este estudio es contribuir a esta transformación en los procesos de aprendizaje para avanzar en el dominio del inglés, con un diseño didáctico innovador inspirado en el concepto de ‘entorno personal de aprendizaje’, con el uso de vídeos de YouTube. Los resultados demuestran el potencial pedagógico de los PLE, su eficacia no sólo a nivel cognitivo sino también como experiencia emocional. (...) Este diseño también se ha mostrado de utilidad para promover la autonomía y la motivación intrínseca del estudiante. (shrink)

Cách mạng 4.0 đã và đang mang đến sự thay đổi lớn trong đời sống của người dân Việt Nam. Sự tiện dụng của Grab, khả năng cập nhật 24/24 của Facebook, hay sự đa dạng về nội dung của YouTube thúc đẩy xã hội tiến tới thời đại mới của khởi nghiệp điện toán (Vuong, 2019). Ở đó, mỗi cá nhân đều có cơ hội để khởi nghiệp thông qua sự kết nối đến khắp mọi nơi trên thế (...) giới của Internet và sức mạnh tính toán nằm gọn trong long bàn tay. Hiện nay, sản xuất video trên YouTube, cho thuê nhà qua AirBnb, hay chạy xe cho Grab tạo ra công việc có khả năng tạo lợi nhuận cho người tham gia thị trường, dù là người lao động, hay tổ chức cung ứng dịch vụ. (shrink)

The rise of social-media-mediated celebrity culture raises several philosophical concerns. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see, for example, Hollywood actors being placed in the same bracket as YouTube artists and Instagram influencers. The increased perceived ‘connectivity’ afforded by social media allows online celebrities to reach more fans and increases the perceived engagement or intimacy in the fan-celebrity relationship. In this paper I argue that this online relationship, which is beneficial to celebrities (for brand development) and social media companies (...) (in profiting from the high engagement), has the potential to cause harm to both the celebrities as well as their fanbases (and sometimes innocent third parties). Firstly, I argue that celebrities’ attempts to be more intimate or authentic with their fanbase can turn out to be – more often than not – acts of Sartrean bad faith. Celebrities who tend to project a certain self-styled ‘online authenticity’, given the context of social media’s attention economy, can run the risk of treating a fan as a means-to-an-end, rather than an autonomous for-itself. Secondly, I argue that this phenomenon can catalyse real-world harms, by drawing upon network theory and social psychology. I argue that the connectedness of social media, ‘blending into the crowd’, and social media technologies’ ethos of optimising-for-engagement, leads to real harms to human well-being when fans do not engage critically and mindfully with online celebrities. Examples include Trump-esque celebrity politicians trying to drum up populist influence; celebrities feuding online encouraging fans’ conduct of harmful trolling and harassment; and vilification of those who do not subscribe to the same perceived worldview of a celebrity’s fandom. Following my arguments within, I shall outline an online celebrity’s ethical duties in their social media engagement, with emphasis on the duties that celebrity status comes with, particularly in preventing harms that transcend the online into the offline. (shrink)

Over the last thirty years, once staunchly film history scholars such as Thomas Elsaesser, Jane Gaines, Siegfried Zielinski, André Gaudreault and Benoît Turquety (to name just a few) have abandoned history for historiography and film studies for media archaeology. Considering the heightened attention given to kulturtechnik (Siegert), the database as a dominant symbolic metaphor,1 and the decentered networked tenants of the postmodern global present, cinema is taking on the characteristics of new media, existing in increasingly intertextual space. Thus, the term (...) “post-cinema” has been co-opted as a viable intermediary that accounts for new media conditions, as cinema is no longer emblematic of our cultural climate. It was once presaged in 1992 that “[t]he end of the cinema truly sounds the death knell of the ultimate metaphysical adventure of Dasein. In the twilight of post-cinema, of which we are seeing the beginning, human quasi-existence, now stripped of any metaphysical hypostasis and deprived of any theological model, will have to seek its proper generic consistency elsewhere.” Accordingly, we are no longer “moviegoing animals” who seek images of ourselves among a collective in the dark but, rather, users interfacing within a network of moving images. By locating post-cinema within the semblance of social media, we are allocated a newfound series of theoretical interventions, the most marked of which is that of media archeology vis-à-vis dialectical materialism. This is a lens through which Brian Winston has recently deftly decried Virtual Reality’s “empathy machine” utopic illusionism, bolstered by Chris Milk and a slew of neurohumanities researchers, steadily maintaining that the fundamental myth of “technologies of seeing” is in disguising “their artifice, their cultural formation and their ideological import.” However, this approach, which illuminates the bifurcation between Max Horkheimer/Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin, neglects what Benjamin identified as occurring to the work of art in the age of its technological reproducibility—a shift from a technology’s “cult value,” associated with the unique work, to its “exhibition value,” associated with the social act of viewing as part of a mass. Speaking to this divarication, Benjamin Barber, in Strong Democracy, foresaw new media’s two-fold potential—as they are organized and networked, new media and communications technologies possess the possibility to both energize citizen information and political participation but, simultaneously, to supplement the deterioration of public debate. As evinced by Mark Adrejevic’s concept of Infoglut, this two-pronged possibility has only been exacerbated by the interlocking relationship between the advent of a “glut” of information, post-truth politics, the demise of symbolic efficiency, and a renewed focus on the role of affect and emotion as “alternative modalities for thinking about the role of communication in a post-referential era.” Manuel Castells qualifies Barber’s pessimism, noting that the Internet can “be an appropriate platform for informed, interactive politics, stimulating political participation.. […] beyond the closed doors of political institutions,” but that the Internet, like any technology, “is shaped by its uses and users.” Thus, if there exists a positive correlation between exposure to post-cinema media artifacts and political participation, then I seek to explore the revelatory political possibilities of “exhibition value” by way of a particular “post-cinema” case study: the Marxist-Leninist Turkish hacktivist group Redhack’s YouTube-circulated documentary RED! (2013), a project that demanded—by way of the moving-image—to galvanize cyberprotest and democratize a “hacktivist commons. (shrink)

A down-to-earth exposition of the work by Martin Janello on the Philosophy of Happiness. It introduces the fundamental notions that happiness is of existential importance for individuals and humanity - and that we each have it within our power to improve our lives and make this a better world in the process. It also spells out that our success in these matters depends on us living our truth. Searching for, finding, and practicing this truth creates our individual philosophy of happiness. (...) -/- Helping readers develop their personal philosophy of happiness is the purpose of Martin Janello's work. References to his main work, "Philosophy of Happiness," and other publications, as well as additional supportive materials, are available at the linked Philosophy of Happiness website. This article is a 4-page transcript of a video presentation that can be viewed on the Philosophy Of Happiness YouTube Channel. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are ubiquitous. From social media timelines, video recommendations on YouTube, and the kinds of adverts we see online, AI, in a very real sense, filters the world we see. More than that, AI is being embedded in agent-like systems, which might prompt certain reactions from users. Specifically, we might find ourselves feeling frustrated if these systems do not meet our expectations. In normal situations, this might be fine, but with the ever increasing sophistication of AI-systems, (...) this might become a problem. While it seems unproblematic to realize that being angry at your car for breaking down is unfitting, can the same be said for AI-systems? In this paper, therefore, I will investigate the so-called “reactive attitudes”, and their important link to our responsibility practices. I then show how within this framework there exist exemption and excuse conditions, and test whether our adopting the “objective attitude” toward agential AI is justified. I argue that such an attitude is appropriate in the context of three distinct senses of responsibility (answerability, attributability, and accountability), and that, therefore, AI-systems do not undermine our responsibility ascriptions. (shrink)

What does it mean to be a modern American today? These slides summarize the discussion from five lectures delivered in winter 2019 at the University of Oregon's Osher Lifelong Learning Institute. The lectures themselves are available on YouTube -/- Just how different is American from other cultural identities? We have thought of ourselves as the specially modern nation, spreading the revolutionary gospel of freedom from traditional restrictions. Some condemn this American exceptionalism, while others celebrate it. Don't take sides too (...) quickly, there are deep issues here. -/- -- The first lecture poses the question whether American identity is a rigid given set of traditional substantive values, or a free floating modern identity with at most a set of formal procedural values. -/- -- The second and third lectures dismantle these options, arguing that any substantive identity must include areas of inner freedom and mobility, and any formal procedural identity needs substantive style and content in order to exist at all. Personal and social identities are two leveled, with given values and projects plus inner self-reflection and space for revision. -/- -- The fourth lecture argues that what makes American identity special is neither its substantive values nor its modern formalism, which are shared with other modern nations, but rather the particular slant of its second level attitudes and practices towards first level substance. -/- -- The fifth lecture asks what America can learn and teach in an increasingly multicultural world. (shrink)

This article analyzes the gendered representation of military service in the German YouTube series Die Rekruten (DR) (The Recruits), a popular web series produced on behalf of the German armed forces (Bundeswehr) for recruitment purposes, which accompanies 12 navy recruits during their basic training. The article is situated within research on masculinity and the military, in particular military recruitment. It supplements current scholarship by studying a previously neglected case that is of particular interest given Germany’s antimilitarist culture, which should (...) make military recruitment and military public relations more difficult. The article asks how military service is represented in DR, what its discursive effects are, and what role (if any) masculinity plays in this process. We find support for recent feminist research on military masculinities (including in military recruitment) that emphasizes ambiguity and contradiction. What distinguishes the construction of military masculinity in DR from, for example, recruitment advertisements in the United States or the United Kingdom is its markedly civil character. This not only broadens the military’s appeal for a more diverse audience but also increases the legitimacy of the military and its activities. It does so by concealing the violence that has for the past two decades also been a very real part of what the Bundeswehr does. (shrink)

Como tantas veces en filosofía, el título no sólo establece la línea de batalla, sino que expone los prejuicios y errores del autor, ya que si podemos o no dar sentido al juego de idiomas 'Ver las cosas como son' y si es posible tener una 'teoría filosófica' de percepción' (que sólo puede ser sobre cómo funciona el lenguaje de la percepción), a diferencia de uno científico, que es una teoría sobre cómo funciona el cerebro, son exactamente los problemas. Este (...) es el Clásico Searle, excelente y probablemente al menos tan bueno como cualquier otro puede producir, pero carente de una comprensión completa de las ideas fundamentales del Wittgenstein posterior y sin comprender los dos sistemas de marco de pensamiento, lo que podría haberlo hecho brillante. Al igual que en su trabajo anterior, Searle evita en gran medida la ciencia, pero hay lapsos frecuentes y no entiende que los problemas son siempre sobre los juegos de idiomas, un fracaso que comparte con casi todo el mundo. Después de proporcionar un marco que consiste en una Tabla de Intencionalidad basada en los dos sistemas de pensamiento y pensamiento y investigación de decisiones, doy un análisis detallado del libro. Aquellos que deseen un marco completo hasta la fecha para el comportamiento humano de la moderna dos sistemas punto de vista puede consultar mi libros Talking Monkeys 3ª ed (2019), Estructura Logica de Filosofia, Psicología, Mente y Lenguaje en Ludwig Wittgenstein y John Searle 2a ed (2019), Suicidio pela Democracia 4ª ed (2019), La Estructura Logica del Comportamiento Humano (2019), The Logical Structure de la Conciencia (2019), Comprender las Conexiones entre Ciencia, Filosofía, Psicología, Religión, Política , Economía, Hitoria y Literatura (2020) y Delirios Utópicos Suicidas en el siglo 21 5ª ed (2019), Observaciones sobre Imposibilidad, Incompletitud, Paraconsistencia, Indecidibilidad, Aleatoriedad, Computabilidad, Paradoja e Incertidumbre en Chaitin, Wittgenstein, Hofstadter, Wolpert, Doria, da Costa, Godel, Searle, Rodych Berto, Floyd, Moyal-Sharrock y Yanofsky (2019) y otras. Al igual que con Wittgenstein (en adelante W), todo lo que Searle (en adelante S) escribe es un tesoro y es maravilloso que permanezca afilado a medida que se acerca a los 80. A diferencia de la mayoría, incluso sus primeros trabajos siguen siendo relevantes y está trabajando en varios otros libros. También sugiero sus más de 100 conferencias y entrevistas en youtube, vimeo, etc., que, aunque inevitablemente un poco repetitivas, contienen muchas declaraciones que no están en sus escritos. He leído casi toda su obra, y he escuchado todas las conferencias, la mayoría de ellas 2 o 3 veces. Estos son de especial interés como (como Wittgenstein) que no lee de las notas, por lo que cada uno es único y no una réplica de un papel, y es un excelente orador extemporáneo que en su mayoría utiliza un lenguaje sin pretensiones (ambos tan diferentes de la mayoría de los demás). Las conferencias recientes dadas en las Universidades Europeas son magníficas, pero no te pierdas las antiguas como la conferencia de la BBC "Una realidad cambiante, la ciencia del comportamiento humano", que da un excelente relato de por qué la causalidad legítima y repetitiva del rápido cerebro sistema automático, no linguístico 1 (S1) es fundamentalmente diferente y no destacable de la misma manera que la complejidad ilimitada de razones que caracterizan el lento sistema deliberativo, consciente de la lengua 2 (S2), que genera una explosión combinatoria no generalmente representable de una manera útil por las leyes científicas. El sistema dual (S1, S2) método de describir el pensamiento utilizado en esta revisión, común a la investigación de razonamiento desde hace unos 20 años, es mío y no de Searle. Dado que recientemente he escrito un artículo de 75p analizando el trabajo de Searle en comparación con el de Wittgenstein (La estructura lógica de la filosofía, la psicología, la mente y el lenguaje como revelado por Ludwig Wittgenstein y John Searle) no lo repetiré y lo repetiré concentrarse en este libro solamente. (shrink)

This article aims to describe about the techniques of make understanding for the space of audience or target group in the satire drama in the stage. The researcher would watch the theater in YouTube and in the stage and also read the script which written by Bereket Belayneh in the type of satire drama, its function in terms of political and social issues. In the addition to the above mentioned these script and play must show the use of satire (...) for political and social criticism for the audience clearly with easy understanding. The other thing that plays show transmitted of the message to the higher officials in the comic entertaining way to the audience of the satire drama. Besides techniques, purpose and different features of satire has investigated from the relevant references. Its researcher mainly has shown the technique of making understand for the audience that have been watched the satire theater on the stage. Bereket Belayneh and Girum Zenebe Eyayu fenges Ethiopian Satire Theater focusing on political satire to find the satire and comic elements used in the humor in order to ridicule the political evils and suggest solutions with in artistically color. The primary sources of this article are Bereket Belayneh and Girum zenebe Eyayu fenges Ethiopian Satire Theater. It’s have used as methodology a qualitative descriptive analysis and have use the document study which is that in library, research digital media sites and the relative relevant materials. (shrink)

What It’s Like to Chill Out With Whom the Rest of the World Considers As The Most Ruthless Men: Ratko Mladic, Goran Hadzic and Radovan Karadzic (+) Confessions of a Female War Crimes Investigator By Jill Louise Starr NJ USA -/- Read My Entire Book Here (True Story) http://sites.google.com/site/thelawprojectscenternycoffices/what-it-s-like-to-chill-out-with-whom-th e-rest-of-the-world-considers-as-the-most-ruthless-men-ratko-mladic-goran-hadzic-and-radovan-karadzi c-confessions-of-a-female-war-crimes-investigator -/- Retrospectively, it was all so simple, natural and matter of fact being on a boat restaurant in Belgrade, sitting with, laughing, drinking a two hundred bottle of wine and chatting about (...) war and peace while Ratko Mladic held my hand. Mladic, a man considered the world’s most ruthless war criminal since Adolf Hitler, still at large and currently having a five million dollar bounty on his head for genocide by the international community. Yet there I was with my two best friends at the time, a former Serbian diplomat, his wife, and Ratko Mladic just chilling. There was no security, nothing you’d ordinarily expect in such circumstances. Referring to himself merely as, Sharko; this is the story of it all came about. Diplomatic / International Relations Consultant & War Crimes Investigator - War - Peace - Preventive Diplomatic Strategies - International Law - Charitable Causes - International Business - International Political Economy - Human Rights - Politics - War Crimes Investigations - Anti-Terrorism - Law Projects Center Funded Projects (YCICC) Internationally LPCYU Home Website -/- Irrefutable Proof ICTY Is Corrupt Court/Irrefutable Proof the Hague Court Cannot Legitimately Prosecute Karadzic Case By Jill Starr I want to stress, in this particular meeting , there was no observer status at the ICC Preparatory Meetings at the United Nations in New York City in 2001. What I did, made a historical precedent. I was asked by, Darko Trifunovic 1st Secretary of the Bosnian MIssion, to take his place, in a CLOSED DOOR UNITED NATIONS MEETING. This means, ONLY HEADS OF AMBASSADORIAL MISSIONS WERE ALLOWED IN THE MEETING. There was no "Observer Status for say NGO's such as Amnesty International." I represented a Country as an American Citizen that day; the Repuklika Srpska. This never occurred before to my knowledge ever. It was an error. My former professor, Arnold Stark, walked me in, A former State Dept. man chosen to be the former Ambassador from the USA to Bonn/Germany (and he declined years back because of his wife at the time). He knew it was illegal. It said on these paper I picked up in the meeting, Anyone, Richard Holbrooke, sat across from me, discussing this meeting outside the meeting itself thereafter , "would be prosecuted to the fullest extent of int'l law." I heard the Ambassadors of the world ALL DISCUS TRADING MONEY FOR ICC AND ICTY COURT VERDICT AS WELL AS FUTURE JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS -/- http://sites.google.com/site/thelawprojectscenternycoffices/home/irrefutable-proof-icty-is-corrupt-c ourt-irrefutable-proof-the-hague-court-cannot-legitimately-prosecute-karadzic-case -/- http://picasaweb.google.com/lpcyusa/IrrefutableProofICTYIsCorruptCourtIrrefutabl# (The Documentary Secret United Nations ICC Meeting Papers Scanned Images) OR http://community.jigsaw.com/t5/media/gallerypage/user-id/903610# -/- Rea dMore Here _> Read the entire story here My testimonial video on Youtube _> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKe-5LORsGs -/- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKe-5LORsGs (My YouTube VIDEO) -/- This legal technicality indicates the Hague must dismiss charges against Dr Karadzic and others awaiting trials in the Hague jail; like it or not. -/- Unfortunately for the Signatures Of the Rome Statute United Nations member states instituting the ICC & ICTY housed at the Hague, insofar as the, Radovan Karadzic, as with the other Hague cases awaiting trial there, I personally witnessed these United Nations member states having a substantial conversations, and, openly speaking about trading judicial appointments and verdicts for financial funding when I attended the 2001 ICC Preparatory Meetings at the UN in Manhattan making the iCTY and ICC morally incapable trying Radovan Karazdic and others. -/- I witnessed with my own eyes and ears when attending the 2001 Preparatory Meetings to establish an newly emergent International Criminal Court, the exact caliber of criminal corruption running so very deeply at the Hague, that it was a perfectly viable topic of legitimate conversation in those meetings I attended to debate trading verdicts AND judicial appointments, for monetary funding. -/- Jilly wrote:*The rep from Spain became distraught and when her country’s proposal was not taken to well by the chair of the meeting , then Spain argued in a particularly loud and noticably strongly vocal manner, “Spain (my country) strongly believes if we contribute most financial support to the Hague’s highest court, that ought to give us and other countries feeding it financially MORE direct power over its decisions.” -/- ((((((((((((((((((((((((( ((((((((((((((((((((((((( Instead of censoring the country representative from Spain for even bringing up this unjust, illegal and unfair judicial idea of bribery for international judicial verdicts and judicial appointments, all country representatives present in the meeting that day all treated the Spain proposition as a ”totally legitimate topic” discussed and debated it between each other for some time. I was quite shocked! The idea was “let’s discuss it.” "It’s a great topic to discuss." -/- Some countries agreed with Spain’s propositions while others did not. The point here is, bribery for judicial verdicts and judicial appointments was treated as a totally legitimate topic instead of an illegitimate topic which it is in the meeting that I attended in 2001 that day to establish the ground work for a newly emergent international criminal court.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) -/- In particular., since “Spain” was so overtly unafraid in bringing up this topic of trading financial funding the ICC for influence over its future judicial appointments and verdicts in front of every other UN member state present that day at the UN, “Spain” must have already known by previous experience the topic of bribery was “socially acceptable” for conversation that day. They must have previously spoke about bribing the ICTY and ICC before in meetings; this is my take an international sociological honor student. -/- SPAIN’s diplomatic gesture of international justice insofar as, Serbia, in all of this is, disgusting morally!SPAIN HAS TAUGHT THE WORLD THE TRUE DEFINITION OF AN “INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT.” -/- I represented the state interests’ of the Former Yugoslavia, in Diplomat Darko Trifunovic’s absence in those meetings and I am proud to undertake this effort on Serbia’s behalf. http://picasaweb.google.com/lpcyusa (My Political Satire Blog) Diplomatic / International Relations Consultant & War Crimes Investigator - War - Peace - Preventive Diplomatic Strategies - International Law - Charitable Causes - International Business - International Political Economy - Human Rights - Politics - War Crimes Investigations - Anti-Terrorism - Law Projects Center Funded Projects (YCICC) Internationally http://sites.google.com/site/jillstarrsite -/- -/- . 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Despre moarte, durere, doliu, viaţa de după moarte şi nemurire. De ce trebuie să murim ca oameni pentru a trăi ca specie. "Nimeni nu vrea să moară. Chiar și cei care doresc să ajungă în cer, nu ar vrea să moară pentru a ajunge acolo. Și totuși, moartea este destinația pe care o împărtășim cu toții. Nimeni nu a scăpat vreodată. Și aşa şi trebuie, pentru că Moartea este foarte probabil cea mai bună invenție a Vieții. Este agentul de schimbare (...) a Vieţii. Ea şterge pe cele vechi pentru a face loc celor noi. În momentul ăsta noul eşti tu, dar într-o zi, nu peste mult timp, vei deveni treptat vechi, și vei fi şters la rândul tău. Îmi pare rău că sună aşa de dramatic, dar este cât se poate de adevărat. Timpul tau este limitat, așa că nu-l irosi trăind viața altcuiva. Ai grijă să nu fii prins în dogme - trăind prin rezultatele gândirii altor oameni. Nu lăsa zgomotul opiniilor altora să înece propria ta voce interioară. Și cel mai important, ai curajul să urmezi inima și intuiția ta. Ele știu cumva deja ce îți dorești tu cu adevărat să devii. Orice altceva este de importanţă secundară." (Steve Jobs) CUPRINS: Moartea - Termeni asociaţi - Senectutea - Semne de moarte biologică - Conceptul de moarte - Moartea în societate şi cultură - Uitarea veşnică - - Uitarea şi Subiectivitatea - - În filosofie Moartea programată a celulelor - Istorie - Tipuri - - Apoptoza - - Autofagia - - Alte tipuri - Originea evolutivă Obiceiuri mortuare - Înmormântarea - - Istorie - - Motivaţii pentru înmormântare umană - Cimitire - - Obiceiuri şi practici în cimitire - - - Flori - - - Pietre - - - Cruci - - Cimitire şi superstiţie - Preotulsul în religia ortodoxă - - Serviciul religios - - Coliva - - Când se practică parastasul - - Litate Doliul - Procesul de doliu - Reacţii - Cinci identităţi ale persoanelor în doliu - Ştiinţa durerii - - Cele patru traiectorii Bonanno ale durerii - Teoria celor cinci etape - Procese fiziologice şi neurologice - Teorii evolutive ale doliului - - Riscuri - - Complicaţii ale doiului Experienţe aproape de moarte - Caracteristici - Studii - - Varianţa în studiile EAM - - Analiza neurobiologică şi psihologică - - Starea REM - - Visul lucid - - Psihologia computaţională - - Efecte - - Cercetarea inter-culturală - - Studiile Van Lommel - - Studiul AWARE Nemurirea - Abordări ştiinţifice - Abordări religioase - Nemurirea biologică - - Specii biologice nemuritoare - - Evoluţia îmbătrânirii - Speranţe privind nemurirea biologică umană - - Substanţe care prelungesc durata de viaţă - - Nemurirea tehnologică - - Crionica - - Încărcarea minţii la calculator - - Cibernetica - - Nemurirea evoluţionară - Puncte de vedere religioase - - Religia greacă antică - - Marii maeştri - - Budism - - Creştinism - Etica nemuririi - - Indezirabilitatea nemuririi - Sufletul - - Abordări filosofice - - - Socrate şi Platon - - - Aristotel - - - Avicenna şi Ibn al-Nafis - - - Toma de Aquino - - - Immanuel Kant - - - James Hillman - - - Filosofia minţii - Scientologia Viaţa de Apoi (Viaţa de după moarte) - Filozofia vieţii de Apoi - - Filozofia modernă - - Filozofia procesului - Ştiinţa despre viaţa de Apoi - Modele metafizice ale Vieţii de Apoi - - Reîncarnarea - - Raiul şi iadul - - Limbo - - Purgatoriul - Religiile abrahamice - - Iudaism - - Olam Haba - - Reîncarnarea în tradiţia evreiască - - Creştinismul - Istoricitatea şi originea Învierii lui Isus - - Contextul istoric - - Învierea lui Iisus Nemorţi - Fantome - - Tipologia - - - Context antropologic - - Fantomele şi viaţa de apoi - - Teama de fantome - - Atribute comune - - Locaţii - Moroi - Scheleţi - - Mit şi folclor - Strigoi - - Etimologie - - Istorie - - Diferite tipuri de strigoi - - Cum ajunge cineva strigoi - - Prevenţie - - În cultura populară - Vampiri - - Etimologie - - Credinţe populare - - - Descriere şi caracteristicile comune - - - Credinţe non-europene - - Vampiri psihici - - - Vampiri energetici - Vârcolaci - - Caracteristici - - Apotropaice - - Vârcolacul şi Occidentul - Zombi - - Apocalipsa zombi - - - Ideea - - - Elementele arhetipale Aspecte culturale ale morţii - Înmormântarea în diferite culturi - Durerea şi doliul - Tradiţii mortuare - - Sacrificii umane şi animale - - Filozofia, religia şi mitologia morţii - - Personificări ale morţii - - Simbolismul numeric în Asia de Est - - Glorificarea şi fascinaţia morţii - Mitul originii morţii - - Africa - - Oceania - - - Polinezia - - Civilizaţia occidentală - - - Mitologia greacă - Moartea pe Internet - - E-mail - - Facebook - - Dropbox - - Google - - MySpace - - Twitter - - Wikipedia - - YouTube - - Moştenirea digitală Dispariţia omului ca specie - Percepţia riscului de extincţie umană - Soluţii propuse - În cultura populară Arta - Sculptura - - Gisant - - Îngerul durerii - Picturi - - Moartea lui Sardanapal - Poezii - - Alexandru Vlahuţã, "Din prag..." - - George Bacovia, “Decor” - - George Coşbuc, “Moartea lui Fulger” - - Lucian Blaga, “Omule” - - Mihai Eminescu, “Cu mâine zilele-ţi adaogi” - - Ştefan Augustin Doinaş, “Moartea Ofeliei” Citate Referinţe Despre autor - Nicolae Sfetcu - - De același autor - - Contact Editura - MultiMedia Publishing . 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The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is chosen to illustrate the long-standing wave-particle duality problem. Why is which-way (welcher weg) information incompatible with wave interference? How do we explain Wheeler’s delayed choice experiment? Most crucially, how can the photon divide at the first beam splitter and yet terminate on either arm with its undiminished energy? The position advanced is that the photon has two identities, one supporting particle features and the other wave features. There is photon kinetic energy that never splits (on (...) half-silvered mirrors) or diffracts (in pinholes or slits). Then there are photon probability waves that do diffract and can reinforce or cancel. Photon kinetic energy is oscillatory; its cycles require/occupy time. E = mc2 suggests that kinetic energy is physically real as occurrence in time just as rest mass is physically real as existence in space; both are quantized and both occupy/require a dimension for their occurrence or existence. Photon kinetic energy (KE) thus resides in time, but is still present/available for interactions (events) in space; rest mass (e.g., your desk) resides in space but is still present/available for interactions (events) in time. While photon probability waves progress in space and diffract there, photon KE resides in time and never diffracts in space; at reception it always arrives whole and imitates particle impact without being a particle. Photon probability waves are real; they diffract in space. Acknowledging that the photon has two identities (residing energy and progressing probability), explains photon dual nature. And wave-particle duality is central to quantum mechanics. Understanding it leads to new insights into entanglement, nonlocality and the measurement problem. A 30-minute video on nonlocality and photon dualism can be found by a google: search “youtube klevgard nonlocality”). (shrink)

Aristotle's Poetics has been the basis for theories of entertainment for over 2,000 years. But the general approach it uses has led to a number of gaps, contradictions, and difficulties in predicting the success of books, plays, movies, and entertainment as a whole, so much so that sayings like "there are no rules, but you break them at your peril," and "in Hollywood, nobody knows anything" have become widespread and accepted. -/- However, it turns out that a model of entertainment (...) that defines literary conventions by the pleasurable feelings they release in the brain, and then equates them with outside experiences that people subconsciously attach to the literary work, in the same way that we can be conditioned to feel love when we view our wedding rings, can actually resolve almost every seeming contradiction in Aristotle's ideas and traditional theories of storytelling when compared to real-world results. -/- Furthermore, this approach can be extended to the other major forms of art, including painting, music and even video games, leading to a "Non-Aristotelian" theory that modifies the fundamental aspects of each of these fields, but in a natural and necessary way, which strengthens both our understanding and our ability to predict the success or failure of art in the future. -/- My work as a vlogger and writer, mostly done via my Youtube channel "StoryBrain," has been viewed over 6 million times, and written about in MovieMaker magazine, Creative Screenwriting magazine, on the front page of major sites like Reddit, Roger Ebert online, and in international newspapers like the Sydney Morning-Herald in Australia and Fotogramas in Spain. My work is also the subject of a chapter of the currently-in-release book "Neuro-Design," by Kogan Page publishing, called "The Neuro Movie Analyst." This paper is a detailed introduction to the theory of Emotional Indiscretion which I have talked about in my work. (shrink)

This study analyzed the utilization of social media platforms and university students' attitudes towards academic activities in Cross River State. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised all the private and public university students in Cross River State. A sample of 1,600 students, which cuts across the three universities in the area of study, was selected using the convenience sampling technique. A questionnaire (r=.849) and a rating scale (r=.786) were used as (...) the instruments for data collection. Findings emerged amongst others that the utilization status of social media platforms by university students is generally high; the utilization of Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, WeChat, Skype, Snapchat, Eskimi, Telegram and YouTube social media platforms has a significant composite influence (F=52.453, p<.05) on university students' attitudes towards academic activities. Relatively, utilization of Facebook was the highest predictor (t=11.222, β=.232, p<.05), followed by the utilization of WhatsApp (t=11.068, β=.229, p<.05), utilization of Twitter (t=5.977, β=.118, p<.05), and the utilization of Instagram (t=2.772, β=.056, p<.05), in that order. It was recommended that secondary school students should develop positive attitudes towards their academic activities and abhor activities that will lead to a decline in the learning outcomes. (shrink)

L’objet théorique discours acquiert sa spécificité analytique dans la confrontation avec la matérialité du numérique dans ses propres conditions de production: cela ouvre à la recherche des formes textuelles des vlogs comme technologies de langage dans la composition de différentes matérialités signifiantes. Ce travail interroge le processus du mettre en circulation cette composition matériel du vlog, qui est investi du sens de la création et il est soutenu par le mode juridique d'administration, particulièrement par les droits d’auteur. Le procédé analytique (...) est fondé, à partir d’une position matérialiste dans l’Analyse de Discours, sur le recoupement de séquences discursives des traits socio-historiques décantés dans le langagier. Les gestes de description doivent, à cet effet, considérer le mode particulier d’inscription matérielle des vlogs dans le numérique pour montrer le travail entre la mémoire et l’actualisation. (shrink)

Το ερώτημα πώς μπορούν να προσδιοριστούν οι λειτουργίες του νου και σύμφωνα με ποιες αρχές θα ήταν χρήσιμο να κατηγοριοποιηθούν είναι διττό και αφορά τόσο στην επιστήμη, όσο και την φιλοσοφία: στην πρώτη, εφόσον μέλημά της είναι η αναζήτηση συμπερασμάτων διαμέσου του πειράματος και της ανάλυσης και στην δεύτερη, εφόσον η αποσαφήνιση επιστημονικών εννοιών και ορισμών διευθετείται κυρίως φιλοσοφικά. Προϋπόθεση για μία τέτοια συσχέτιση είναι οι αρχές της επιστήμης να συμβαδίζουν προς τις αρχές της εμπειρίας και οι κατευθύνσεις της φιλοσοφίας (...) να μην αντίκειται προς τους όρους του επιστημονικού πειράματος: να προσφέρει δηλαδή, η φιλοσοφία, τους ορισμούς της πραγματικότητας, σύμφωνα με τους επιστημονικούς κανόνες που διέπουν αυτούς τους ορισμούς. Επιστήμη και φιλοσοφία οφείλουν να ενσωματώνουν και να γενικεύουν πληροφορίες κατά τρόπο ανάλογο προς τις προτάσεις και της εκφράσεις μιας φυσικής γλώσσας. Ωστόσο, σε μία εποχή όπου τα συμπεράσματα της επιστήμης ξεπερνούν την δυνατότητα των αισθήσεων να ανατρέχουν σε προϋπάρχουσες εμπειρίες και να επιβεβαιώνονται διαμέσου αυτών, δημιουργούνται συζητήσεις γύρω από το εάν η φιλοσοφία, μπορεί να συνεχίσει να στέκεται δίπλα στην εννοιολογική γνώση και να ταξινομεί με ακρίβεια τα αποτελέσματά της. Εξετάζοντας το σύνολο των σχέσεων μεταξύ αισθητικών και λογικών μορφών, στην μελέτη που ακολουθεί θα εξηγήσουμε γιατί η φιλοσοφία, διαμέσου μιας μεθοδολογίας που είναι αποτέλεσμα ιστορικής κληρονομιάς αλλά και κοινωνικής πρακτικής, όχι μόνον αφήνει χώρο, αλλά ενθαρρύνει την δημιουργία νέων συντακτικών σχέσεων με την επιστήμη, ανοίγοντας δρόμο για την αισθητική κατανόηση της επιστημονικής μέτρησης, αλλά και της ειδικής φύσης του μετρούμενου. Δεν ξέρω εάν υπάρχει μεγαλύτερο χάρισμα για τον άνθρωπο από την ικανότητα να εξισορροπεί τις λειτουργίες του νου του: τη λογική με το σκοπό και τη διασκεπτική ενέργεια με τη βούληση. Αρκεί να αναλογιστούμε ότι, καμία σκοπιμότητα δεν στερείται λογικών κρίσεων και αντίστροφα: κάθε λογική κρίση οδηγείται από πρακτικές σκοπιμότητες, από αξιολογικές συνιστώσες. Πώς όμως μπορούν να προσδιοριστούν οι λειτουργίες του νου και ακόμη περισσότερο, σύμφωνα με ποιες αρχές μπορούν να κατηγοριοποιηθούν; Πρόκειται για ένα ερώτημα επιστημονικό, εφόσον αναζητά λύση διαμέσου του πειράματος και της ανάλυσης, ταυτόχρονα όμως και φιλοσοφικό, δεδομένου ότι οι επιστημονικές έννοιες, όπως αποκαλύπτει η χρήση τους, βασίζονται κατά κύριο λόγο στις κατευθύνσεις της φιλοσοφίας. Προϋπόθεση σε μία τέτοια συσχέτιση είναι οι κατευθύνσεις και τα συμπεράσματα της φιλοσοφίας να μην αντίκειται στα αποτελέσματα και τις μετρήσεις του επιστημονικού πειράματος: ρόλος της επιστήμης είναι η λογική μελέτη και ανάλυση των φυσικών φαινομένων, και της φιλοσοφίας η αποσαφήνιση των εννοιών. Η επιστήμη αυτοκαθορίζεται, δηλαδή ανατρέχει στις βάσεις της επιβεβαιώνοντας ή αναθεωρώντας τα δεδομένα, διατηρώντας έτσι ζωντανά τα ερωτήματά της. Σκοπός της επιστήμης είναι, διαμέσου της ανάκλησης των ερωτημάτων της, να καλύπτει όσο το δυνατό περισσότερα κενά. Έτσι κινείται η επιστήμη: μεταβαίνοντας από το απλούστερο στο συνθετότερο και αντίστροφα, προκειμένου να επιβεβαιώνει τις παρατηρήσεις της με βάση την πρόβλεψη. Και πώς λειτουργεί η εννοιολογική γνώση; Ό, τι κάνει ο νους είναι να αντιλαμβάνεται τη φυσική επαναληπτικότητα, την περιοδικότητα των φαινομένων και να αναζητά τα αίτιά τους. Προσδιορίζοντας τα αίτια στο περιβάλλον του χωροχρόνου, ο άνθρωπος κατανοεί τις συνθήκες, δηλαδή τις προϋποθέσεις της επαναληπτικότητας και βάσει αυτής της κατανόησης, προβλέπει το πώς θα αντιδράσει η ύλη όταν βρεθεί κάτω από παρόμοιες συνθήκες. Η πρόβλεψη, επομένως, βασίζεται στη μελέτη της επαναληπτικότητας των φαινομένων. Είναι ωστόσο η εμπειρία μας, ασφαλής βάση άντλησης πληροφοριών; Τα φυσικά φαινόμενα ιδωμένα ως εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα αλληλεπιδράσεων, κατηγοριοποιούνται με κριτήριο τις μεταβολές που προκαλούν. Ωστόσο, ο συνδυασμός των δυνάμεων της φύσης, προκειμένου να κατανοηθεί, πρέπει να βρει ένα ασφαλές διασκεπτικό μονοπάτι, μία οικεία κατάσταση, σε σχέση με την εμπειρία. Και πώς ο άνθρωπος κατανοεί τις γνώσεις που αποκτά διαμέσου της παρατήρησης; Έχοντας κατανοήσει ότι η φύση, για τη διατήρηση των ισορροπιών της, συντηρεί και εφαρμόζει τους ίδιους μηχανισμούς με τους οποίους έχει εφοδιάσει τον άνθρωπο, ο άνθρωπος συσχετίζει τις μεταβολές που συμβαίνουν στο περιβάλλον με τις μεταβολές που προκαλεί ο ίδιος με τις πράξεις του, οι οποίες είναι αποτελέσματα βουλητικών σκοπιμοτήτων. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά ερμηνεύονται από τη λογική ως σχέσεις μεταξύ σκοπών-αποτελεσμάτων. Παρατηρώντας τα αποτελέσματα των φυσικών μηχανισμών στον εαυτό του, ο άνθρωπος, μπορεί να επιτύχει ασφαλή πρόβλεψη των αποτελεσμάτων των λειτουργιών των ίδιων μηχανισμών σε άλλα επίπεδα της φύσης. Επομένως, κάθε φαινόμενο μπορεί να προβλεφθεί, εφόσον περιέχει αναγνωρισμένα για την αποτελεσματικότητά του επίπεδα ασφαλούς σύγκρισης. Άλλωστε ο όρος φυσικός νόμος, φέρει το ειδικό βάρος του σκοπού, της τελικότητας, που είναι πέρα για πέρα χαρακτηριστικό του βουλητικού μας νου: η φύση δεν βούλεται, επομένως δεν μπορεί να παράγει νόμους. Ό,τι βούλεται είναι ο άνθρωπος, ο οποίος είναι προσανατολισμένος από την φύση να αναγνωρίζει λογικές σχέσεις στην αλληλεπίδραση των φυσικών φαινομένων. Επομένως όχι η φύση, αλλά ο άνθρωπος δημιουργεί τους νόμους, με βάση την αρχή της λογικής τακτοποίησης των παρατηρήσεών του. Πιο αναλυτικά, η καταγραφή και κατηγοριοποίηση των αποτελεσμάτων της παρατήρησης της ύλης, με βάση τους όρους παρατήρησης του εαυτού μας, συνιστά χρήσιμο εργαλείο κατανόησης του περιβάλλοντος: παρατηρώντας τα φαινόμενα, ο νους ανακαλεί τις εμπειρίες του, συνθέτοντας και ανασυνθέτοντάς τες. Όταν τα αποτελέσματα των παρατηρήσεων συμφωνούν με τις προβλέψεις, παράγεται γνώση. Έτσι ο νους μετατρέπει την γνώση των φαινομένων, σε αρχή τεκμηρίωσης συμπερασμάτων, την οποία χρησιμοποιεί για περαιτέρω αναλύσεις και συνθέσεις. Οι γνώσεις που αποκτώνται από την παρατήρηση, ανακαλούνται αυτόματα όταν ο νους αντιληφθεί ότι υπάρχει ιδανική σχέση ανάμεσά τους ώστε να συνδυαστούν. Πώς όμως λειτουργεί η εμπειρία; Η εμπειρία ομοιομορφίας της ύλης, δίνει την εντύπωση ότι οι μεταβολές στο περιβάλλον συνδέονται με κάποιου είδους σκοποθεσία. Ωστόσο, οι φυσικοί νόμοι δεν είναι παρά οι εννοιολογικές διατυπώσεις του πώς αντιλαμβανόμαστε εμείς οι ίδιοι την πραγματικότητα και με ποιους τρόπους μπορούμε να τη μεταβάλλουμε προς όφελός μας. Αναφέρονται δε, οι φυσικοί νόμοι, μόνο στη μία πλευρά του πανάρχαιου κοσμογονικού προβλήματος της αποσαφήνισης των τρόπων αλληλεπίδρασης των αισθητών. Μιας αλληλεπίδρασης που κινείται στα όρια μεταξύ συμφωνίας και αντιπαράθεσης, δεδομένου ότι η βεβαιότητα της φυσικής σταθερότητας δεν είναι τίποτε περισσότερο από μία προοπτική κατανόησης της πραγματικότητας σε μία δεδομένη στιγμή. Τι συμβαίνει ωστόσο όταν υπάρχει διάσταση μεταξύ προβλέψεων και αποτελεσμάτων; Στην περίπτωση αυτή, η θεωρία ανατρέχει στις εμπειρίες και τις ανασυνθέτει έτσι ώστε να επιτύχει τον πλησιέστερο δυνατό συνδυασμό. Έτσι λειτουργεί η λογική: ως πρωτότυπη εφαρμογή των δεδομένων της εμπειρίας, σε σχέση προς τον θεωρητικό κανόνα των προβλέψεων. Και ποια είναι η προϋπόθεση της πρωτοτυπίας όσον αφορά στον νου; Η προϋπόθεση αυτή δεν είναι άλλη από τη δημιουργικότητα: ο δημιουργικός νους, διαμέσου της παρατήρησης, αποκαλύπτει τους τρόπους με τους οποίους η ύλη αλληλεπιδρά, και δημιουργεί κάτι εντελώς διαφορετικό, όχι ως προς την πρώτη ύλη, αλλά ως προς την μορφή. Αυτή είναι δημιουργικότητα: η ενσάρκωση των λογικών συνθέσεων, το αποτύπωμα του νου στην ύλη. Εδώ εισέρχεται ο ρόλος της φιλοσοφίας, με σκοπό την αποσαφήνιση νέων και πιο σύνθετων μορφών και εννοιών, με γνώμονα τον βαθμό αποσαφήνισής τους. Ωστόσο αποσαφήνιση σημαίνει ταυτόχρονα και συστηματοποίηση, δηλαδή δημιουργική ενίσχυση των γνώσεων διαμέσου μιας ακλόνητης διαβεβαίωσης που θα ονομάζαμε προ-λογική ή καλύτερα αισθητική. Αποτελεί ωστόσο η βεβαιότητα που προκαλεί η αισθητική εποπτεία ισάξιο κριτήριο γνώσης με την λογική, ώστε να τοποθετεί τα συμπεράσματά της δίπλα στα επιστημονικά; Προσεγγίζοντας το ζήτημα από την επιστημονική σκοπιά, παρατηρούμε ότι από την περίοδο της ανθρωπιστικής επανάστασης και έπειτα, βρίσκεται σε εξέλιξη μία συστηματική προσπάθεια ανάδειξης της λογικής ως μοναδικής κατηγορίας του νου, η οποία λειτουργεί σε βάρος της γενικής προεπιστημονικής κοσμοθεωρίας περί ύπαρξης μιας ακλόνητα επιβεβαιωμένης γνώσης, που εμπειρικά προηγείται των εννοιών. Ο νους, για τους θεωρητικούς της επιστημονικής προσέγγισης, συνδέεται με τα αποτελέσματα των μελετών της ανατομίας του εγκεφάλου, οι οποίες αποκαλύπτουν σε σημαντικό βαθμό τα κέντρα των νοητικών διεργασιών. Στο περιβάλλον αυτό αντιπαρατέθηκαν οι δύο θεωρίες προσέγγισης των λειτουργιών του νου: ο δυϊσμός, με κύριο εισηγητή τον Descartes, ο οποίος υποστήριζε την αλήθεια των προεπιστημονικών αντιλήψεων, περί ενός νου ελεύθερου να ανατρέχει σε μη συμβατές προς την επιστημονική κοσμοθεωρία υποθέσεις όταν η λογική αδυνατεί να επιλύσει τα λογικά αδιέξοδα, και ο μονισμός, που εξέφραζε ότι η βιολογική ενότητα νου και πνεύματος είναι εν δυνάμει ικανή να καλύψει κάθε λογική αδυναμία. Σύμφωνα με τον δυϊσμό, εγκέφαλος και νόηση αποτελούν διαφορετικές υποστάσεις, οι οποίες συναντώνται και αλληλεπιδρούν μεταξύ τους: εγκέφαλος και νους, ύλη και πνεύμα συνθέτουν αλλά και συντίθενται στο περιβάλλον της ζώσας πραγματικότητας, και εκδηλώνονται ως γνώσεις. Ο νους χρησιμοποιεί ως πρώτη ύλη τον εγκέφαλο, ενώ ο εγκέφαλος μετέρχεται εξωλογικών υποθέσεων που φαντάζουν ικανές να περιγράψουν την υπερβατική προέλευση των αρχών που διέπουν την λειτουργία του. Δεδομένου ότι δεν υπήρχε αποδεδειγμένα σημείο αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ των δύο υποστάσεων, της υλικής και της υπερβατικής, ο Descartes υπέθεσε ότι η λογική ψυχή συνδέεται με την υλική υπόσταση στο εσωτερικό του εγκεφάλου και συγκεκριμένα στην περιοχή της επίφυσης. Στην πραγματικότητα, ο λόγος ήταν ότι κανείς δεν γνώριζε τίποτε για την λειτουργία της επίφυσης -ούτε σήμερα γνωρίζουμε επακριβώς τον ρόλο της- επομένως εύκολα μπορούσε να θεωρηθεί ως μηχανισμός σύνδεσης μεταξύ ψυχής και σώματος. Από την άλλη μεριά, οι οπαδοί της μονιστικής θεώρησης αναρωτήθηκαν πώς είναι δυνατόν μια άυλη υπόσταση όπως είναι η λογική ψυχή, να εντοπίζεται και να προκαλεί μεταβολές στο εσωτερικό του φθαρτού σώματος; Απάντηση στο λεγόμενο καρτεσιανό παράδοξο περί αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ των δύο υποστάσεων του ανθρώπου, άυλης και φθαρτής, επιχείρησαν να δώσουν κυρίως οι Γάλλοι εγκυκλοπαιδιστές και οι Γερμανοί υλιστές φιλόσοφοι, οι θέσεις των οποίων οδήγησαν σταδιακά στην αποπνευματοποίηση της νόησης. Από εκεί και έπειτα πειραματισμοί της βιολογίας και της νευροφυσιολογίας απέδειξαν την εξέλιξη του νευρικού συστήματος κατά την πορεία των γεωλογικών αιώνων από τα πρώιμα στάδια συγκέντρωσης νευρικών συμπλεγμάτων στις κατώτερες περιοχές του εγκεφαλικού φλοιού, προς τα ανώτερα. Αξίζει ωστόσο να σημειωθεί, ότι παρόλη την πρόοδο των νευροεπιστημών, πολλά ερωτήματα που αφορούν στη σύνδεση μεταξύ εγκεφάλου-νόησης και ερμηνείας νοητικών λειτουργιών που συνδέονται με την παραπάνω σχέση, παραμένουν αναπάντητα ακόμη και σήμερα. Ο μονισμός επιμένει ότι ο νους αποτελεί παράγωγο της ύλης και απορρίπτει ως μεταφυσική κάθε τοποθέτηση πέρα από τα όρια της ζώσας πραγματικότητας. Δεν προσπαθούμε να επιλύσουμε την παραπάνω διαμάχη, δεδομένου ο κύριος λόγος μελέτης και αποσαφήνισης θεμελιωδών ορισμών γύρω από την ποσότητα και το είδος της ενέργειας που διοχετεύεται στους νευρώνες δημιουργώντας ό,τι ο Honderich περιγράφει ως ενσυνείδητες εκδηλώσεις, βρίσκεται στα χέρια της επιστήμης. Η εγκεφαλοποίηση της νόησης, αν και -ορθά- συνδέθηκε με τα επιτεύγματα της λογικής, εντούτοις δημιούργησε μία αυτοπεποίθηση για την ανωτερότητα της λογικής ως μεθόδου ικανής, όχι μόνο να ερμηνεύει, αλλά και να κατευθύνει τα πράγματα, λειτουργώντας a priori ως μηχανισμός που εμπεριέχεται στο εσωτερικό τους. Τούτη η προοπτική, αν και κατευθυνόμενη από επιστημονικούς κύκλους και -κατά κανόνα- αντίθετη προς την φιλοσοφική μεθοδολογία, εντούτοις εκδηλώθηκε ως φιλοσοφία, διαιρεμένη μάλιστα σε κινήματα ή σχολές, με κοινό χαρακτηριστικό την βεβαιότητα, ότι η λογική ενυπάρχει μέσα στην φύση των πραγμάτων, και εκδηλώνεται νομοτελειακά. Μιλώ για τα κινήματα του θετικισμού, του λογικού θετικισμού και του ιστορικισμού, τα οποία συστηματοποιήθηκαν κατά τα μέσα του εικοστού αιώνα και εξάντλησαν την επιχειρηματολογία τους σε σύντομο χρονικό διάστημα. Και πώς η φιλοσοφία υπερασπίζεται το δικαίωμά της να αποσαφηνίζει επιστημονικές έννοιες με γνώμονα την δημιουργική προοπτική; Η απάντηση της φιλοσοφίας προέρχεται από μία ιστορική πορεία χιλιετιών, με βαθιές πολιτισμικές και κοινωνικές ρίζες. Ο νους, ως κινητήριος αρχή της γνώσης αλλά και των αξιών, της ηθικής, συνδέεται με έργα που έχουν ένα κοινό χαρακτηριστικό: είναι όλα παράγωγα αισθητικής και λογικής γνώσης. Φιλοσοφικά, ο νους, αρχικά, προσλαμβάνει αισθητικά το περίγραμμα, την μορφή μιας ιδέας, έπειτα την επεξεργάζεται λογικά, και εν τέλει την πραγματοποιεί. Η αισθητική δραστηριότητα, ως φιλοσοφική κατηγορία, εντοπίζεται στο αρχικό στάδιο της νοητικής λειτουργίας, ενώ η πραγματοποίηση στο τελικό. Τόσο η αισθητική δραστηριότητα, όσο και η λογική λειτουργούν σύμφωνα με έναν σκοπό: τη διασάφηση των ορίων πραγματικότητας· και βούληση είναι η λειτουργία, που ενεργοποιεί το υποκείμενο να πράξει σύμφωνα με τις επιταγές του σκοπού αυτού. Η διαίρεση του νου σε κατηγορίες έχει αφετηρία την σκέψη του Αριστοτέλη. Ο εισηγητής της λογικής επιστήμης πρότεινε τον διαχωρισμό των αρχών του νου, σύμφωνα με τον χαρακτήρα τους σε θεωρητικό, πρακτικό και ποιητικό. Ο νους, στο θεωρητικό επίπεδο επεξεργάζεται συλλογισμούς που οδηγούν σε περιγραφές γεγονότων, στο πρακτικό, συλλογισμούς που οδηγούν σε ηθικές αξιολογήσεις ενώ στο ποιητικό, συλλογισμούς που αποσκοπούν στη δημιουργία καλλιτεχνικών εκφράσεων και γενικότερα, ωφέλιμων έργων. Ο Benedetto Croce στο έργο του Estetica, σημειώνει ότι οι δύο μορφές του θεωρητικού πνεύματος η αισθητική εποπτεία και η λογική αποτελούν διαφορετικές, πλην ισότιμες μορφές γνώσης: κάθε έννοια περιέχει μία πλευρά αισθητική. Ως γνώση, η αισθητική εποπτεία δεν έχει ανάγκη λογικής επιβεβαίωσης· αντίθετα, η λογική επιβεβαίωση κατηγοριοποιεί, κατατάσσει και αναλύει αισθητικές πληροφορίες για να κατανοήσει τους νόμους που διέπουν το περιβάλλον. Ο πρώτος βαθμός του θεωρητικού μας νου, επομένως, χρησιμοποιεί ποικίλους τρόπους αποσαφήνισης των εισερχόμενων πληροφοριών, προκειμένου να δημιουργήσει και να μεταδώσει επικοινωνιακά μία μορφή. Το ερώτημα εδώ είναι εάν η αισθητική εποπτεία, περιέχει όλα εκείνα τα στοιχεία που μπορούν να γίνουν κατανοητά και να γενικευθούν κατά τον ίδιο τρόπο. Οι θεωρητικές βάσεις για την ανάδειξη ενός καθολικού κριτηρίου που επιβεβαιώνει την ομοιογένεια των αισθητικών γνώσεων τέθηκαν από τον David Hume. Ο Hume διαπίστωσε ότι όλοι έχουμε μέσα μας ένα έμφυτο προγνωστικό κριτήριο, το οποίο μας επιτρέπει να προσλαμβάνουμε τα συναισθήματα των συνανθρώπων μας. Διαμέσου της Συμπάθειας (empathy) όπως ονόμασε ο Hume την ενέργεια αυτή του νου, αλληλεπιδρούμε με τον συναισθηματικό κόσμο των συνανθρώπων μας, ακόμη και όταν δεν έχουμε ίδια γνώση των εμπειριών τους. Πρόκειται για έναν ενσυναίσθητο τρόπο επικοινωνίας, βασισμένο στην -κατά κύριο λόγο- ανάμνηση βιωμάτων καταγεγραμμένων στην προ-λογική περιοχή της εμπειρίας μας. Σήμερα η γενετική έχει ερμηνεύσει τη δυνατότητα αναγνώρισης των συναισθημάτων μεταξύ των ανθρώπων ως ειδική εκδήλωση ενός έμφυτου αλτρουισμού, ο οποίος είναι προγραμματισμένος να προσανατολίζει το θυμικό προς ό,τι ωφελεί το είδος μας, ενώ η νευροβιολογία ερευνά το ενδεχόμενο ύπαρξης εγκεφαλικών δομών που επεξεργάζονται και ενσωματώνουν τις ηθικές αξίες διαμέσου διαδικασιών ανταλλαγής-αφομοίωσης συμπεριφορών. Είναι επομένως, το συναίσθημα ενδιάθετος τρόπος επικοινωνίας; Παρόλο που ο Hume υπέθεσε ορθά μία προλογική λειτουργία, στην οποία «απευθύνεται η σκέψη», δηλαδή μία λειτουργία που προϋπάρχει και επιβεβαιώνει κάθε εννοιολογική αρχή, στην συνέχεια συνέδεσε αυτή την λειτουργία όχι με προλογικά χαρακτηριστικά, δηλαδή γνώσεις, αλλά με συναισθηματικές ποιότητες, δηλαδή ψυχολογικά αποτυπώματα εμπειριών. Δεν είναι ωστόσο το συναίσθημα ό,τι μεταδίδει την ενσυναίσθηση, αλλά η αισθητική εποπτεία. Συναισθηματικές εκδηλώσεις παρατηρούνται και σε άλογα είδη, συνδεδεμένες μάλιστα με συγκεκριμένες εμπειρίες ωφέλιμων ή μη ωφέλιμων καταστάσεων. Σε καμία περίπτωση ωστόσο αυτές οι εκδηλώσεις δεν είναι να δυνατόν να γενικευθούν μεταξύ των ζώων, να αποτελέσουν δηλαδή γνώση. Το συναίσθημα δεν λειτουργεί ως παραγωγός αισθητικών γνώσεων, ούτε ως γνωσιακός αναμεταδότης μεταξύ των κοινωνικών ατόμων, αλλά μάλλον ως λειτουργικός εκδείκτης του γεγονότος της αισθητικής εποπτείας. Συνοψίζουμε λοιπόν, αναφέροντας ότι με τον όρο αισθητική εποπτεία, φιλοσοφικά, συχνά εννοούμε την άμεση επιβεβαιωμένη εμπειρία, η οποία δεν χρειάζεται την λογική ανάλυση προκειμένου να αποκτήσει καθολική ισχύ: η βεβαιότητα για τον χρόνο, τον χώρο, τη μορφή των αντικειμένων, προέρχεται από παραστάσεις του νου που έχουμε σχηματίσει διαμέσου αισθητικής εποπτείας της πραγματικότητας, δηλαδή γνώσης των μορφών. Σύμφωνα με τον Croce, η λογική, όπως και η αισθητική εποπτεία, αποτελούν κατηγορίες του θεωρητικού μας νου. Η αισθητική εποπτεία αφορά στην ατομική στιγμή, ενώ η λογική στην καθολική. Αντίστοιχα, η βούληση και η ηθική, αναφέρονται στο πρακτικό επίπεδο του νου, και λειτουργούν η πρώτη ατομικά και η δεύτερη καθολικά. Η ατομικότητα του πρακτικού νου, της βούλησης, κατά τη γενίκευσή της, παράγει ηθική. Το γεγονός ότι τα κίνητρα των πράξεών μας μπορούν να αναλυθούν εννοιολογικά, να επιβεβαιωθούν διασκεπτικά ως προς το κύρος, την καθαρότητα και την αποτελεσματικότητά τους, είναι δηλωτικό του ότι η πρακτικότητα αλληλεπιδρά με τη λογική· πρόκειται για μία αλληλεπίδραση τόσο έντονη, ώστε κάθε διαχωρισμός της βούλησης από τη λογική, του σκοπού από τη γνώση που συνεπάγεται η ενέργειά της, να καθίσταται δυσχερής. Γιατί; Ο νους χρησιμοποιεί τις δυνάμεις του μεμονωμένα ή σε συνδυασμό, προκειμένου να εξυπηρετεί κατ’ αρχήν, τις ανάγκες της στιγμής. Αυτή η λειτουργία, παρόλο που αποτελεί a priori προδιάθεση, η οποία προηγείται κάθε σκοπού, εντούτοις αποτελεί ταυτόχρονα και σκοπό. Καταλήγουμε επομένως στο πρώτο συμπέρασμα, ότι η τάση του ανθρώπου να θέτει σκοπούς, αποτελεί παρακλάδι του ίδιου κορμού από τον οποίο προέρχονται οι φυσικές προδιαθέσεις. Και δεν θα ήταν δύσκολο να απαντούσαμε στο πώς η τάση αυτή μπορεί να συμπλεύσει με τη νοητότητα, εάν εξειδικεύαμε το ερώτημα από το γενικό στο ειδικό. Λέμε λοιπόν ότι, σημασία δεν έχει η πρώτη ύλη που χρησιμοποιεί ο νους, ούτε η προέλευσή της, αλλά η επεξεργασία της: αντίθετα με τα άλογα είδη, ο άνθρωπος μπορεί να παρατηρεί και να αναγνωρίζει τα δεδομένα των παρατηρήσεών του. Παρατηρώντας τον εαυτό του ως ειδικό μέρος του περιβάλλοντος στο οποίο ανήκει, ο άνθρωπος συνειδητοποιεί ότι είναι αυτόνομος ως προς το να σκέπτεται, να προβλέπει, να κρίνει, να θέτει σκοπούς και να πράττει. Η εμπειρία είναι η στέρεη βάση των αισθητικών προσλήψεων, των λογικών προβλέψεων και της βουλητικής πρακτικότητας, της ίδιας της ηθικής: διαμέσου των αποτελεσμάτων των μετρήσεων των φυσικών φαινομένων αναγνωρίζουμε τις ποιότητες, τις διαστάσεις και τις δυνάμεις της ύλης και κατανοούμε το περιβάλλον. Τι είναι όμως η ύλη και κατ’ επέκταση το περιβάλλον; Ύλη είναι η εμπειρία της αλληλεπίδρασης των δυνάμεων της περιρρέουσας ενέργειας στον τρισδιάστατο χώρο και μονοδιάστατο προς τα εμπρός χρόνο, τα συγχρονισμένα αποτελέσματα των οποίων αναγνωρίζουμε διαμέσου των αισθήσεών μας ως μορφές. Ό,τι λοιπόν δίνει υπόσταση στην ύλη είναι ο τρόπος με τον οποίο την προσλαμβάνουμε αισθητικά· και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο συσχετίζουμε τα αποτελέσματα των αισθητικών προσλήψεων είναι η λογική. Κατέχουμε επομένως την καθαρή γνώση των πραγμάτων; Αυτό είναι αδύνατο να συμβαίνει, δεδομένου ότι η φύση μας έχει εφοδιάσει με πρωταρχικά με μηχανισμούς παραγωγής γνώσεων μόνο χρήσιμων για την επιβίωσή μας. Η υπό όρους επαφή μας με τη γνώση, περιχαρακώνει τα όρια της εμπειρίας μας: μπορούμε να είμαστε βέβαιοι για την ύλη που μας περιβάλλει και για τον νου μας, δεδομένου ότι βιώνουμε τα αποτελέσματα της μεταξύ τους αλληλεπίδρασης. Η γνώση επομένως, ορίζεται και ορίζει την εμπειρία: την εμπειρία των αισθητικών μορφών, και την εμπειρία των εννοιών. Και η ειδική κατηγορία του νου που μας ωθεί να μεταβάλλουμε τις δυνάμεις του περιβάλλοντος σύμφωνα με τις επιδιώξεις μας είναι η βούληση, η οποία στη γενίκευσή της παράγει ηθική. Επομένως η βούληση καθοδηγεί την εμπειρία μας να κατακτά ό,τι είναι χρήσιμο για το συμφέρον του ατόμου και κατ’ επέκταση του είδους. Και πώς ο άνθρωπος οριοθετεί τα τις γνώσεις του; Οι νόμοι των φαινομένων, δεν είναι παρά τα αισθητικά αποτελέσματα των ενορατικών βεβαιοτήτων προς ορισμένες αρχές, οι οποίες μας φαίνονται αδιαπραγμάτευτες: η εναλλαγή ημέρας-νύχτας, η εναλλαγή των εποχών, η πορεία του χρόνου προς τα εμπρός, αποτελούν εμπειρικές επιβεβαιώσεις που αποδεχόμαστε, προκειμένου να προδιαγράψουμε τις ζωές, τα έργα μας και να περιχαρακώσουμε τα όρια των βουλήσεων και των πράξεών μας. Τι γίνεται όμως όταν η ίδια η νόηση ανατρέπει αυτούς τους κανόνες θέτοντας τη λογική υπεράνω της αισθητικής εποπτείας; Η σύγχρονη επιστήμη μπορεί να είναι βέβαιη για τη σχετικότητα του χώρου και του χρόνου μέσα στον οποίο υπάρχουμε και κινούμαστε. Ο χρόνος, παρόλο που είναι σχετικός, εντούτοις η κίνησή του γίνεται αντιληπτή από τις αισθήσεις μας ως σταθερή, με μονογραμμική πορεία προς τα εμπρός∙ λειτουργεί δηλαδή, η κίνηση στον χρόνο, ως κριτήριο εντοπισμού της θέσης μας στον τρισδιάστατο χώρο· απαντά, επομένως ο υπολογισμός του χρόνου, στο ερώτημα πότε, σε σχέση με το ερώτημα που∙ και αντίστροφα: ο υπολογισμός του χώρου απαντά στο ερώτημα που, σε σχέση με το πότε. Η σχετικότητα του χώρου και του χρόνου είναι -πέρα για πέρα- πραγματική, όσο πραγματική είναι η κίνηση της Γης γύρω από τον Ήλιο. Πρόκειται για μία αλήθεια η οποία, σε καμία περίπτωση δεν μπορεί να γίνει αντιληπτή από τις αισθήσεις, αλλά μόνον από τη λογική. Ας προσπαθήσουμε να φανταστούμε αισθητικά την σχετικότητα του χώρου και του χρόνου∙ ενός χρόνου που στρεβλώνεται, που δεν έχει αρχή, τέλος, που κινείται προς κάθε κατεύθυνση∙ και αντίστοιχα ενός χώρου αεικίνητου, ασταθή, και άμορφου. Πώς μπορεί να περιγραφεί μία τέτοια πραγματικότητα; Η απάντηση είναι ότι δεν μπορεί· και δεν μπορεί, γιατί, η αισθητική εποπτεία μας είναι κατασκευασμένη να αναγνωρίζει μόνο τρισδιάστατες μορφές. Η διαπίστωση ότι ο νους έχει την τάση να υπερβαίνει τα στενά δεσμά της αισθητικής εποπτείας, αν και φιλοσοφικά παραπέμπει στις πλατωνικές Ιδέες και το παράδειγμα του Σπηλαίου, εντούτοις ωθεί προς μία κατεύθυνση εντελώς διαφορετική από εκείνη της μεταφυσικής: στην κατεύθυνση μιας απαίτησης για διεύρυνση των ορίων της αισθητικής εποπτείας υπό την κατεύθυνση των λογικών συμπερασμάτων. Μπορεί, ωστόσο, ο άνθρωπος να υπερβεί τα εμπειρικά όρια των αισθητικών πληροφοριών και να κατανοήσει την βαθύτερη πραγματικότητα της εννοιολογικής γνώσης; Συνδυάζοντας αισθητικές μορφές, η φαντασία μπορεί να σχηματίζει ό, τι σύνθεση επιθυμεί: απλή, πολύπλοκη, αλλόκοτη, υπερβολική, ακόμη και νοσηρή ή αποτρόπαιη, αρκεί η πρώτη ύλη που χρησιμοποιεί να προέρχεται από το περιβάλλον της επιβεβαιωμένης αισθητικής εποπτείας. Πέρα από αυτά τα όρια, ο νους μας δεν μπορεί να αναγνωρίζει, να φαντάζεται, να συλλογίζεται. Πώς όμως η -επίσης ασύλληπτη για το νου μας- έννοια του απείρου γινόταν κατανοητή αιώνες πριν ανακαλυφθεί η θεωρία της σχετικότητας; Η κατανόηση της έννοιας του απείρου δεν αφορά στην εμπειρία της πραγματικότητας, αλλά στον τρόπο τακτοποίησης και υπολογισμού των όρων της με βάση τη οργάνωση συγκεκριμένων αισθητικών σημείων που αντιστοιχούν στη λογική γνώση: των αριθμών και των συμβόλων τους. Από τη μαθηματική σύνθεση εξαρτάται η λογική πορεία προς την απόδειξη. Όλοι οι αριθμοί εκφράζονται σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια που εμείς επιλέγουμε. Μπορούμε ωστόσο να φανταστούμε άπειρους αριθμούς; Η απάντηση είναι όχι. Ο νους μας δεν είναι προγραμματισμένος να αποσαφηνίζει αισθητικά το άπειρο, επομένως δεν μπορεί ούτε να το φαντάζεται. Τότε, εφόσον δεν μπορούμε να φανταζόμαστε το άπειρο και -ως εκ τούτου- να το εκφράζουμε αισθητικά, πώς είναι δυνατό να συζητάμε για αυτό; Το γεγονός ότι δεν έχουμε αισθητική γνώση της του άπειρου, δεν σημαίνει ότι δεν μπορούμε να υποθέσουμε την ύπαρξή του. Επειδή η υπόθεση, ως διασκεπτική ενέργεια, αφορά καθαρά στην εννοιολογική γνώση, έπεται πως ό, τι υποθέτουμε, πρέπει να είμαστε σε θέση να το αποδεικνύουμε ή να το απορρίπτουμε, με βάση τη λογική. Πώς όμως ο θεωρητικός νους, μπορεί να λειτουργήσει κατευθείαν στο επίπεδο της λογικής, χωρίς προηγουμένως να έχει σχηματίσει το αισθητικό περίγραμμα, δηλαδή την μορφή του αποτελέσματος και της πορείας του προς αυτό; Η απάντηση είναι ότι το λογικό επίπεδο του νου μας μπορεί να υποθέσει χωρίς να μορφοποιήσει, εφόσον αντικαταστήσει τις αισθητικές μορφές με σύμβολα, με αισθητικο-λογικές παραστάσεις, που στην σύνθεσή τους μπορούν να περιχαρακώσουν λογικά τα όρια της ιδέας που υποθέτουμε. Οι παραστάσεις αυτές είναι οι αριθμοί και τα σύμβολά τους, ενώ η σύνθεσή τους είναι η μαθηματική πράξη. Είναι προφανές ότι η μαθηματική ανάλυση, εφόσον οδηγεί σε λογικά συμπεράσματα συνιστά γλώσσα, δηλαδή σύμβαση συνεννόησης, η οποία εξαρτάται από την ειδική γνώση των κανόνων της. Και πώς λειτουργεί η αισθητική γνώση στο επίπεδο αυτό; Η μαθηματική υπόθεση δεν περιέχει το προγνωστικό αισθητικό κριτήριο του αποτελέσματός της, επομένως, ουδόλως ενδιαφέρεται για την έκφραση. Η μαθηματική γλώσσα εικονοποιείται και αποτυπώνεται διαμέσου μορφών, η σύνθεση των οποίων γενικεύεται αναφορικά προς έναν συγκεκριμένο σκοπό: εκείνον της απόδειξης. Είναι επομένως, οι αριθμοί και τα μαθηματικά σύμβολα αισθητικά μεταδοτές μορφές, προσανατολισμένες να ολοκληρώνουν την λογική απαίτηση. Και η βούληση δίνει την εντολή στον θεωρητικό νου να περιορίζει κάθε αυθορμητισμό, ώστε οι μαθηματικές μορφές να προσανατολίζονται μόνο προς τον λογικό σκοπό της απόδειξης. Παρόλο λοιπόν που οι αριθμοί και τα μαθηματικά σύμβολα περιέχουν την αισθητική βεβαιότητα που παράγεται από την ενέργεια της απεικόνισής τους, σε καμία περίπτωση δεν αποτυπώνουν αισθητικά την γνώση του μαθηματικού αποτελέσματος. Η διασκεπτική ενέργεια, επομένως, όταν λειτουργεί μαθηματικά, δεν μπορεί να φανταστεί το αποτέλεσμά της, παρά μόνο να το διατυπώσει αριθμητικά. Αυτό συμβαίνει γιατί οι ίδιοι οι αριθμοί, παρόλο που αναφέρονται στην πραγματικότητα, εντούτοις δεν αποτελούν πρωτογενείς μορφές ζώσας εμπειρίας, αλλά δευτερογενείς μορφές συμβάσεων διευθέτησής της, δηλαδή αναπαραστάσεις εμπειριών. Επομένως: δεν μπορούμε να φανταστούμε ένα μαθηματικό αποτέλεσμα, παρά μόνο να οδηγηθούμε λογικά σε αυτό, δεδομένου ότι δεν μπορούμε να έχουμε αισθητική γνώση των μαθηματικών υπολογισμών, αλλά μόνον αισθητική γνώση της εικονικής αναπαράστασής τους και εμπειρία της εφαρμογής των αποτελεσμάτων τους. Για παράδειγμα: όταν σκέφτομαι την πράξη 2 x 2 = 4, κατανοώ τον υπολογισμό, συμπεραίνω λογικά ότι με τον ίδιο τρόπο 4 x 4 = 16 και, κατ’ επέκταση, φαντάζομαι την εφαρμογή της αρχής του πολλαπλασιασμού σε ολόκληρο το φάσμα της εμπειρίας μου· μπορώ μάλιστα λειτουργώντας αντίστροφα, να φανταστώ τη μαθηματική πράξη της διαίρεσης. Παρόλο όμως, που, σε αλληλεπίδραση με τη βούληση μπορώ να προσανατολίσω τη λογική μου στην αποκάλυψη και άλλων μαθηματικών αναλογιών, δεν μπορώ να διαισθανθώ το αποτέλεσμά τους, παρά μόνο να το υπολογίσω, να το συσχετίσω δηλαδή με αντίστοιχες αναλογίες και να το διατυπώσω-περιγράψω με βάση τη μαθηματική απεικόνιση. Το ερώτημα είναι εάν, στον μαθηματικό συλλογισμό περιορίζεται η χρησιμότητα της εκφραστικής δραστηριότητας σε ένα σημείο καθαρά απεικονιστικό, και είναι η βεβαιότητα του συμπεράσματος ό, τι ρυθμίζει τις βουλήσεις των υποκειμένων προς την κατεύθυνση της μεταβολής της πραγματικότητας. Ο νους υποθέτει ένα αποτέλεσμα και πηγαίνει προς αυτό, όχι βάσει μορφών ή εκφράσεων, αλλά βάσει αποδεικτικών κανόνων: οι μαθηματικοί κανόνες, σε αντίθεση με τους κανόνες της λογικής που προϋποθέτουν την αλήθεια του κριτηρίου της αισθητικής εποπτείας, μπορούν να προχωρήσουν σε λογικές συνθέσεις και ανασυνθέσεις, χωρίς να γνωρίζουν ενορατικά την πορεία προς το αποτέλεσμα. Το έλλειμμα της αισθητικής βεβαιότητας όπως είπαμε, αναλαμβάνουν οι αριθμοί και τα μαθηματικά σύμβολα, τα οποία προσλαμβάνονται από το νου ως καθολικά αναγνωρισμένες ποιότητες, ως γλώσσα. Απομακρύνοντας την φιλοσοφία από τον παλιό θεωρητικό μανδύα των κατηγοριών μπορεί, ο καθαρός νους, να θέσει τα θεμέλια για μία νέα βάση, η οποία θα αντέχει στα συμπεράσματα της μαθηματικής σχετικότητας. Μία τέτοια κατεύθυνση θα απομάκρυνε την αισθητική αλλά και την ηθική φιλοσοφία από τον από τον εφιάλτη της αποπραγματοποίησης. Πράγματι λοιπόν, η επιστημονική γνώση μπορεί να οδηγήσει στην παραγωγή λογικών συμπερασμάτων ανεξάρτητα και όχι δίπλα στην αισθητική εποπτεία, όπως μέχρι σήμερα παραδέχεται η φιλοσοφία. Η αισθητική εποπτεία, παρόλο που αποτελεί ανεξάρτητη μορφή γνώσης, δεν μπορεί να δημιουργήσει μορφές πέρα από τα όρια των αισθήσεων, επομένως δεν μπορεί να ακολουθήσει τις επιστημονικές αρχές. Ωστόσο, το ότι η λογική υπερισχύει των αισθήσεων -βάζοντας έτσι ερωτηματικό στα όσα μέχρι σήμερα συζητάμε σε φιλοσοφικό επίπεδο γύρω από την αισθητική εποπτεία- δεν είναι ενδεικτικό του γεγονότος, ότι η φιλοσοφία έχει πάψει πλέον στην ολότητά της, να αποτελεί την θεωρητική μήτρα της επιστήμης. Αρκεί να αναλογιστούμε ότι η απάντηση στο λεγόμενο καρτεσιανό παράδοξο που έχουμε ήδη αναφερθεί, ως σημείο κορύφωσης της διαμάχης μεταξύ μονισμού και δυϊσμού, δόθηκε κυρίως από φιλοσόφους, Γάλλους εγκυκλοπαιδιστές και οι Γερμανούς υλιστές, οι θέσεις των οποίων οδήγησαν σταδιακά στην αποπνευματοποίηση της νόησης. Ήρθε λοιπόν η στιγμή που η φιλοσοφία πρέπει να αναλάβει πρωτοβουλία, επανεκκινώντας τις αρχές της επινοώντας νέες κατηγορίες ή νέους συσχετισμούς κατηγοριών, με βάση τα αδιαπραγμάτευτα πορίσματα της επιστήμης. Υποστηρίζουμε το σημείο αυτό ανατρέχοντας δειγματοληπτικά σε κάποιες εύστοχες παρατηρήσεις επιστημόνων, ο εννοιολογικός προσανατολισμός των οποίων εμπίπτει και στην μελέτη του φάσματος των φιλοσοφικών προοπτικών. Ξεκινάμε με την παραδοχή του βιολόγου-ζωολόγου Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988), ότι η ηθολογία, ως μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς των ζώων και των ανθρώπων, δεν έχει ακόμη αποδείξει ότι η επίδραση του περιβάλλοντος μπορεί να επηρεάσει τις συμπεριφορές πέρα από τα όρια των φυσικών καταβολών μας. Αποφεύγοντας τη θετικιστική προοπτική και ανοίγοντας ένα μονοπάτι συνεργασίας μεταξύ θετικών και ανθρωπιστικών επιστημών, ο Ολλανδός ζωολόγος παραδέχεται ότι, ένα τέτοιο ενδεχόμενο -το οποίο πρέπει να εξεταστεί σε σχέση με την εξελικτική θεωρία- αφορά στους κλάδους της φυσιολογίας, της ψυχολογίας και εν γένει των ανθρωπιστικών επιστημών. Ωστόσο, συμπληρώνουμε εδώ, ότι παρόλες τις γενικές αρχές τους, βιολογία και θετικές επιστήμες δεν μπορούν να εισδύσουν στον πυρήνα της ατομικότητας καθενός. Σε όλα τα βιολογικά είδη, η μελέτη της ατομικής αντίδρασης στα ερεθίσματα του περιβάλλοντος είναι αρκετή ώστε να συναχθούν συμπεράσματα αντιπροσωπευτικά για το σύνολο του είδους. Κάτι τέτοιο όμως δεν ισχύει για τον άνθρωπο, δεδομένου ότι η ατομικότητά του αποτελεί ξεχωριστή, προσωποποιημένη παρουσία, συνειδητά ολοκληρωμένη ψυχική, σωματική και νοητική οντότητα. Έργο δε, της ανθρώπινης ατομικότητας είναι η παραγωγή γνώσεων, με βάση το προσωπικό αισθητήριο και η μετάδοσή της στο περιβάλλον της ομάδας. Το γεγονός ότι η ομάδα μπορεί να αναγνωρίζει την αλήθεια των ατομικών γνώσεων και να θεμελιώνει στην βάση της καθολικές εννοιλογικές αρχές, αποτελεί πάγια φιλοσοφική θέση γύρω από το γεγονός ότι οι συμπεριφορές, δεν προϋπάρχουν του νου, αλλά εξελίσσονται, η δε ομοιότητά τους δεν οφείλεται σε μία ακαθόριστη λογική οντότητα που υφίσταται ανεξάρτητα από την ατομική υπόσταση του προσώπου που σκέπτεται και βούλεται, αλλά εξελίσσεται επιλεκτικά μέσα από συνειδητές διεργασίες επιβιωμάτων και αναβιώσεων. Η θέση τουTinbergen και στην επικαιροποιείται και επαληθεύεται σαράντα περίπου έτη μετά από τον Ζωολόγο Richard Dawkins. Αναφερόμενος κυρίως στο επίπεδο της σχέσης μεταξύ Ηθολογίας και Ανθρωπιστικών Επιστημών ο Dawkins επισημαίνει ήδη από τις πρώτες γραμμές του έργου του Εγωιστικό Γονίδιο, την αναγκαιότητα συνεργασίας μεταξύ των δύο παραπάνω κλάδων, σημειώνοντας ότι οι Θετικές Σχολές των Πανεπιστημίων, δεν καταπιάνονται με τη φιλοσοφική αξία της Ζωολογίας· και αντίστροφα, ότι οι Σχολές των Ανθρωπιστικών Επιστημών δεν αναφέρονται στα συμπεράσματα της σύγχρονης επιστήμης. Ίσως λοιπόν, το γεγονός ότι η μελέτη λογικών συμπερασμάτων σύμφωνα με το εννοιολογικό κριτήριο της επιστήμης, στην εξέλιξή του δημιουργεί μία νέα ανάγκη εξισορρόπησης του προλογικού-αισθητικού και λογικού επιπέδου του νου μας, αρχικά όχι με βάση την κατανόηση των μορφών, αλλά της δημιουργίας ενός κοινωνικο-πολιτισμικού περιβάλλοντος, ικανού να υποδεχτεί απροκατάληπτα και χωρίς πολιτισμικό δέος, τις επιστημονικές αλήθειες. Μπορεί κάτι τέτοιο να καταστεί εφικτό; Εφόσον η ανθρώπινη διάνοια μπορεί να ξεπερνά την εμπειρία της υπολογίζοντας διαστάσεις πέρα από τα όριά της, σημαίνει ότι είναι προγραμματισμένη από τη φύση να λειτουργεί στο επίπεδο αυτό. Και ο νους μας, όντας αρχή που αυτοκαθορίζεται αλλά και εξελίσσεται, αποτελεί το αίτιο των προβλημάτων που θέτει στον εαυτό του. Άλλωστε οι φιλοσοφικές κατηγορίες όπως τις έχουμε κατατάξει σε αισθητική, λογική, ατομική-βουλητική και ηθική, είναι όροι προσαρμοσμένοι στις ανάγκες του φιλοσοφικού συστήματος και όχι το ίδιο το φιλοσοφικό σύστημα. Παρόλο λοιπόν που φαίνονται πεπερασμένες και οικουμενικές, οι λογικές λειτουργίες υπόκεινται στις αρχές της οργάνωσης και δημιουργούν απεριόριστους αριθμούς ειδικών ταξινομήσεων. Ολοκληρώνουμε λοιπόν αφήνοντας ανοικτή την παρακαταθήκη των Tinmbergen και Dawkins και την από κοινού επισήμανσή τους, όσον αφορά στην προσέγγιση της Επιστήμης από την Φιλοσοφία και αντίστροφα. Η επισήμανση-πρόταση αυτή αφορά στην εξέταση του ρόλου των συμπερασμάτων της επιστήμης ως κριτηρίου διαμόρφωσης συμπεριφορών, αλλά και διεύρυνσης των ορίων του νου, σε μία ολότελα διαφορετική βάση από αυτές που έχουν ακολουθηθεί μέχρι σήμερα: στη βάση της δημιουργίας νέων ευκαιριών για φυσική επιλογή. ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ 1) Γρηγόρης Γκιζέλης, Το πολιτισμικό σύστημα, ο σημειωτικός και επικοινωνιακός χαρακτήρας του, εκδόσεις Γρηγορόπουλος, Αθήνα, 1980. 2) Benedetto Croce, Estetica come scienza dell’ espressione e linguistica generale, Adelphi, Milano, 2005 (seconda edizione). 3) Dawkins Richard, Το εγωιστικό γονίδιο, μετάφραση-επιμέλεια-εισαγωγή στην ελληνική έκδοση, Μαργαρίτης Λουκάς, Τσουκαλαδάκης Αθανάσιος, φιλολογική επιμέλεια Μπουκάλας Παντελής, εκδόσεις Σύναλμα, Αθήνα, 1988. 4) Hume David, Κείμενα αυτοβιογραφικά, γνωσιολογικά, ηθικά, μετάφραση Μ. Γούναρη, Χ. Μησοπούλου, εισαγωγή-επιμέλεια Μαρία Πουρνάρη, εκδόσεις Εκκρεμές, Αθήνα, 2006. 5) Victor Kraft, Ο κύκλος της Βιέννης και η γέννηση του νεοθετικισμού, εκδόσεις Γνώση, Αθήνα, 1986. 6) Θεοδόσης Πελεγρίνης, Ηθική φιλοσοφία, εκδόσεις Ελληνικά Γράμματα, β΄ έκδοση, Αθήνα, 1997. 7) Θεοδόσης Πελεγρίνης, Οι πέντε εποχές της φιλοσοφίας, εκδόσεις Ελληνικά Γράμματα, β΄έκδοση, Αθήνα, 1997. 8) Nikolaas Tinbergen et al, Ηθολογία, «Επιστημονική Σκέψη 1900-1960», επιμέλεια R. Harré, μετάφραση Δημοσθένης Κούρτοβικ, εκδόσεις Μορφωτικού Ιδρύματος Εθνικής Τράπεζας, Αθήνα, 1982. 9) Windelband W., Heimsoeth H., Εγχειρίδιο της Ιστορίας της Φιλοσοφίας, Β΄ Τόμος. «Η Μεσαιωνική Φιλοσοφία - η φιλοσοφία της Αναγέννησης - η φιλοσοφία του Διαφωτισμού», μετάφραση Ν. Σκουτερόπουλος, Γ΄ ανατύπωση, εκδόσεις Μορφωτικού Ιδρύματος Εθνικής Τράπεζας, Αθήνα, 2003. 10) John Z. Young, Ο εγκέφαλος και οι φιλόσοφοι, Εκδόσεις Κάτοπτρο, Μετάφραση Μυρτώ Αντωνοπούλου, Αθήνα, 1991. (shrink)