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  1. Exploitative, irresistible, and coercive offers: why research participants should be paid well or not at all.Sara Belfrage - 2016 - Journal of Global Ethics 12 (1):69-86.
    ABSTRACTThis paper begins with the assumption that it is morally problematic when people in need are offered money in exchange for research participation if the amount offered is unfair. Such offers are called ‘coercive’, and the degree of coerciveness is determined by the offer's potential to cause exploitation and its irresistibility. Depending on what view we take on the possibility to compensate for the sacrifices made by research participants, a wish to avoid ‘coercive offers’ leads to policy recommendations concerning payment (...)
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  • Paying Human Subjects in Research: Where are We, How Did We Get Here, and Now What?Ari VanderWalde & Seth Kurzban - 2011 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 39 (3):543-558.
    On November 14, 1996, an in-depth report on the recruiting and testing practices of Lilly Pharmaceuticals appeared in the Wall Street Journal. Laurie Cohen reported that most pharmaceutical companies had difficulty recruiting healthy subjects to participate in testing of “untried and potentially dangerous” drugs. These companies often had to pay subjects up to $250 a day to ensure adequate enrollment, and some even gave referral bonuses to doctors who sent potential subjects their way. Cohen then exposed how Lilly was able (...)
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  • Benefits to research subjects in international trials: Do they reduce exploitation or increase undue inducement?Angela Ballantyne - 2006 - Developing World Bioethics 8 (3):178-191.
    There is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally-sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants' motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects' behaviour and (...)
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  • Research Participation and Financial Inducements.David B. Resnik - 2001 - American Journal of Bioethics 1 (2):54-56.
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  • Treating Research Subjects as Unskilled Wage Earners: A Risky Business.Nancy King Reame - 2001 - American Journal of Bioethics 1 (2):53-54.
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  • The Research Subject as Entrepreneur.James A. Anderson & Charles Weijer - 2001 - American Journal of Bioethics 1 (2):67-69.
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