O problema de fundo da especulação eckhartiana é a verdade do ser uno enquanto Deus e divino ligada à questão do seu conhecimento. Operando uma síntese da tradição neoplatônico-agostiniana e do pensamento do Pseudo-Dionísio Areopagita, o mestre dominicano funda os alicerces da sua teologia unitiva na teoria do ser. The fundamental problem of Eckhartian speculation is that of the connection between the truth of the unique being as God and the question of His knowledge. By creating a synthesis of the (...) Augustinian-Platonic tradition and the thought of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the Dominican master founds the basis of his unitary theology in the theory of being. (shrink)

The non-identity problem concerns actions that affect who exists in the future. If such an action is performed, certain people will exist in the future who would not otherwise have existed: they are not identical to any of the people who would have existed if the action had not been performed. Some of these actions seem to be wrong, and they seem to be wrong in virtue of harming the very future individuals whose existence is dependent on their having been (...) performed. The problem arises when it is argued that the actions do not harm these people—because the actions do not make them worse off than they would otherwise be.1 Consider: Radioactive Waste Policy: We are trying to decide whether to adopt a permissive radioactive waste policy. This policy would be less inconvenient to us than our existing practices. If we enact the newly-proposed policy, then we will cause there to be radioactive pollution that will cause illness and suffering. However, the policy will have such significant effects on public policy and industry functioning, that different people will exist in the future depending on whether we enact the policy. Two things should be emphasized. First, the illness and suffering caused will be very serious: deformed babies, children with burns from acid rain, and adults dying young from cancer. Second, the policy will affect who will exist in the future because our present practices invade people’s everyday lives, for example by affecting recycling practices in the home; these practices will change if the policy is adopted. Furthermore, whether we adopt the policy will determine which plants are built where, what jobs are available, and what trucks are on the road. These effects will create small differences in everyone’s lives which ultimately affect who meets whom and who conceives with whom, or at least when people conceive. This affects who exists in the future. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente artigo, pensado preliminarmente como parte integrante de um estudo mais amplo e sistemático sobre o processo de formação do pensamento do jovem Nietzsche, é discutir o estatuto da linguagem em suas considerações sobre estética, notadamente naquela apresentada nos fragmentos, apontamentos e escritos póstumos preparatórios d’ O Nascimento da Tragédia . Como se poderá notar, o viés de investigação proposto, respaldado em importantes estudos de literatura secundária, primou por uma esmerada, porém não exaustiva, reconstituição do trinômio: linguagem (...) sonora ( Tonsprache ), linguagem-de-gesto ( Geberdensprache ) e linguagem-de-palavra ( Wortsprache ), que margeia a investigação nietzscheana sobre a origem, desenvolvimento e perecimento da tragédia grega. (shrink)

In this work, I will support a combined notion of harm according to which there are qualitatively different harms. I will support a way in which the severity of harms could be measured. Then, I will provide three principles about the strength of the reasons against harming. The supported thesis will provide some tools to solve some problems of the general part of criminal law. In relation to the analytical stratum of statutory description of an offence, I will show that (...) the defended notion of harm could help to solve cases of hypothetical and alternative causal courses. In relation to the analytical stratum of unlawfulness (or wrongfulness), I will show that the proposed ranking of the severity of harms help us to distinguish between cases of necessity as justification and necessity as excuse. In relation to the analytical stratum of culpability, I will show that the principles regarding the strength of the reasons against harming help us to supply straightforward criteria to measure the punishment to impose for having committed some crime. -/- En este trabajo intentaré defender una noción combinada de daño de acuerdo a la cual existen dos tipos de daños cualitativamente diferentes. Asimismo, defenderé un modo en que la gravedad de los diferentes daños puede ser graduada. Derivado de lo anterior, extraeré tres principios sobre la fuerza de las razones en contra de dañar. La tesis defendida proporcionará herramientas para resolver algunos problemas de la parte general de derecho penal. En relación al tipo penal, mostraré que la noción de daño defendida puede ayudar a resolver casos de cursos causales alternativos e hipotéticos. En referencia a la antijuridicidad, mostraré que la clasificación de la gravedad de los daños propuesta ayuda a distinguir qué casos de estado de necesidad deben considerarse como justificación y cuales como excusa. En referencia a la culpabilidad, mostraré que los principios sobre la diferente fuerza de las razones en contra de dañar ayudan a aportar criterios claros para la individualización de la pena a imponer por la comisión de un delito. (shrink)

The present article aims to approach in detail the reasons that lead to a discussion between Schiller and Fichte in 1795 on the appropriate phi- losophical ‘style’ of writing. This discussion led Schiller to publish On the necessary limitations in the use of beautiful forms. I intend to show that, to Fichte, this argument is based exclusively on a matter of style that only relates to philosophy supplementarily, whereas in Schiller’s case the question on ‘style’ leads directly to the heart (...) of his philosophical and aesthetic-political proposal. To Schiller, as I will show, writing is a constitutive moment of truth; in consequence, an adequate philosophical presenta- tion is also one in which the truth’s most complete and perfect configuration takes place. (shrink)

I argue that apart from special circumstances, works of art cannot be restored since any change to the work’s aesthetic properties entails a change in the work’s identity. I argue that in a “restoration,” the work’s aesthetic properties are changed since the historical and authorial properties of a work are aesthetic properties. But I further argue that it is entirely possible for the new work created in a “restoration” to have greater aesthetic value than did the original work. This is (...) because of the richer aesthetic impact that the work can possess in virtue of the more evocative story attached to it. In such a case, I argue that the damage or deterioration that necessitates the “restoration” is actually redeemed as it is incorporated as aesthetic properties into a greater work than what existed before. I illustrate my arguments and claims with numerous historical examples. (shrink)

La admiración por el genio y la grandeza de Scheler puede ser contrastada con la dura crítica que Ortega lleva a cabo a la relación vida-guerra expuesta en Der Genius des Krieges und der deutsche Krieg. «Vida» no es solo la lucha por el crecimiento y por el poder, es también seguridad y confianza en la permanencia de las cosas, capacidad de separarse de la naturaleza refugiándose en la propia intimidad y voluntad de transformar la naturaleza a partir del mundo (...) esbozado a través de la imaginación. La evolución obrada en el pensamiento de Scheler permitirá redefinir la vida a través de la acción de un principio que la supera: el «espíritu». A través de esta evolución muchos puntos de la crítica de Ortega quedan superados. Surge entonces la pregunta por las coincidencias y diferencias entre ambos autores sobre la especificidad de la vida humana. Nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo responder a esta cuestión a través de la noción de «poder». (shrink)