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  1. Three types of referential opacity.Richard Sharvy - 1972 - Philosophy of Science 39 (2):153-161.
    Three distinct things have been called "referential opacity," causing some confusion. A noun position in a sentence may be opaque in three different ways: (1) substitutivity of identity may fail there, (2) quantifiers prefixed to the sentence may not be able to bind variables in that position, or (3) substitutivity of identity may fail when the singular nouns in question are read as having small scope. Some connections among these three types of opacity are examined.
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  • Definite descriptions.Charles B. Daniels - 1990 - Studia Logica 49 (1):87 - 104.
    Three views on definite descriptions are summarized and discussed, including that of P. F. Strawson in which reference failure results in lack of truth value. When reference failure is allowed, a problem arises concerning Universal Instantiation. Van Fraassen solves the problem by the use of supervaluations, preserving as well such theorems as a=a, and Fa or ~Fa, even when the term a fails to refer. In the present paper a form of relevant, quasi-analytic implication is set out which allows reference (...)
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  • First-order logic based on inclusion and abstraction.John Bacon - 1982 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 47 (4):793-808.
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