While historians of the microscope currently consider that no programme of microscopy took place during the Enlightenment, the thesis challenges this view and aims at showing when and where microscopes were used as research tools. The focus of the inquiry is the research on microscopic animalcules and the relationship of European microscope making and practices of microscopy with topical trends of the industrial revolution, such as quantification. Three waves of research are characterised for the research on animalcules in the Enlightenment: (...) 1. seventeenth-century observations on animalcules crowned by Louis Joblot's 1718 works in the milieu of Paris Académie royale des sciences, 2. mid eighteenth-century observations and experiments on polyps and animalcules (Trembley, Baker and Hill) and, 3. between 1760 and 1790, OF Müller's establishment of the systematics of infusoria in Denmark and Germany. (shrink)

Je n'examinerai, au cours de cet article, que I'un des aspects du matérialisme de Diderot: la physionomie du théoricien de la nature, de l'auteur de I' Interprétation de la Nature, du Rêve de d'Alembert. Ces oeuvres versent au dossier du développement de la philosophie des sciences de la nature, une doctrine, le materialisme; une methodologie; un programme de recherche. Mais sur ce sujet on ne peut guere separer la réflexion de Diderot de celle de son ami d'Holbach, réflexion qui lui (...) est complementaire. D'Holbach rencontre les thèses de Diderot et surtout les systématisent. L'enjeu principal de cette systématisation est la diffusion des idées et du programme du « parti des philosophes ». Il s'agit de mettre à la disposition du combat encyclopediste le nouveau Discours de la méthode des sciences expérimentales, sous forme manipulable d'un code, le Code de la Nature. « Système de la Nature », l'expression empruntee au titre de l'ouvrage célèbre du baron, paru en 1779, manifeste cette intention polémique/politique. D'Holbach nomme ainsi son ouvrage, même si à cette époque on entend par opposition au mathematisme cartésien, s'entenir, contre tout système, à l'expérience, à la leçon des faits. (shrink)

(1988). Science at court: the eighteenth-century cabinet of scientific instruments and models of the Dutch stadholders. Annals of Science: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 113-152.

Those with knowledge about scientific instruments come from many different fields. Prominent among them are (1) collectors and dealers, (2) curators, (3) historians, (4) instrument makers, (5) philosophers, and (6) scientists (the order is alphabetical, not value-laden). The annual symposium of the Scientific Instrument Commission often brings members of each of these groups together, and they learn from one another. What follows are brief reflections on the activities of each group when its members consider instruments.

The survival of a unique set of drawings, complemented by a contemporary description and a sale catalogue, enable us to ‘reconstruct’ the cabinet of Bonnier de la Mosson , a miscellaneous collection formed in Paris c. 1740. A brief assessment is offered of the status of such cabinets in the growth and diffusion of science in ancien régime France. We also point to a link with the decorative arts: in a study of such a subject the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions (...) must be treated as a unity if we are fully to evoke the context of the cabinet in the age of the rococo. Only the modern ‘discipline’-oriented viewpoint forces a separation between the history of science and the history of art. (shrink)