If intuitions are associated with gender this might help to explain the fact that while the gender gap has disappeared in many other learned clubs, women are still seriously under-represented in the Philosophers Club. Since people who don’t have the intuitions that most club members share have a harder time getting into the club, and since the majority of Philosophers are now and always have been men, perhaps the under-representation of women is due, in part, to a selection effect.

We offer an overview of both the empirical literature on food waste and philosophical work on the concept of waste. We use this background to argue that an overemphasis on the reduction of individual food waste is misleading at best, and pernicious at worst, in combatting the substantial problems that global food waste creates. Rather, we argue that civic engagement and political activism aimed at institutional reform will be essential in addressing these problems.

My article discusses the character of Marla, the narrator’s lover, in the film Fight Club. Her only option, within the terms of the film’s logic, I argue, is to define her worth derivatively, by association with the narrator. Fight Club, then, despite its somewhat self-effacing attitude about the rejuvenation of masculinity that it portrays, reinforces a familiar patriarchal story: men’s sense of worth lies in their joint world-making activities. Women’s sense of worth lies in their attachment to individual men who (...) undertake these activities. My main argument builds upon three preliminary discussions. The first is a brief outline of the contours of the concept of self-respect. The second is an analysis of the links between gender, personhood and the grounds of self-respect. The third is an account of my approach to interpreting Fight Club given its many layers of irony. Drawing on these preliminary discussions, I examine two interpretations of the film’s social commentary— what I call the “gender-neutral” and the “gender-specific” interpretations. I show that on both of these readings the film implies that Marla, as a woman, must regain her self-respect through an intimate relationship with the narrator. (shrink)

Ethnographic study of Hippo Family Club, a foreign language learning club in Japan with chapters elsewhere, reveals a critique of foreign language teaching in Japanese schools and in the commercial English conversation industry. Club members contrast their own learning methods, which they view as “natural language acquisition”, with the formal study of grammar, which they see as uninteresting and ineffective. Rather than evaluating either the Hippo approach to learning or the teaching methods they criticize, however, this paper considers the ways (...) of thinking about language that club members come to share. Members view the club as a transnational organization that transcends the boundaries of the nation-state. Language learning connects the club members to a cosmopolitan world beyond the club, even before they interact with speakers of the languages they are learning. The analysis of club members’ ideologies of language and language learning illuminates not only the pragmatics of language use, but practices and outcomes of socialization and shared social structures. (shrink)

This is a phenomenologically grounded ethnographic study of the life-world of ecstasy users in the socio-cultural contexts of raving and clubs in Sydney, Australia. The thesis espouses existential-phenomenology as a framework for describing and understanding these experiences. I argue against and reject the widespread mechanistic-materialist paradigms that inform bio-medical and bio-psychological interpretations of drug-use and non-ordinary states of consciousness. -/- As an alternative to these dominant reductionist perspectives I draw on a holistic organismic approach and the application of phenomenology to (...) ethnographic field research. More specifically, my exploration of the experiences of ecstasy is based upon a dialogal phenomenology which enabled me to generate a processual morphology of the varieties of ecstasy experience and the users’ mode of being-in-the-world. Through this endeavour I also argue for a phenomenological foundation of the study of drug-use and non-ordinary states of consciousness in general. (shrink)

In the following paper we explore the utopian theme of revolution in two filmic works of art: the movie Fight Club (1999), directed by David Fincher, and the very recent TV series Mr. Robot (2015), created by Sam Esmail. We will argue that Fight Club is an existential meditation on simulation, dehumanization and the capitalistic tyranny of the objects combined with a nihilistic pursuit of authenticity through violence. Closely following Fight Club’s rumination on madness as “revolution of the self,” Mr. (...) Robot allows us to take a peek into the mystery of revolutionary freedom: will it change everything or will we come to regret our former tyrants? (shrink)

The ecological crisis almost forces different disciplines to search together for a better world. We all share one earth: the closer we reach a certain point, the closer we come together. This places the paper amid the so-called science and religion dialogue in which theology increasingly cognises empirical research and scientific data. On the other hand, sciences are becoming increasingly aware of the need to transcend their evidential limitations to find a comprehensive paradigm. This paper will apply an exemplary methodology (...) by selecting the eco-theology of Jürgen Moltmann as a theologian who takes relevant results of scientific ecological research seriously. The Club of Rome, on the other hand, is an example of social (and natural) sciences urging to find a new inclusive paradigm for a world in peril. The juxtaposition of theology and science provides the need for a new value system emerging in social sciences. Randers makes clear that the culture of consumerism had to be replaced by cultural elements that provide substantial longer-term satisfaction and increase well-being. The latest report of the Club of Rome (2022) and Moltmann’s latest two titles on this topic (2019 and 2020) have been integrated into the argument and previous publications of the author. Contribution: This exemplary approach contributes to a scientifically grounded and biblically founded eco-theology. The two exponents of science and eco-theology provide the much-needed vocabulary for each other. The Earth Charter, one could add, provides a grammar for the engagement of eco-theology and environmental science. (shrink)

In this chapter, the embodied consciousness of clubbing and raving is considered through the theory of extended mind, according to which the mind is a distributed system where brain, body, and environment play equal parts. Building on the idea of music as affective atmosphere, a case is made for considering the vibe of a dance party as cognitively, socially, and affectively distributed. The chapter suggests that participating in the vibe affords primary musical consciousness—a kind of pre-reflexive state characterized by (...) affective and bodily knowledge—and speculates about the neural correlates of clubbing and raving by means of an analogy with brain research on psychedelic states. (shrink)

Novels like Fight Club or American Psycho are said to be instances of unreliable narration: the first person narrator presents an evidently distorted picture of the fictional world. The film adaptations of these novels are likewise said to involve unreliable narration. I resist this extension of the term ‘unreliable narration’ to film. My argument for this rests on the observation that unreliable narration requires a personal narrator while film typically involves an impersonal narrator. The kind of ambiguous story-telling that we (...) find in literary fiction with unreliable narrators, where for certain descriptions it is unclear whether what we’re told is an accurate account of what’s happening in the story world or not, can instead be achieved by conventionalized filmmaking techniques for reporting the contents of mental states, like the point of view shot, but especially the more ambiguous blended perspective shot. (shrink)

I argue that sports clubs should be punished for bad behaviour by their fans in a way that affects the club’s sporting success: for example, we are justified in imposing points deductions and competition disqualifications on the basis of racist chanting. This is despite a worry that punishing clubs in such a way is unfair because it targets the sports team rather than the fans who misbehaved. I argue that this belies a misunderstanding of the nature of sports clubs and (...) of the nature of sporting success. Further, I argue that fans should want to be held responsible in such a way because it vindicates the significant role that they play in the life of their club. (shrink)

Background: Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica) whose large flowering head, stalk and small associated leaves are eaten as a vegetable. A leaf of Broccoli might be affected of Several Diseases descriped in this paper . When symptoms is encountered, it requires some kind of medical care. If appropriate Survival of Broccoli Diseases is not taken quickly, it can lead to Broccoli to die . Objectives: The main goal of this expert system (...) is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment. Methods: In this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Farmers in diagnosing many of the broccoli diseases such as : Damping Off,Club root of crucifers or Finger and toe disease,Alternaria leaf spot,Black rot,Downy mildew, and White rust. (shrink)

It is natural to think that social groups are concrete material particulars, but this view faces an important objection. Suppose the chess club and nature club have the same members. Intuitively, these are different clubs even though they have a common material basis. Some philosophers take these intuitions to show that the materialist view must be abandoned. I propose an alternative explanation. Social groups are concrete material particulars, but there is a psychological explanation of nonidentity intuitions. Social groups appear coincident (...) but nonidentical because they are perceived to be governed by conflicting social norms. (shrink)

(For English, scroll down) Der Text präsentiert drei miteinander verbundene Thesen. (1) Philosophie der Musik modifiziert philosophische Grundbegriffe. (2) Eine gemeinsame Eigenschaft in der Vielfalt der Musikformen liegt im Effekt einer Wahrnehmungsveränderung: oft subtil, unterschwellig und zuweilen als ekstatisch erlebte Selbst- und Welt-Transformation. (3) Strenggenommen nehmen wir nicht Töne wahr, sondern a) unsere Hör-Physiologie wandelt Schwingungsfrequenzen ab circa 18 Hz in Tonhöhen um und damit Zeit-Organisation in ein Raum-Äquivalent. (Musik mit tiefen Tönen an der Grenze zur Wahrnehmung, etwa mittels großer (...) Orgelpfeifen in Kathedralen oder Ton-Anlagen in Nachtclubs, inszeniert genau diesen physiologischen Umschlag, mit potentiellen Transzendenz-Effekten.) b) Wir nehmen einfache Frequenzverhältnisse wie 1:2, 2:3 etc. als (relativ) konsonant wahr, komplexere Verhältnisse als (relativ) dissonant. Die Folge: c) Musikhören verbindet uns mit physikalischem Verhalten von Materie, einschließlich unserer selbst. Hierin gründen rare, musikalisch herausgehobene Eindrücke von Erkenntnis und Enthüllung: das Universum betreffend und unsere Stellung in ihm. -/- The text presents three related claims. (1) Music as a topic of philosophy alters key philosophical concepts; (2) In spite of their vast cultural, historical and contextual differences, all forms of music share the effect of a transformation of perception: ranging from subtle and subliminal to the (rare) experience of ecstatic world- and self-transformations; (3) Strictly speaking, we do not perceive sounds. Rather, a) our hearing-physiology translates frequencies (impulses) of more than 18 Hz into pitch and thus temporal events into quasi-spatial perceptions. Compositions containing very deep sounds (e.g. in cathedrals or in night-clubs) stage exactly this physiological conversion: with potentially ‘transcendence’-like effects. b) We hear simple frequency-ratios such as 1:2, 2:3, 3:4 etc. as (relative) consonances and more complex ones as (relative) dissonances. Thus, c) musical compositions make laws of physical behaviour of matter affectively perceptible. This allows for the occasional impression of musical revelations: regarding the universe, its laws, and our place in it. -/- . (shrink)

Gregory La Cava’s 1936 screwball comedy film My Man Godfrey is structured by consubstantiality, which will be defined here as the reification of a second, oppositional element in response to the negation of a first. Because the second element is conditioned by the very thing it negated, a third element is required to reverse the (subjective) point of view as corollary to the first, objective reversal. The film takes place in the depths of the Great Depression; its story centers on (...) the discovery and restoration of ‘the forgotten man’, represented by Godfrey Parke, who has renounced his wealth and social position to live in a shanty-town under the pseudonym of Smith following a failed love-affair. After being ‘claimed’ during a scavenger hunt, he becomes the butler of the family of a New York industrialist, Alexander Bullock. One daughter, Irene, falls in love with him; the other, Cornelia, attempts to frame him by planting ‘stolen’ pearls. Godfrey eludes her trap and uses collateral from the pearls to invest in the futures market, where he rescues his host’s company’s shares to save the family from ruin. With surplus funds he reclaims the shanty-town site and builds a modernist night-club, employing his former ‘forgotten men’ companions. Consubstantiality is played out visually and dramatically. Its component parts are encoded into a visual paradigm to demonstrate the toroidal logic that connects consubstantiality to Jacques Lacan’s theories of discourse and sexuation. Here, topology qualifies Freud’s contention that ‘Psyche is extended; knows nothing of it’ by showing how the non-orientation of the 2-d manifold becomes the self-intersecting traps of 3-d immersion – traps that are already well-known as dramatic devices. (shrink)

Is shadowboxing an effective form of functional exercise? What physiological and morphological changes result from an exercise program based exclusively on shadowboxing for 3 weeks? To date, no empirical research has focused specifically on addressing these questions. Since mixed martial arts (MMA) is the fastest growing sport in the world, and since boxing and kickboxing fitness classes are among the most popular in gyms and fitness clubs worldwide, the lack of research on shadowboxing and martial arts-based fitness programs in the (...) extant literature is a shortcoming that the present article aims to address. This case study involved a previously sedentary individual engaging in an exercise program based exclusively on shadowboxing for 3 weeks. Body composition and heart rate data were collected before, throughout, and upon completion of the 3-week exercise program to determine the effectiveness of shadowboxing for functional fitness purposes. An original shadowboxing program prepared by an Everlast Master Instructor and NASM Certified Personal Trainer (NASM-CPT) and Performance Enhancement Specialist (NASM-PES) was used for this 3-week period. The original shadowboxing program with goals, techniques, and combinations to work on throughout the 3-week program is included in this article. This case study demonstrates that a 3-week exercise program based exclusively on shadowboxing can increase aerobic capacity, muscle mass, bone mass, basal metabolic rate, and daily calorie intake, and decrease resting heart rate, fat mass, body fat percentage, and visceral fat rating in a previously sedentary individual. The results of this research demonstrate that shadowboxing can be a safe and effective form of exercise leading to morphological and physiological improvements including fat loss and increased aerobic capacity. The results of this research also demonstrate that the Tanita BC-1500 is a reliable tool for individuals to evaluate their own fitness progress over time. (shrink)

The following is a critical reconstruction of the collaboration between Bauer and Marx between 1839 and 1842. The turbulences in the period in question reveal themselves in Marx’s thought as well as in his relationship with Bruno Bauer. Correspondingly, Marx’s detours, false paths, dead ends and abandoned work are therefore made the focus of this study. The ambivalent initial relations between the two of them, which both made their collaboration possible and hindered it, clearly go back further than 1841, when (...) Bauer was not yet an atheist and was still a proponent of church doctrine. This was the Bruno Bauer that Marx had come to know in the Doctor’s Club. We then meet Bauer the atheist at the end of 1839 or perhaps the beginning of 1840, as he was planning a comprehensive attack on orthodox theology and wanted Marx to fight on his side. This attack continued in Bauer’s Trumpet and in Hegel’s Doctrine. (shrink)

Two interlocutors, Philip Pettit and a student, are exchanging views on liberal political and economic philosophy during lunch at Prospect House, the faculty club of Princeton. The dialogue begins with clarifications of the notion of liberty, and, against objections of the student, Pettit introduces and defends his own conception of freedom as non-domination rather than as non-interference. It proceeds with an exchange of arguments regarding the different kinds of institutional settings that entrench liberty and all the other things valued by (...) humans. The interlocutors reach a preliminary consensus that in order to substantiate the republican ideal of freedom as non-domination in concrete institutional realities, two things are required: the establishment of a mixed constitution – so that no single, unconstrained body can exercise lawmaking and other government functions – as well as eternal vigilance on the part of the citizens. The second part of the dialogue deals with a major challenge to the republican political philosophy expressed by the student: the issue of non-domination in markets, which is diagnosed as an important lacuna in republican thought. (shrink)

The writings of Joseph Henry Woodger (1894–1981) are often taken to exemplify everything that was wrongheaded, misguided, and just plain wrong with early twentieth-century philosophy of biology. Over the years, commentators have said of Woodger: (a) that he was a fervent logical empiricist who tried to impose the explanatory gold standards of physics onto biology, (b) that his philosophical work was completely disconnected from biological science, (c) that he possessed no scientific or philosophical credentials, and (d) that his work was (...) disparaged – if not altogether ignored – by the biologists and philosophers of his era. In this paper, we provide the first systematic examination of Woodger’s oeuvre, and use it to demonstrate that the four preceding claims are false. We argue that Woodger’s ideas have exerted an important influence on biology and philosophy, and submit that the current consensus on his legacy stems from a highly selective reading of his works. By rehabilitating Woodger, we hope to show that there is no good reason to continue to disregard the numerous contributions to the philosophy of biology produced in the decades prior to the professionalization of the discipline. (shrink)

The central question of the paper is: do women have the right to exclude transwomen from women-only spaces? First I argue that biological sex matters politically, and should be protected legally—at least until such a time as there is no longer sex discrimination. Then I turn to the rationales for women-only spaces, arguing that there are eight independent rationales that together overdetermine the moral justification for maintaining particular spaces as women-only. I address a package of spaces, including prisons, changing rooms, (...) fitting rooms, bathrooms, shelters, rape and domestic violence refuges, gyms, spas, sports, schools, accommodations, shortlists, prizes, quotas, political groups, clubs, events, festivals, and terms. The arguments of these two sections taken together make a strong case against self-identification as the basis for legal sex (because legal sex will generally determine inclusion). In the last part of the paper, I address the objection that my conclusion was obtained through linguistic sleight of hand, which I answer by saying that choices about how to refer to transwomen don’t change the underlying fact that the basis for exclusion is generally sex, not gender identity. (shrink)

Consider the claim that openmindedness is an epistemic virtue, the claim that true belief is epistemically valuable, and the claim that one epistemically ought to cleave to one’s evidence. These are examples of what I’ll call “ epistemic discourse.” In this paper I’ll propose and defend a view called “convention-relativism about epistemic discourse.” In particular, I’ll argue that convention-relativismis superior to its main rival, expressivism about epistemic discourse. Expressivism and conventionalism both jibe with anti-realism about epistemic normativity, which is motivated (...) by appeal to philosophical naturalism. Convention-relativism says that epistemic discourse describes how things stands relative to a conventional set of “ epistemic ” values; such discourse is akin to normative discourse relative to the conventional rules of a club. I defend conventionalism by appeal to a “reverse open question argument,” which says, pace expressivism, that epistemic discourse leaves the relevant normative questions open. (shrink)

Ideal carbon tax policy is internationally coordinated, fully internalizes externalities, redistributes revenues to those harmed, and is politically acceptable, generating predictable market signals. Since nonideal circumstances rarely allow all these conditions to be met, moral issues arise. This paper surveys some of the work in moral philosophy responding to several of these issues. First, it discusses the moral drivers for estimates of the social cost of carbon. Second, it explains how national self-interest can block climate action and suggests international policies—carbon (...) border tax adjustments and carbon clubs—that can help address these concerns. Third, it introduces some of the social science literature about the political acceptability of carbon taxes before addressing a couple common public concerns about carbon taxes. Finally, it introduces four carbon revenue usage options, arguing that redistributive and climate compensation measures are most morally justified. [Open access]. (shrink)

In response to Professor Rorty’s reaction to Professor Habermas’s paper in this symposium, I confess that I am still not sure I understand Rorty’s hostility to ideals such as the ideal of truth. Such ideals as the ideal of truth -- and ideals like those of reason and morality surely stand and fall with the ideal of truth -- seem plainly to have an enormous pragmatic value. They lure us out of our too-constrained, too-limited ethnocentric or idiosyncratic frames of reference. (...) It is always possible, of course, that such ideals may be abused; they have frequently been deployed, in particular, as clubs used to beat down views and modes of behavior that are threatening or otherwise disliked. But they need not be abused. Their proven and potential value is quite extraordinary. They offer us standards which pay explicit respect to the principle that the criteria we use for evaluating ideas and modes of behavior should be nonethnocentric and nonidiosyncratic. They offer us standards that we can appeal to in luring ourselves or others to step outside of our relatively narrow present points of view here and now and toward a broader perspective that can serve us better tomorrow and elsewhere. (shrink)

Despite decades of theorising and empirical research, the problems of corporate governance seem intractable, particularly the relationships between investors and companies. The thought experiment in this paper asks us to look at the problem through a fresh lens. It draws on the quaint British legal custom of calling shareholders “members”, and then uses the political philosopher Michael Walzer’s idea of membership in states, clubs, neighbourhoods, and families to draw lessons for the corporate world. This paper suggests that seeing how Walzer (...) conceives “strangers” in a polity, with fewer rights but a path to membership, lets us rethink shareholder rights as something to be earned, through engagement and commitment, that is, through stewardship. Rethinking what membership of a company might mean points to a pragmatic escape from short-termism without institutional reform. (shrink)

The contents of Brahmajnaana, the Buddhism, the Jainism, the Sabdabrahma Siddhanta and Shaddarsanas will be discussed to present the true meaning of individual’s identity and I. The influence of spirituality contained in Upanishadic insight in the development of Sanskrit language structure, Indian culture, and individual identity formation will be developed. The cultural and psychological aspects of a civilization on the formation of its language structure and prominence given to various parts of speech and vice versa will be touched upon. These (...) aspects will be also compared and contrasted with German, French, Telugu and Hindi and their respective influence on cultural and identity formation and vice versa. A cognitive science interpretation of advaita and dvaita phases of mind and bhakti and vibhakti modes of language acquisition and communication in terms of physics and electronics will be given and be clubbed to present an inclusive and comprehensive modern scientific and social scientific understanding and interpretation of Brahmajnaana, the Buddhism, the Jainism and rest of current theistic and atheistic awareness of I and its spiritual, linguistic, cognitive scientific and rationalistic ideas and opinions. The use of this study for national integration and oneness of Indians will be highlighted. (shrink)

Breeders of purebred dogs usually have several goals they want to accomplish, of which canine wellbeing is one. The purpose of this article is to investigate what we ought to do given this goal. Breeders typically think that they fulfil their wellbeing-related duties by doing the best they can within their breed of choice. However, it is true of most breeders that they could produce physically and mentally healthier dogs if they switched to a healthier breed. There are a few (...) breeds that are healthier than other breeds as well as mutts; we could maximize wellbeing for the next generations by focusing all our breeding resources on those. However, in the long run such a strategy would severely deplete the canine gene pool. If we are to breed for wellbeing in the long run, we must thus weigh the benefits of selection against physical and mental problems against the benefits of genetic diversity. The optimal breeding strategy for canine wellbeing is to preserve many breeds, though not all of them. Furthermore, we ought to combine strict health programs with looser barriers between breeds. Such a policy conflicts with the goal of breed preservation, at least if we think of breeds as populations registered within kennel clubs rather than types of dogs, but not with the goal of producing good working dogs capable of performing various tasks. (shrink)

Four modes of language acquisition and communication are presented translating ancient Indian expressions on human consciousness, mind, their form, structure and function clubbing with the Sabdabrahma theory of language acquisition and communication. The modern scientific understanding of such an insight is discussed. . A flowchart of language processing in humans will be given. A gross model of human language acquisition, comprehension and communication process forming the basis to develop software for relevantmind-machine modeling will be presented. The implications of such (...) a model to artificial intelligence and cognitive sciences will be discussed. The essential nature and necessity of a physics, communication engineering , biophysical and biochemical insight as both complementary and supplementary to using mathematical and computational methods in delineating the theory of language processing in humans is put forward. (shrink)

Perhaps the topic of acceptable risk never had a sexier and more succinct introduction than the one Edward Norton, playing an automobile company executive, gave it in Fight Club: “Take the number of vehicles in the field (A), multiply it by the probable rate of failure (B), and multiply the result by the average out of court settlement (C). A*B*C=X. If X is less than the cost of the recall, we don’t do one.” Of course, this dystopic scene also gets (...) to the heart of the issue in another way: acceptable risk deals with mathematical calculations about the value of life, injury, and emotional wreckage, making calculation a difficult matter ethically, politically, and economically. This entry will explore the history of this idea, focusing on its development alongside statistics into its wide importance today. (shrink)

Ideas about human consciousness and mental functions will be analyzed and developed using cognitive science information available in the Upanishads, Brahmajnaana, Advaita and Dvaita schools of thought. -/- The analysis and development so done will be used to theorize and give scheme of human language acquisition and communication process clubbing with Sabdabrahma Siddhanta/Sphota Vaada which put forward infrasonic wave oscillator issuing pulses in infrasonic range and are reflected as brain waves. -/- Thus a brain-wave modulation/demodulation model of human language (...) acquisition and communication will be advanced and put forward. Application of this study in mind-machine modeling, natural language comprehension field of artificial intelligence will also be hinted. -/- . (shrink)

Recent work has explored the extent to which intercollegiate athletics even belong at the university or meet the university’s mission. Just as play seems evident in athletics, it is also present in music, art, and theater. While these programs are popular targets when discussing possible cuts, few question their legitimacy at the university. In this article I argue that the justification for retaining the extracurricular status of intercollegiate sports should be based on their being especially playful. Indeed, on the basis (...) of this argument, I suggest that universities offer even greater and wider access to sport through club and intramural sports. However, while athletics might appear to be more playful, I hold that there is substantially more play present in university music, art, and theater programs than there is in intercollegiate sports. (shrink)

The author criticizes ways in which academic disciplines can be viewed as skewed toward bureaucratized intellect and its requirements and rewards, rather than toward scholarly intellectual life and research. Drawing from the Chicago traditions of sociology and philosophical pragmatism, as well as his own experience of them, Halton goes on to appraise ways in which these traditions have tended to become contracted to limited textbook canons. Donald Levine’s Visions of the Sociological Tradition provides a case in which the broad influences (...) of European intellectual traditions, for example, Nietzsche, are included in his sociological history of European sociological traditions, whereas similar influences, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thorstein Veblen, Jane Addams, Lewis Mumford, or even C. Wright Mills, are excluded from his account of the American and Chicago traditions. Admitting that academic disciplines represent skewed forms of bureaucratized intellect rather than progressive traditions allows one to admit those who are not members of the club into the dialogue of social thought and the social sciences. (shrink)

Drawing on the well-established understanding of the zombie as metaphor for the deadening effects of consumer capitalism, this chapter seeks to account for three distinct changes that contextualise 21st century zombie fiction. The first is situational: the global economic crisis has amplified the anxieties that inspired Romero's critique of consumer capitalism in Dawn of the Dead (1978). The second is intellectual: as Chapman and Anderson (2011) note, there has been an “explosion of research on all aspects of disgust” in recent (...) years. The third concerns the subgenre itself: zombies have become increasingly sexualised since the late 1990s. These issues intersect in a numerous recent zombie films - including Zombie Strippers! (2008), Zombies! Zombies! Zombies! (2008), Big Tits Zombie (2010), and Zombies Vs Strippers (2012) - that are centred around or within strip clubs. Stripping epitomises the logic of consumer capitalism, offering tantalising promises but little physical satisfaction. Stripping translates sexual desire into a voyeuristic transaction, evacuated of corporeal messiness. The zombie’s decomposing body epitomises disgust, and its presence in the strip-club disturbs the fantasy typically provided within that context. In the zombie infected strip-club, intimate contact is damaging rather than desirous. In these respects, zombies hypostatize numerous tensions that are usually masked by fantasy and financial exchange. In doing so, these zombies reify the horrors of late capitalism. Their disgusting bodies disrupt the foundational logic of consumerism qua desire. (shrink)

The article presents the results of a survey of Odessa residents as part of a study of the motivational and value preferences of townsfolk in the field of fitness. It has been established that the determining motives for choosing a place for fitness are the individual trainer's approach to the client, personal comfort and convenient location of the fitness club. It was revealed that respondents have an interest in innovative training, but it has not yet acquired the character of a (...) trend. We also obtained data about the significance of playing sports under the supervision of a personal trainer and sports physician. The collected empirical material served as the basis for revealing the behavioral patterns of townspeople and allowed to identify three groups of city residents who are characterized by different motivational and value preferences in the field of fitness. The first ones are focused on personal achievements, the second – on health, good physical form, good time among like-minded people, the third – on the development of special skills, achievements and opportunities to escape from problems. Based on the survey, it was also revealed that the overall physical development of the child is the leading physical motivation for children to do sports, and despite the fact that children may have certain achievements in sports, parents do not attach much importance to them. (shrink)

The norms of a legal system are relevant in deciding on people's rights and duties within that system. Some norms that are not part of a legal system are also relevant within it: norms of foreign legal systems, games, clubs, contracts, grammar, and so on. What distinguishes the norms of a legal system from the norms merely relevant within it? Where, in other words, are law's boundaries? There are three existing answers in the literature, from Kramer, Shapiro, and Raz. None (...) succeed. A better answer starts with a distinction between two types of legal relevance: direct and indirect. Norms of a legal system are directly relevant within it. Norms that are not part of a legal system are at most indirectly relevant within it. Thus, the two types of norms are distinguished by the directness of their relevance. (shrink)

This opinion revolves around the discussion of matters that are beyond the realm of space-time. For instance, it discusses parallel universes, wormholes, and extrasensory perception or psi. Rationality is operationally defined. The opinion throws light on the manner in which the lines of rationality become unclear when it takes into consideration extrasensory phenomena. In addition, it contends that psychiatric disorders such as Schizophrenia are the result of contact from different parallel universes. Hence, Schizophrenia according to this paper is not a (...) disorder by itself but rather just a communication of messages from an alternate reality. Also, another psychological disorder called Dissociative Identity Disorder is also the result of different souls in one person or communication from different souls from parallel universes. Whether atoms are conscious or not is debatable but can be a possibility due to their eerie and unpredictable nature. The concept of parallel universes introduces a paradoxical manner of thinking, which is dealt with in the paper. The paper concerns itself with issues in quantum physics, clubbed with extrasensory perception in parapsychology. It subtly emphasizes rational thinking in the debate about space-time and beyond. Rationality as a concept is dealt with from different angles. Finally, quantum cognition is used to explain an all too familiar, pervasive yet inexplicable domain of knowledge, which is human behaviour. (shrink)

Why do some people become WNBA champions or Olympic gold medalists and others do not? What is ‘special’ about those very few incredibly skilled athletes, and why do they, in particular, get to be special? In this paper, I attempt to make sense of the relationship that there is, in the case of sports champions, between so-called ‘talent’, i.e. natural predisposition for particular physical activities and high-pressure competition, and practice/training. I will articulate what I take to be the ‘mechanism’ that (...) allows certain people to rise to the Olympus of athletic excellence, and what being part of this elite club ‘feels like’. My proposal is based on the idea that so-called talent and practice interact in complex and unsystematic ways. I will also argue that becoming a top athlete involves undergoing a special kind of transformation, which makes such people qualitatively different from any ‘normal’ sport amateur, even when the difference might not be immediately visible to the ‘untrained’ eye. (shrink)

An adequate philosophy of technology will not stop with knowledge-claim considerations, like traditional philosophy of science, but will address public policy issues, as is done regarding science via science policy studies. Technology is not merely "applied science" but generates attention to normative issues engendered by technologies. Philosophers of technology can find support for such normative concerns in studies of the value impact of applying science, e.g., those of Radnitzky, Ravetz and Mumford, and such organizations as the Club of Rome.

The foundation of every society is the result of an arbitrary act: one of its parts takes control over the rest and (re)makes the world in its own image. Any sort of tribal, theocratic, feudal, political dimension in the history of our civilisation has indeed shaped reality according to its peculiar needs and aims, by means of a system of thought that could justify its permanence in time. The creation of artificial needs requires a distorted perception of inherent threshold values; (...) otherwise, Debord says, we wouldn't be the well-oiled cogs we're expected to be in the machinery of the system. The list of our natural needs is indeed quite short: only a few biological functions and a couple of psychophysical drives to be satisfied when necessary, such as sex and sociality. As a matter of fact, it doesn't take much for a human being to survive. Modern society can't afford to accept the concept of 'strictly necessary' though, not after its very existence became anachronistic and even threatening to a world ruled by the market-a world that needs buyers and consumers in order to survive. What Debord clearly points out is indeed the fake sense of freedom in our choices, the great lie presiding over our lives as consumers-a surrogate freedom that was bestowed upon us as yet another commodity. Even our dirtiest excesses are fed their daily fix of filth by the market; as long as our kinks imply some sort of purchase, we'll always find an industry willing to satisfy them. a use of the commodity arises that is sufficient unto itself; what this means for the consumer is an outpouring of religious zeal in honor of the commodity's sovereign freedom. waves of enthusiasm for particular products, fueled and boosted by the communications media, are propagated with lightning speed. a film sparks a fashion craze, or a magazine launches a chain of clubs that in turn spins off a line of products. the sheer fad item perfectly expresses the fact that, as the mass of commodities becomes more and more absurd, absurdity becomes a commodity in its own right... The spectacle is the moment when the commodity has attained the total occupation of social life. Not only is the relation to the commodity visible but it is all one sees: the world one sees is its world. Modern economic production extends its dictatorship extensively and intensively. In the least industrialized places, its reign is already attested by a few star commodities and by the imperialist domination imposed by regions which are ahead in the development of productivity. In the advanced regions, social space is invaded by a continuous superimposition of geological layers of commodities. At this point in the \"second industrial revolution,\" alienated consumption becomes for the masses a duty supplementary to alienated production. (shrink)

-/- DOS PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS E SUAS CARACTERÍSTICAS -/- OF PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva -/- l. A TENDÊNCIA FILOSÓFICA - A Filosofia surgiu graças à curiosidade humana. Os primeiros filósofos buscavam encontrar as respostas para perguntas perturbadoras sobre a verdade, o ser, a existência autêntica, o absoluto, a transcendência do espírito, a ideia de bem e mal, além de compreender esse mundo binário (o dilema: bem e mal) que tanto inquieta a humanidade desde seus (...) primórdios; toda essa busca pela explicação de tais inquietações é fazer filosofia. A tendência para investigar, para conhecer o sentido último das coisas, teve gênese com os filósofos gregos (ditos cosmólogos, físicos, etc.), e para compreender os complexos dilemas da natureza e da realidade suprassensível existiu um homem (o filósofo) que buscou analisar e entender os problemas ao longo de toda a sua história. No mundo ocidental, essa tendência surgiu a partir do século VI a.C., precisamente na Grécia. A História da Filosofia é o traço deixado por essa tendência de investigação do homem, é a série de aspectos e soluções que os filósofos descobriram, em suas investigações sobre a realidade. Lembre-se que, de acordo com a definição tradicional, a Filosofia estuda as causas supremas de todas as coisas, isto é, os fundamentos últimos de toda a realidade. É, além disso, um conhecimento científico e, portanto, deve conter o rigor característico de uma ciência. Na História da Filosofia, você terá a oportunidade de capturar os diferentes aspectos que essas fundações supremas oferecem, e também será possível julgar a validade e o rigor dos pensadores expostos. Mas entender essas soluções significa ter apreendido os problemas que animam o intelecto e o movem para a resposta. Levantar esses problemas é, então, a primeira tarefa no estudo da Filosofia e sua História. 2. PROBLEMAS RELATIVOS AO CONHECIMENTO - Trata-se de determinar a validade do conhecimento. Em que condições isso é verdade? Quando é que nós enquanto filósofos efetivamente alcançamos a verdade? Quão longe alcançam e se limitam nossas faculdades cognitivas? A importância desses problemas se destacam a partir do momento em que os filósofos antigos oferecem várias soluções para a mesma pergunta. O fato de cada filósofo ter uma própria resposta e, por vezes, completamente oposta à de outros, não deixa de ser perturbador, pelo que procura aprofundar-se na realidade. Por que não há uma única e universal resposta para os problemas da alma, liberdade, Deus, bem e mal? A mesma História da Filosofia, com sua cadeia de sistemas e soluções, é motivo de preocupação para o espírito filosófico. Na história da humanidade, houve cinco soluções principais para o problema do conhecimento: o ceticismo, o empirismo, o racionalismo, o idealismo e o realismo. O ceticismo nega validade a tudo, conhecimento; nele a melhor posição cognitiva do pensador é duvidar de tudo e de todos. O empirismo só concede capacidade cognitiva às faculdades sensíveis; ou melhor, um conhecimento é válido apenas quando está alicerçado por alguma experiência sensível. O racionalismo, pelo contrário, finge que os sentidos enganam, e que a necessidade e a universalidade do conhecimento científico só é alcançada através das faculdades intelectuais. O idealismo, por sua vez, nega que possamos conhecer as coisas, independentemente do sujeito conhecedor; nós só capturamos nossas próprias ideias. O realismo, finalmente, sustenta que temos conhecimento válido, alcançado pelos sentidos e a inteligência, e que atingem a mesma realidade, que é independente do sujeito que a conhece. 3. O PROBLEMA DO SER - Este é o problema central da Metafísica, e busca investigar e questionar acerca da totalidade e a existência do ser, o que consiste o ser (como um verbo). Desde o começo você tem que saber distinguir o ser e os seres. Estes são as coisas e as pessoas (qualquer objeto que exista ou possa existir), e em Filosofia esses termos são reduzidos apenas pela palavra entidade. Em vez disso, o ser (no singular) deve ser entendido como um verbo, como um ato, e, precisamente, a questão é: em que consiste o ato de ser? o que é o ser? A partir dessas inquietações universais, surgem problemas análogos, como: o que é existir?, o que é uma essência?, qual é a essência da realidade? A Metafísica tem sido o centro das preocupações dos filósofos; mas também tem sido o centro dos ataques contra a Filosofia, precisamente através das críticas de Kant. No entanto, na filosofia contemporânea, alguns filósofos existencialistas, como Heidegger e Marcel, trataram de investigar o ser em sua máxima generalidade e profundidade. 4. O PROBLEMA DO ABSOLUTO - Trata do problema da existência e essência de Deus. Todos os filósofos lidaram com o assunto de alguma forma, seja ela direta ou indireta. Até os ateus tiverem e ainda teem que fundamentar ou explicar o motivo de sua recusa da crença em uma entidade suprassensível e divina. Por enquanto, o importante é perceber que esse problema é estudado em Filosofia, independentemente da religião que é professada. As possíveis soluções que os filósofos encontram são mantidas no plano das faculdades naturais do homem, de preferência em um nível racional. A Fé e a Revelação são assumidas mais tarde, como fundamentos da Teologia. Ultimamente, o ateísmo se disseminou pelo mundo e encontra-se em constante ascensão; mas isso não significa que a única resposta atual a esse problema é a negação de Deus. Existem inumeráveis sábios deste século cuja postura é perfeitamente teísta, por exemplo: Bergson, Marcel, Husserl, Scheler, Jaspers, etc. 5. A EXISTÊNCIA AUTÊNTICA DO HOMEM – Na atualidade, o existencialismo configurou seu maior auge, tendo como tema central a busca pela elucidação das características da existência autêntica do homem. Trata-se do problema mais humano que pode afetar cada um de nós enquanto seres; A tônica da vida que se pretende seguir depende da resolução dessas inquietações corriqueiras. A liberdade é essencial na vida humana? São, talvez, os valores morais os mais importantes? Em que consiste a autenticidade? Como deve-se levar em conta a interrelação e a comunicação humana? Como é o nível humano de existência autêntica? Estas são as principais questões que eles tentam resolver nessa corrente. 6. O PROBLEMA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO E EVOLUÇÃO DO UNIVERSO - O problema do tempo e do espaço, da evolução e da essência da matéria, constituem um dos temas centrais nas obras e investigações de físicos modernos. Geralmente são os cientistas que se dedicam a penetrar filosoficamente em tais assuntos. O importante é esclarecer que, no momento para o qual uma pessoa tenta basear seu conhecimento como tal, em seu próprio ramo, naquele dado momento a pessoa estará fazendo Filosofia. A Cosmologia é o ramo filosófico que lida com estas questões do universo e da relação com o homem e a natureza, e foi uma das primeiras correntes cultivadas entre os gregos na tentativa de achar as possíveis respostas para demasiados problemas. 7. OS PROBLEMAS DA LÓGICA, DA ÉTICA E DA ESTÉTICA - O tema típico da Lógica é a ordem dos conceitos. Para ela corresponde a governança sobre as estruturas mentais, os processos corretos no raciocínio, as leis de todo pensamento bem estruturado, como definições, divisões, categorizações, a conversão de proposições, as inferências imediatas com base em oposições, etc. A Ética corresponde a lidar com questões sobre o bem e o mal. Sua importância deriva do papel orientador que a ciência adquire na mente de quem ela examina e chega a soluções fundamentadas. Junto com esse problema, é interconectado com o da obrigação em harmonia com a liberdade, o das categorias de valores, o das virtudes, o da autonomia em correlação com a heteronomia, etc. Por sua vez, cabe à Estética o estudo de arte e beleza. Da mesma forma, os problemas relacionados ao da atividade artística, a intuição estética, projeção sentimental, categorias estéticas, etc. Uma vez revisadas as principais abordagens filosóficas, podemos descrever suas características gerais. 8. CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS, QUANTO À SUA ORIGEM: a) A filosofia é baseada em uma atitude inata do homem, em uma tendência que pertence à sua natureza, e pelo qual é lançado para procurar soluções aos problemas que o afetam. Essa tendência para a verdade, bem como a ânsia para conquistar o desconhecido, além da busca por um elemento que dá sentido a vida de uma pessoa é a origem a priori da Filosofia. Na história da filosofia, a Metafísica pode ser negada como uma ciência - tal é a tese kantiana -, nada obstante, não pode-se negar a tendência humana de fazer Metafísica. O mesmo Kant que tanto a criticou na modernidade, aceitou essa tendência. Consequentemente, a origem da Filosofia deve procurar algo a priori, algo que caracterize o homem em sua essência: a tendência a buscar o atemático dentro do temático, do implícito no explícito, no fundamento, nas teses científicas. b) Por outro lado, a posteriori, pode-se observar que todo sistema filosófico tem sua origem a partir de uma intuição geral, que serve como uma estruturação no resto das teses do autor. Essa intuição filosófica é uma doadora de sentido, é universal, é integral e alcança, com sua captura, a síntese de elementos, à primeira vista, dispersos. Um exemplo famoso de uma síntese filosófica é a de Platão, que, com sua distinção entre o mundo das Ideias e o mundo da matéria (Inteligível e Sensível), engendrou para sempre uma discussão sobre seus relacionamentos, suas interações, distinções e unificações. Bem como, São Tomás de Aquino, com seu teocentrismo, proveniente do cristianismo, ou Kant, com a sua revolução copernicana, alcançaram todo um sistema filosófico, baseado em sua brilhante intuição. 9. CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS, QUANTO AO SEU OBJETO - Os problemas filosóficos apresentam características muito nítidas, devido ao objeto com o qual lidam. Podemos distinguir três: fundamentação, universalidade e humanismo. a) Antes de mais nada, a Filosofia busca uma fundamentação suprema de todas as teses que sustenta. Filosofar consiste em aprofundar até chegar a fundamentação ou bases sobre as quais se constrói a estrutura das teses afirmadas. Isto é o mesmo que estudar as causas supremas, tal qual diz a definição tradicional da Filosofia. b) E não só em profundidade, mas também em extensão, a Filosofia quer abranger tudo o que existe, toda entidade, todos os questionamentos que há sobre os mais diversos temas, desde o questionamento da formação do universo ante uma divindade suprassensível até os complexos dilemas políticos contemporâneos,. É assim que a Metafísica, o núcleo da Filosofia, tem como objetivo de ser. Essa filosofia engloba tudo absolutamente, isso significa que a Metafísica alcança um nível transcendental e vai além dos níveis categóricos e peculiares. c) E finalmente, a Filosofia é um conhecimento plenamente humano, no sentido que penetra precisamente nas questões e, questões essas que afetam intimamente a vida pessoal de cada homem. Assim por exemplo, a Filosofia lida com questões existenciais, como liberdade, amor, intercomunicação pessoal, fidelidade, obrigação, bem e mal, objetivo supremo e felicidade. Desta forma, ao mesmo tempo que preenche os requisitos de uma ciência em quanto ao rigor e ordem que é exigido, também preenche os assuntos apropriados de um estudo propriamente humanista. Filosofia é, então, uma síntese equilibrada do conhecimento humano. 10. CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS, QUANTO À SUA RESOLUÇÃO: a) A Filosofia, em termos de resolução de seus problemas, segue um método eminentemente racional. O que não significa que os dados empíricos sejam descartados, pelo contrário, eles constituem, precisamente, o material que a inteligência aprofunda-se e encontra sua causa ou razão. O método filosófico é, então, um uso equilibrado da experiência sensata e da razão, é experimental-racional. b) E finalmente, a Filosofia é desinteressada, em quanto o próprio conhecimento de suas teses, problemas e soluções fornece, por si só, uma satisfação plena ao intelecto que ele contempla. Logo, a Filosofia constitui, por si só, um objeto valioso, para o qual tende a inteligência como sua suprema finalidade. Obtê-la, contemplá-la e ser saciado nela é a mesma coisa. Ao qual não é um obstáculo para que, mais tarde, em uma atitude prática, seja possível obter aplicações, utilizações e derivações, para apoiar outras ciências, para governar e ordenar a vida. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BLANCO, A. D. La filosofía y sus problemas. Barcelona: Ed. Scientia, 1966. 234 pps. HIDELBRAND, D. V. ¿Qué es la filosofía? Madrid: Razón y fe, 1965. 294 pps. MARITAIN, J. Introduccion a la filosofía. Buenos Aires: Club de lectores, 1963. 240 pps. OCHOA, O. R. Propedéutica filosófica. México: Porrúa, 1943. 222 pps. VERNEAUX, R. Epistemología general: o crítica del conocimiento. Barcelona: Herder, 1985. 248 pps. (shrink)

Spinoza’s recognition of the unpredictable fortunes of individuals, explicable through the interplay between their intrinsic natures and their susceptibility to external causes, informs his account of political success and – what for him is the same thing – political virtue. Thus, a state may thrive because it has a good constitution (an internal feature), or because it was fortunate not to be surrounded by powerful enemies. Normally, however, it is the combination of both luck and internal qualities that determines the (...) fate of things. What is true about the fate of states holds equally of the fate of other types of individual, both human and non-human. In a sense, even the fate of a theory is determined by the interplay between its intrinsic virtues, and mere historical luck. A quarter century ago, shortly after I began my graduate studies in philosophy at Yale, I started thinking about writing a dissertation on Spinoza’s philosophy. A good and caring friend in my graduate cohort advised me against the idea, which he believed was tantamount to “professional suicide” given the oddity of Spinoza’s thought. Indeed, the environment of analytic philosophy in the mid- and even late-1990s was not particularly auspicious for the academic study of Spinoza. Spinoza was – rightly – considered as having little commitment to commonsense, and commitment to commonsense – the most stubborn of prejudices – was (and still is) considered by many a minimal requirement for entry into the club of “decent” philosophers. Yet, things have changed over the past twenty-five years. So much so, that recently a (non-Spinozist) early modernist colleague of mine complained to me about the futility of changing the description of an event he planned from a ‘Spinoza workshop’ into an ‘early modern philosophy workshop,’ since “one way or another, most of the submitted abstracts are going to deal with Spinoza.” Indeed, in many ways, the interest and intensity of the study of Spinoza’s philosophy in the Anglo-American world has eclipsed that of almost all other early modern philosophers, and we seem to be facing a circumstance in which Spinoza is gradually competing with, if not replacing, Kant as the compass of modern philosophy. One can list many reasons for these dramatic developments: from Spinoza’s radical naturalism, to his dismissal of the fairytales of anthropomorphic and anthropocentric religion – while Kant on these issues could at best be said to kick the ghosts from the front door while inviting them back as ‘ideas’ or ‘postulates of practical reason’ through the back door –- to his unequivocal rejection of the illusions of humanism. Still, we lack a full explanation of the recent Spinozist upheaval in North American philosophy. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the effect of Total Quality Management in achieving the requirements of the quality of job life among university college employees, and the researchers used the descriptive and analytical approach, and used a main tool to collect information, which is: the questionnaire. The study population reached (596) academic and administrative employees distributed among (5) University colleges in Gaza Strip, and a stratified random sample of (240) employees was selected, approximately (40.3%) of the study population. SPSS software (...) was used to analyze the data. The study concluded that the application of the requirements of total quality management in university colleges in Gaza Strip is appropriate in general in terms of: (the commitment of the top management to total quality management, organizational structure, management with facts, focus on beneficiaries, staff empowerment, and continuous improvement). The sample on the dimensions of total quality management with a relative weight is (69.93%). And that the elements of job quality in university colleges in Gaza Strip are generally adequate in terms of: (moral working conditions, wages and rewards, participation in decision-making, handling of complaints and grievances, benefits provided to employees), where the response of the sample respondents was about the dimensions of job quality with a relative weight (63.30%), and the existence of a strong positive relationship between Total Quality Management in university colleges in Gaza Strip. And that there is a statistically significant effect of the variables of comprehensive quality management and quality of career in university colleges in Gaza Strip at a significance level (α = 0.05). And that the dimensions of total quality management most influencing the dimensions of job quality are: (empowering employees; continuous improvement; focusing on beneficiaries; managing with facts). The absence of differences between the answers of the sample members about the impact of Total Quality Management in achieving the requirements of the quality of the job life of the employees in university colleges due to the variable (academic qualification, years of service). And the existence of differences attributed to a variable (gender in favor of the male category, the college in favor of the university college of applied sciences category, and the nature of work attributed to an academic category with an administrative position). Among the most important recommendations of the study is the necessity for university colleges to be keen on: (achieving job satisfaction, employee participation when setting regulations and policies and making important decisions, adhering to scientific research requirements and encouraging scientific achievements and career creativity among employees, while providing material and moral facilities for scientific research and development, developing mechanisms and patterns of electronic work). University colleges must provide benefits to employees such as: (providing health care, organizing leisure trips, contributing to solving economic problems, providing club subscriptions). And the necessity for university colleges to pay attention to handling complaints and grievances through: (Assigning an efficient and competent committee to handle complaints and grievances in all fairness and transparency, adopting and following up the results of the application of handling complaints and grievances, protecting complainants from any arbitrary action against them). And the need for the Ministry of Education and Higher Education to develop the evaluation role of the National Authority for Accreditation, Quality and Quality of Higher Education Institutions to evaluate the performance of university colleges, to ensure the application of academic and administrative quality standards in colleges, and to seek the help of quality and excellence experts in evaluating the application of Total Quality Management in the academic and administrative f ield in accordance with regional performance standards And global. (shrink)

Sport is a global phenomenon, which can make sport an important arena for integration into new societies. However, sport is also an expression of national culture and identities. The aim of this study is to explore images and experiences that newly-arrived immigrant children in Sweden have about sport in their country of origin, and challenges that can arise in processes of integration through sport. We asked 20 newly arrived children aged 10 to 13 to make drawings about sporting experiences from (...) their countries of origin. Three themes emerged: sport as feeling joy, where activities were performed with friends during leisure time; sport as acting formally, where activities were carried out in clubs; and sport as a spectator, where children were non-participants. We emphasise that development of sport should be two-way processes, where cultural learning should be mutual processes. Immigrant children’s experiences should be foregrounded when utilising and developing sports programmes. (shrink)

Com o conceito de Filosofia já explicado no trabalho (DOS PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS E SUAS CARACTERÍSTICAS), podemos agora conferir uma ideia mais clara da filosofia se a compararmos com o conhecimento científico tal como atualmente se entende, isto é, com as ciências experimentais. Uma vez a filosofia sendo distinguida com relação às ciências experimentais, faremos uma comparação das soluções que outorgam os dois níveis de conhecimento frente ao mesmo assunto para elucidar, por exemplo, na frente do homem, o mundo, o número, (...) o comportamento humano ou a beleza. -/- 1. DIFERENÇA ENTRE CAUSAS PRÓXIMAS E CAUSAS ÚLTIMAS – A Filosofia estuda as causas últimas (ou supremas), enquanto as ciências experimentais estudam as causas imediatas. Por exemplo, ao estudar o movimento, a física capta o tema por meio de forças, fricções, pesos e balanços, que afetam os corpos. Estas são as causas imediatas, e elas são distinguidas porque sempre permanecem no plano do sensível e do experimentável. Em vez disso, a Filosofia examina os dois princípios que explicam todos os demais, os tornando em sua forma essencial, ou seja, o ato (exemplo: o ato de atritar duas madeiras até produzir fogo) e a potência (exemplo: a potência de um carro que vai de 0 a 100 Km/h em questão de segundos). Essas são causas supremas e não permanecem mais no nível sensível; elas são capturadas apenas no nível inteligível. Em outras palavras, o filósofo tenta chegar à essência do objeto estudado, e sua explicação é no sentido vertical, pois deixa o nível sensível e experimental. Em contrapartida, o cientista elabora explicações em um sentido horizontal, dentro do nível experimental. A diferença fundamental de ambos os tipos de conhecimento residem, então, em seu diferente objeto formal. -/- 2. TOTALIDADE E PARCIALIDADE DO OBJETO MATERIAL - A filosofia procura abranger a totalidade das coisas; seu objeto material é o mais largo que pode ser conferido. Por outro lado, as outras ciências são particulares, para dizer, elas estudam uma certa parte ou setor, entre todas as entidades. À exemplo, a Filosofia apropriasse de objetos da língua portuguesa (linguística e linguagem); da Antropologia (Antropologia filosófica e Cultura); da História; da Geografia; da Física; da Cosmologia; da Ciência Política; da Sociologia; etc. -/- Nesse sentido, já esclarecemos que mesmo quando a Filosofia estuda as mesmas coisas que as outras ciências tratam, Filosofia e ciência não se confundem, uma vez que o objeto formal é diferente em ambas. -/- 3. MÉTODO EXPERIMENTAL E MÉTODO RACIONAL – As ciências experimentais sublinham a necessidade da experiência sensível, como efeito, as leis da natureza não são deduzidas mediante certos princípios, mas têm que observar-se de uma maneira sensata, mesmo usando a experimentação. -/- Por sua parte, a Filosofia, mesmo que não possa prescindir do experiência sensível, insiste no método racional e no uso do entendimento, graças ao qual é possível capturar as essências, os primeiros princípios e as causas supremas que fundamentam o Universo. -/- 4. DIFERENÇA ENTRE EPISTEME E SOFIA - Outra forma de capturar a diferença entre os dois tipos de conhecimento, está presente no que Aristóteles chamou episteme e sofia. Episteme é a ciência, mas entendida não como um conjunto de verdades, mas como um hábito intelectual demonstrativo. O sujeito que possui essa qualidade tem a facilidade de demonstrar com rigor e precisão suas afirmações, ele pode basear sua tese, isto é, ele dá as causas do que ele detém. -/- Sofia, por outro lado, é a sabedoria que o filósofo ama (filos: que ama; sofia: sabedoria) e consiste em uma conjunção de episteme (verdade suprema) e nous (razão). A Filosofia, portanto, inclui também a episteme ao hábito demonstrativo, mas acrescenta outra coisa: o nous. -/- Nous é o hábito intuitivo dos primeiros princípios; é a qualidade mental (virtude intelectual, diz Aristóteles) pela qual um sujeito tem a facilidade para voltar de uma forma intuitiva para os primeiros princípios que servem como base para toda a demonstração e base de uma determinada tese por ele refutada. -/- Portanto, a sofia, na medida em que contém a episteme, participa do rigor científico e, na medida em que contém o nous, aprofunda-se aos primeiros princípios. Logo, chegamos a semelhança e a diferença entre a ciência e a Filosofia. O filósofo é, então, um cientista que investiga as causas e os primeiros princípios. -/- 5. OS GRAUS DA ABSTRAÇÃO -Aristóteles e Sto. Tomás de Aquino explicaram a tripla graduação de abstração formal. -/- No primeiro grau, que corresponde à física, o sujeito individual é dispensado e a entidade móvel é estudada. -/- No segundo grau, a matéria sensível é dispensada e a entidade quântica (a quantidade) é estudada. Neste grau está presente a Matemática. -/- E finalmente, no terceiro grau toda a matéria é dispensada, e a entidade é estudada como tal, no horizonte mais amplo possível, que é chamado transcendental, e que cobre tudo o que existe. Este é o terceiro grau de abstração formal, aquele que corresponde à Metafísica, núcleo de toda a Filosofia. -/- Consequentemente, as ciências específicas pertencem a um nível categorial (particularizado), e somente a Metafísica volta-se ao nível transcendental (completamente universal). -/- 6. FILOSOFIA, A CIÊNCIA REGENTE DE TODAS AS OUTRAS - Como uma consequência do supracitado texto, podemos afirmar que a Filosofia, a partir do momento em que preconiza os primeiros princípios, é uma ciência orientadora; e isso por duas razões: -/- A filosofia governa todas as outras ciências, porque baseia-se em todos os princípios delas. No momento em que um cientista analisa os princípios de sua própria ciência, ipso facto está fazendo trabalho filosófico. Por exemplo: Matemática lida com as relações entre quantidades; mas no momento em que um matemático analisa e critica as bases de sua certeza e os princípios que servem para apoiar suas justificativas, vai além do limite de seu campo e da Lógica ou da Teoria do Conhecimento, que são ramos típicos da Filosofia. É precisamente o que aconteceu nos séculos XIX e XX, quando matemáticos conseguiram esclarecer teses que agora estão contidas no ramo chamado Lógica matemática, e isso deve ser entendido como uma extensão da lógica Aristotélica. -/- Por outro lado, a Filosofia é também uma ciência orientadora, uma vez que regem as normas que governam o comportamento humano, com base na análise da natureza do homem e suas demandas, com o qual ele deriva as linhas gerais de um existência autenticamente humana. -/- Para terminar de esclarecer o tema da diferença entre ciência e filosofia, veremos brevemente como existem soluções em diferentes planos, para as mesmas questões problemáticas. -/- 7. AS SOLUÇÕES DA COSMOLOGIA E DA FÍSICA - A primeira é uma ciência filosófica, e o segundo é uma ciência experimental. Ambas tratam das entidades materiais, enquanto móveis. Mas a Cosmologia estuda a essência, a estrutura primária dos corpos, e é assim que a teoria da matéria e da forma (hilemorfismo) surge, o que explica os copríncipios fundamentais na estrutura ou essência de um corpo sensível. Ela também se dedica a estudar a essência da mudança, o espaço, o tempo, etc. -/- Por outro lado, a ciência física, com seus experimentos, consegue penetrar nas causas horizontais dos fenômenos estudados na matéria. Assim, por exemplo, ela estuda o calor como a causa da dilatação dos metais, a lei da relação entre pressão, volume e temperatura dos gases, etc. -/- 8. PSICOLOGIA RACIONAL E PSICOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL – A primeira forma de psicologia é uma ciência filosófica, e estuda o sujeito da alma, de suas faculdades (inteligência e vontade), imortalidade, espiritualidade, liberdade, a pessoa. -/- Em contrapartida, a psicologia experimental preferencialmente estuda os fenômenos observáveis e suas explicações, em sentido horizontal; por exemplo, o estímulo e a reação correspondente. Usam-se "testes", estatísticas, experimentos feito em um grande número de pessoas. É assim que as leis surgiram, como Weber (que relaciona sensação e estímulo), e também o interessante estudo sobre o inconsciente, a partir de Freud. -/- 9. A ÉTICA, EM RELAÇÃO COM O DIREITO - Também pode ser estabelecido um paralelismo entre Ética e Direito. O primeiro estuda racionalmente o plano do que deveria ser, o que é requerido de acordo com a natureza humana. Seu fruto está nas normas naturais, assim chamadas porque estão inscritas na mesma natureza humana, como exigências de sua estrutura essencial; elas não são criações ou invenções do homem. O Direito também estuda o plano normativo, só que se refere a normas positivas, que o homem inventa para complementar e especificar as regras naturais. -/- Para fundamentar as normas éticas, é necessário recorrer ao estudo ontológico da natureza humana e da reta razão. Para fundamentar as normas positivas do Direito, devemos conhecer empiricamente a situação real da sociedade e suas necessidades específicas. Claro, que deve-se saber também acerca da Ética, cujas normas devem se materializar. 10. OUTRAS CIÊNCIAS PARALELAS - Finalmente, pode-se mencionar outros ramos da Filosofia que têm seu correspondente paralelismo em alguma ciência experimental. Por exemplo: Filosofia das Matemáticas estuda a essência das quantidades, o básico de sua certeza, etc., enquanto a Matemática estuda as relações entre quantidades. -/- A Estética filosófica lida com a essência da arte e de beleza. Seu método é racional. Por outro lado, uma estética científico-experimental trataria os mesmos assuntos, mas no plano do experimental; seus métodos seriam baseados de "testes", estatísticas, observações na história e na civilização atual. -/- 11. AS RAMIFICAÇÕES DA FILOSOFIA – A enorme variedade de seres e questões no Universo originou uma divisão dentro da Filosofia, isto é, originaram-se divisões que se apropriam de questões peculiares, como a Filosofia Existencialista e a preocupação com a existência autêntica do homem, etc. As ramificações mais importantes são as seguintes: -/- a) A lógica. Estuda as características do conhecimento correto. A correção de um pensamento é sua coerência interna, a harmonização e a adaptação de suas diferentes partes entre si. -/- b) A Ética. É o ramo da Filosofia que estuda o comportamento humano a partir do ponto de vista de sua bondade ou maldade. Este ramo tem sido, talvez, o mais conhecido e comentado ao longo dos séculos. -/- c) Antropologia Filosófica. Estuda o ser humano a partir do ponto de vista das suas características essenciais. Seus temas fundamentais são: a pessoa humana, consciência, liberdade, valores e transcendência humana. Foi por onde nasceu a Filosofia propriamente dita, uma vez que Sócrates é alcunhado de “pai” da AF. -/- d) A teoria do conhecimento. Estuda a questão da verdade, isto é, a adequação de um pensamento em relação à realidade. Todos os autores ao longo dos séculos se referiam ao enigma humano que consiste na diferente apreciação da verdade e das coisas. Cada pessoa tem sua própria interpretação da realidade. Este assunto tenta fornecer as pistas que nos conduzem à verdade. e) A estética. Estuda a essência da beleza e da arte. Entre seus assuntos, os mais importantes são o estudo da criatividade humana e a experiência estética, assim como os diferentes gêneros das artes plásticas. -/- f) A Metafísica. É o estudo do ser enquanto ser. É, talvez, o estudo mais apropriado e profundo que a filosofia empreendeu. Ser é o constituinte fundamental de todas as coisas (entidades), o que lhes dá inteligibilidade e estrutura. No estudo da Metafísica, é onde a Filosofia adquire seu máximo nível e valor. Atualmente, a Metafísica sofreu uma série de críticas por parte de autores famosos como Kant. -/- g) Teodiceia ou Teologia Natural (considerada como parte da Metafísica). É o estudo sobre a essência e a existência de Deus. Deve ser claramente distinguida em relação à religião e à teologia. O primeiro não é uma ciência, mas a instituição que tenta a união do homem com Deus. O segundo sim, é uma ciência, mas sua principal base está na revelação e na fé. Na Filosofia, a Teodiceia tenta investigar tudo acerca de Deus, mas sem levar em conta (e sem rejeitar ou desvalorizar) os dados da revelação, como a Bíblia. -/- h) Existem vários ramos da Filosofia que se aplicam ao estudo de temas já tratados por outras disciplinas. É assim que podemos mencionar a Filosofia da Ciência, a Filosofia da Linguagem, a Filosofia da História, a Filosofia Social, Filosofia da Matemática, etc. Nem sempre é fácil delimitar o campo da Filosofia e da ciência quando se referem ao mesmo sujeito. Em geral, a Filosofia toca em aspectos essenciais, enquanto outras ciências referem-se a aspectos mensuráveis e estatísticos, fenômenos externos estruturantes ou empiricamente observáveis. -/- -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- AUBERT, J. M. Filosofía de la Naturaleza. Barcelona: Herder, 2001. 428 pp. -/- CHAUÍ, M. Convite à Filosofia. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. 424 pp. -/- MARÍAS, J. Introduccion a la Filosofía. Madrid: Alianza, 1995. 352 pp. -/- MARITAIN, J. Filosofía de la Naturaleza. Buenos Aires: Club de lectores, 1945. 188 pp. -/- ____________. Los grados del saber. Buenos Aires: Club de lectores, 1968. 763 pp. -/- MORENO, J. A. S. Filosofía de la Ciencia Física. México: Ambriz, 1966. (shrink)

While William James and Charles Sanders Peirce are considered the two fathers of American Pragmatism, Peircian Pragmatism is often being presented as the comparatively ‘objective’ alternative to metaphysical realism, with the Jamesian version being castigated as an overly ‘subjective’ departure from Peirce’s position. However, while James clearly does put more of an emphasis on ‘subjective’ factors than does Peirce, his doing so is often the result of his simply drawing out consequences of the framework that Peirce presented in an 1872 (...) meeting of their ‘Metaphysical Club’ where James and Peirce famously discussed the core ideas that have been associated with pragmatism ever since. In particular, while Peirce was still flirting with idealism at the time, James drew out some of the consequences that followed from those 1872 discussion once they were placed more firmly in a naturalistic, particularly Darwinian, framework. Peirce was never comfortable with these consequences, and in later work tried to distance himself from a number of positions defended in his earlier papers. James, by contrast, never rejected that early framework, which resulted in the increasing differences between the versions of pragmatism developed by the two. These differences show up most clearly in their conflicting conceptions of both when our beliefs are rationally justified, and what it would take for those beliefs to be true. (shrink)

In a day from days, when the famous x is lengthened to x_2 and lost its virginity... Hey-o! Here comes the danger up in this club again. Listen up! Here's the story about a little guy, that lives in a dark world and uses power of wisdom as a torch to find way in darkness; and all day and all night and everything he sees is just illusion. I have been working about the laws of existence for a time. I (...) developed new formulas which were based on a strong mechanism over philosophical hypotheses. Nobody can answer easily; but I thought many times better mathematical infrastructure. Actually at the beginning, I noticed, that a fixed observer does observation of moving bodies being the bodies do a circular motion because of emerging and changing angles over time even if the objects move parallel manner relatively to the observer at that time . This would not happen accidentally even if abstract math says, nothing is going to change. Eureka! Finally while I was in a cafe today, I remembered and developed in a few hours a new method on some note papers which I demanded from cafe to explain existence, and thereupon I asked to my friends for leave, and I am writing towards morning in the name of giving a shoulder to the tired giants. The ancients smile on me! (shrink)

This study focuses on the engagement of children and youth in their communities and the ways they are included in and excluded from community life. Using a content analysis of a small town United States newspaper over a one-year period, examples of engagement were identified and classified into 12 categories: programs, clubs and special events; fundraising and community ser- vice; business and community support; participation in community events; school events; athle- tic and other performances; employment; involvement in local planning and (...) decision making; serving as a community representative; visibility and recognition; criminal activity and accidents; and use of public space. Examples of community exclusion were identified as well. Young peo- ple were engaged primarily through activities that were adult-directed or supervised, or organi- zed through schools, churches, and youth clubs. There was little involvement in local planning, decision making, or activism. Some evidence existed of peer teaching, leadership, and self-initia- ted activities, as well as intentional efforts by adults to give youth a greater voice in community activities. Implications include several ethical issues regarding the role of young people in com- munity life, particularly young children, and the need for greater awareness on the part of com- munities of the contributions young people can make. (shrink)

In 1948 a legendary debate occurred at the Oxford Socratic Club between C. S. Lewis and Elizabeth Anscombe. In this meeting, Lewis shows that atheistic naturalism is refute in meaning the strict materialism. Anscombe makes three basic criticisms against Lewis' argument:1. Lack of distinction between irrational and non-rrational causes of belief,2. The threat of skepticism,3. Lack of distinction between types of “full” explanations. Lewis and Anscombe's views can be considered in several ways: 1. Despite Anscombe's correct critique, the lack of (...) distinction between irrational and non-rational causes does not solve the problem of naturalism which is an inference belief of other beliefs. 2. Anscombe considers that “if naturalism is correct, there is no valid human argument”, is a skeptical threat to knowledge, while this objection does not problem on Lewis' argument. 3. Contrary to Anscombe's claim, the ommisive approach to other explanations is not a consequence of Lewis's Argument, but the main idea of naturalism itself. 4. Lewis's incorrect analysis of mental states is accidental because he considers the origin of these states to be non-physical. 5. Lewis did not explain well what he meant by “did not explain well what he meant by "the impossibility of evolutionary processes in creating creatures with perception and understanding of creatures without understanding”. By an analytical, comparative and critical insightcan eliminate, correct and reconstruct the weaknesses of Anscombe and Lewis' views. (shrink)

Fallibilism, as a fundamental aspect of pragmatic epistemology, can be illuminated by a study of law. Before he became a famous American judge, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., along with his friends William James and Charles Sanders Peirce, associated as presumptive members of the Metaphysical Club of Cambridge in the 1870s, recalled as the birthplace of pragmatism. As a young scholar, Holmes advanced a concept of legal fallibilism as incremental community inquiry. In this early work, I suggest that Holmes treats common (...) law cases more like scientific experiments than as deductive applications of already clear rules. Common law rules may be seen as a product of 1) the conflicts that occur in society, 2) the channeling of conflicts into legal disputes, 3) the gradual accumulation of judicial decisions classified into groups, and 4) the development of consensual understanding, expressed in rules and principles, as to how future cases should be classified and decided. This does not involve only lawyers and judges. Especially in controversial cases, it may indirectly involve an entire community. The legal process is seen as an extended intergenerational process of inquiry. It illuminates the relation of thought, expression, and conduct among a community of inquirers, applied to the problems of social ordering. (shrink)

Most of the time, when sexual abuse is discussed or studied, only the victims and perpetrators are mentioned. However, little is said about third parties, those who covered up the abuse or did not say anything when they saw something suspicious, or who were simply negligent and did not comply with their task of monitoring vulnerable people so that they were not abused. On the other hand, it is not usual to talk about secondary victims, which are the families, members (...) of the parishes, religious communities, educational institutions, clubs, or sports teams where victims were part. Although the biggest wound is suffered by the victim of abuse, secondary victims can be seriously injured, psychologically, spiritually, and/or in trust towards other people or towards the institution where the abuse occurred. Definitely, secondary victims of sexual abuse are also survivors of the abuse. Thus, this book comprehensively addresses the psycho-spiritual healing of survivors of sexual abuse. Luis Alfonso Zamorano includes third parties and secondary victims who may also need psycho-spiritual healing. The author provides a thorough look at what is sexual abuse of children and adolescents, with a particular focus on the situation of the Catholic Church. (shrink)

Over recent years there has been a growing movement pushing for the inclusion of Philosophy in schools.[1] As a subject, Philosophy is broad. It can be separated into many sub-disciplines such as Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Mind, Ethics, and Philosophy of Science, to name a few. These sub-disciplines reduce back to three broad pillars of Philosophy: Epistemology, Metaphysics, and Axiology. Regardless of where one’s philosophical interest sits, the essential skill set remains the same. This is the ability to reason. (...) Philosophers produce rationally convincing arguments and critically assess the arguments of others. In this fictional dialogue Socrates meets with Allison Fells, the Principal of Western Heights School, to discuss the inclusion of Philosophy in the school curriculum. Socrates has been running a successful Philosophy club at school and believes that students would benefit through the extension of the club into the regular school curriculum. Socrates argues that Philosophy equips students with the skill set needed to live the good life. (shrink)

In gloomy and despairing times, we who work for liberation generate light and joy. We experience this every time we work together to defend our communities, when we fight to win collective victories, when we build something new. Much of the time these experiences are in marches and meetings – really important spaces for movement work. But here we want to amplify the usefulness of collective study, and share some thoughts about why Harsha Walia’s new book Border and Rule would (...) be a great place to start if you might like to try a political kind of book club. (shrink)