This text is applied with the purpose to facilitate to students mastering of a training course. At the same time, in it there are the moments of scientific novelty re-flecting researches of the author and experience of its work in sphere of history of philosophy. We emphasize, that the unilateral empiricism of western philosophy XVII-XVIII centuries is expression of special ideological installation of bourgeois public consciousness - so-called biocentrism. The person here is equated to a kind of animals, therefore all (...) ostensibly superhuman abilities are ideologically re-jected, despite of a reality in sphere of knowledge and practice. On the other hand, rationalism of this time in its all expressions put, but could not solve a problem of conformity of cognitive processes in thinking of the person and the phenomena of the validity. Even I. Kant, taken an intermediate position, formulated it as one of the ma-jor problems of the doctrine - as synthetic judgments a priori are possible? Kant is treated by us not as the ancestor of German classical dialectics, and as soon as its predecessor, and in essence not dialectic, and the extreme metaphysics. In development of German classics it is traced not such as it is usual, continuity of ideas, with the explanatory its developments of a society. It is shown, that Fichte, Schelling and Hegel actually solved all the same Kant’s problem, and too it is unsuccessful. Hegel’s dialectics actually has grown not from its decision, and from inquiries of the evolutionary theory in a science of revolutionary changes in the industry and in a life of a society. The idea of dialectic removal on Hegel, in its application to development of real things is in passing criticized, and it is underlined need for restoration for the sake of the future synthesis in such real processes. Belief in such removal - one of the theoretical reasons of errors of Marxism in construction of the program of transfor-mation of a society by it. It is noted, that from L. Feuerbach the Marxism borrowed not materialism as those, and idea of generation of spirit from the nature, but has given to it new sounding. (shrink)