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The ontology of social roles

Philosophy of the Social Sciences 7 (2):139-161 (1977)

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Uniqueness and historical laws.Evan Fales - 1980 - Philosophy of Science 47 (2):260-276.details This paper presents an argument for the claim that historical events are unique in a nontrivial sense which entails the inapplicability of the Hempelian D-N model to historical explanations. Some previous criticisms of Hempel are shown to be general criticisms of the D-N model which can be outflanked in cases where a reduction to fundamental laws is available. I then survey grounds for denying that explanations by reasons can be effectively reduced to causal explanations, and for rejecting methodological individualism. I (...) Download Export citation Bookmark 6 citations
Scientific explanations of mystical experiences: Evan Fales.Evan Fales - 1996 - Religious Studies 32 (3):297-313.details In Part I of this paper, I took up a challenge posed by Alston , Wainwright , Yandell , and other theists who hold the rather natural view that mystical experiences provide perceptual contact with God, roughly on a par with the access sense experience affords to the natural world. These theists recognize, at the same time, that the plausibility of this view would be significantly compromised by the possibility of scientifically explaining mystical experiences – especially if a scientific explanation (...) Download Export citation Bookmark 3 citations
Does the state have moral duties? State duty-claims and the possibility of institutionally held moral obligations.Christoffer Spencer Lammer-Heindel - unknowndetails We commonly attribute to states and other institutional organizations moral duties and obligations. For example, it is widely held that the state has a moral duty to protect its citizens from external threats and it is claimed that it ought to positively promote the welfare of its members. When we focus on the surface grammar of such institutional duty-claims, we see that they seem to differ from individual duty-claims only with respect to the subject of the claim. Whereas an institutional (...) Download Export citation Bookmark
Business ETHICS/BUSINESS ethics.Linda Klebe Trevino & Gary R. Weaver - 1994 - Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (2):113-128.details This paper delineates the normative and empirical approaches to business ethics based upon five categories: 1) academic horne; 2) language; 3) underlying assumptions; 4) theory purpose and scope; 5) theory grounds and evaluation criteria. The goal of the discussion is to increase understanding of the distinctive contributions of each approach and to encourage further dialogue about the potential for integration of the field. Download Export citation Bookmark 69 citations
Scientific Explanations of Mystical Experiences: II. The Challenge to Theism.Evan Fales - 1996 - Religious Studies 32 (3):297-313.details In Part I of this paper, I argued that the mystical experiences of Teresa of Avila are well explained by the anthropological theory of I. M. Lewis. In Part II, I discuss how the causal gap between the social circumstances identified by Lewis and individual phenomenology can be filled in. I then show that Lewis's theory, thus supplemented, is a genuine competitor to the theistic understanding of mystical experience, and that it is much more strongly confirmed by the available evidence (...) Download Export citation Bookmark 3 citations

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