This paper explores how gender can operate as a disguise for class in an examination of the self-sacrifice of the Maiden in Euripides' Children of Herakles. In Part I, I discuss the role of human sacrifice in terms of its radical potential to transform society and the role of class struggle in Athens. In Part II, I argue that the representation of women was intimately connected with the social and political life of the polis. In a discussion of iconography, the (...) theater industry and audience I argue that female characters became one of the means by which different groups promoted partisan interests based on class and social status. In Part III, I show how the Maiden solicits the competing interests of the theater audience. After discussing the centrality and marginality of the Maiden's character, I draw upon the funeral oration as a comparative model with which to understand the quite different role of self-sacrifice in tragedy. In addition to representing and mystifying the interests of elite, lower class and marginal groups, the play glorifies a subordinate character whose contradictory social status embodies the social position of other “marginal” members of Athenian society. The play stages a model for taking political action to transform the social system and for commemorating the tragic costs of such undertakings. (shrink)

This paper explores how gender can operate as a disguise for class in an examination of the self-sacrifice of the Maiden in Euripides' Children of Herakles. In Part I, I discuss the role of human sacrifice in terms of its radical potential to transform society and the role of class struggle in Athens. In Part II, I argue that the representation of women was intimately connected with the social and political life of the polis. In a discussion of iconography, the (...) theater industry and audience I argue that female characters became one of the means by which different groups promoted partisan interests based on class and social status. In Part III, I show how the Maiden solicits the competing interests of the theater audience. After discussing the centrality (as a heroine from an aristocratic family) and marginality (as a woman and associated with other marginal social groups) of the Maiden's character, I draw upon the funeral oration as a comparative model with which to understand the quite different role of self-sacrifice in tragedy. In addition to representing and mystifying the interests of elite, lower class and marginal groups, the play glorifies a subordinate character whose contradictory social status (both subordinate and elite) embodies the social position of other “marginal” members of Athenian society. The play stages a model for taking political action to transform the social system and for commemorating the tragic costs of such undertakings. (shrink)

Ancient Athenian women worked in industries ranging from woolworking and food sales to metalworking and medicine; Socrates’ mother was a midwife. The argument for the inclusion of women in the guardian class must be read in light of this historical reality, not least because it allows us retain an important manuscript reading and construe the passage as relying on an inductive generalization rather than a possibly circular argument. Ultimately, Plato fails to fully capitalize on the resources he has for a (...) more egalitarian conclusion than the one he settles on, which regards women as “lesser than” yet “similar to” men. (shrink)

L’utilisation de l’outil du genre dans les analyses scientifiques, combiné aux travaux pionniers des années 1980 en histoire des femmes puis à ceux menés depuis les années 2000 dans le cadre des citoyennetés à l’intérieur de l’empire romain, invitent à dresser un bilan de nos connaissances sur la citoyenneté antique. Cette catégorie, formulée a posteriori par les chercheurs contemporains, est essentiellement définie à partir de l’idée que ces mêmes chercheurs se font de la citoyenneté grecque classique (une idée élaborée à (...) partir de documents athéniens). Celle-ci est censée fournir, depuis Aristote, la définition la plus « authentique » de la citoyenneté ou du moins proposer un état d’origine de la citoyenneté moderne. De cette citoyenneté les femmes sont plus ou moins totalement exclues. Des travaux récents invitent aujourd’hui à déconstruire à la fois la notion de « citoyenneté » et celle de « politique », en prêtant davantage attention aux vocables employés par les Grecs, aux effets de traductions transculturelles, à la variété des pratiques collectives et publiques (groupes de familles, cité, peuple, empire) et à l’articulation originale de ce que nous distinguons comme différentes sphères sociales (religion, économie, politique) dans les sociétés antiques. Néanmoins, la presque totale absence de prise en compte des femmes dans ces travaux rend les résultats produits insatisfaisants. C’est la raison pour laquelle le présent article entend faire dialoguer les deux courants historiographiques : celui des femmes et celui du politique. En effet, réintroduire les citoyennes dans la cité a un enjeu : la reconfiguration de notre propre conception de la communauté politique. (shrink)