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  1. Are there causal relations among dependent variables?Daniel Hausman - 1983 - Philosophy of Science 50 (1):58-81.
    This paper makes explicit and takes issue with the bizarre view, which is unfortunately prevalent among social scientists, that causal relations are features of models only. There are some good reasons to represent causal factors with independent variables. But the association between causes and independent variables is only a desideratum in model construction. It is not a criterion for judging which things are causes and which are effects.
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