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  1. Defending technology: a normative defence of technologically assisted officiating in binary referee situations.Torben Kjærsgaard - forthcoming - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy:1-13.
    This article discusses how technological official aids influence sporting competitions in terms of fairness and flow. It addresses the main arguments against technological official aids used to assist refereeing in binary referee situations. First, I argue that the criticism directed at the use of ball tracking devices (‘reconstructed track devices’) is mainly unjustified and that these devices provide the opportunity to make refereeing in certain types of sport fairer. In this regard, I also argue that empirical findings about referees’ decision-making (...)
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  • The Moral Gatekeeper: Soccer and Technology, the Case of Video Assistant Referee (VAR).Ilan Tamir & Michael Bar-eli - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Video assistant referee was officially introduced into soccer regulations in 2018, after many years in which referee errors were justified as being “part of the game.” The technology’s penetration into the soccer field was accompanied by concerns and much criticism that, to a large degree, continues to be voiced with frequency. This paper argues that, despite fierce objections and extensive criticism, VAR represents an important revision in modern professional soccer, and moreover, it completes a moral revolution in the evolution of (...)
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  • Fairness, implicit bias testing and sports refereeing: An argument for why professional sports organisations ought to promote fairness in sport through testing referees for implicit biases.Thomas Søbrik Petersen & Søren Sofus Wichmann - 2020 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 48 (1):97-110.
    Sports referees are not always as unbiased or impartial as they ideally should be. Studies have shown, for example, that in their decisions, referees seem to be biased against people of different r...
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