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  1. Aquinas on Sin, Essence, and Change: Applying the Reasoning on Women to Evolution in Aquinas.Julie Loveland Swanstrom - 2021 - Zygon 56 (2):467-480.
    Aberrations and variations within kinds of creatures required explanation to Western medievals, who took the Genesis creation narratives together with Aristotelian species to imply that change was limited to within species; consequently, species were presumed static. Medieval philosophers often explained variation—including “new” kinds like mules—as due to problems in procreation/gestation (following Aristotle) or by sin. I argue that Aquinas's explanation of variation in women, people with disabilities, and mules suggests that Aquinas cannot be taken to entirely reject the possibility of (...)
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