In this paper, we analyze the role of science and technology studies journal editors in organizing and maintaining the peer review economy. We specifically conceptualize peer review as a gift economy running on perpetually renewed experiences of mutual indebtedness among members of an intellectual community. While the peer review system is conventionally presented as self-regulating, we draw attention to its vulnerabilities and to the essential curating function of editors. Aside from inherent complexities, there are various shifts in the broader political–economic (...) and sociotechnical organization of scholarly publishing that have recently made it more difficult for editors to organize robust cycles of gift exchange. This includes the increasing importance of journal metrics and associated changes in authorship practices; the growth and differentiation of the STS journal landscape; and changes in publishing funding models and the structure of the publishing market through which interactions among authors, editors, and reviewers are reconfigured. To maintain a functioning peer review economy in the face of numerous pressures, editors must balance contradictory imperatives: the need to triage intellectual production and rely on established cycles of gift exchange for efficiency, and the need to expand cycles of gift exchange to ensure the sustainability and diversity of the peer review economy. (shrink)

Since 1952, the History of Science Society has been responsible for the substantial human and financial resources required to sustain the journal Isis. The editorial history of Isis has previously been covered by those closely involved with it, but these practitioner histories only occasionally offer insight into the business of running Isis. We have used the Society’s archives to investigate the behind-the-scenes operations of the journal. In 1953, the editor and one assistant had to do everything besides the actual printing. (...) Over the next four decades, this would change dramatically. We consider the people involved in the editorial work (academic volunteers and paid staff), the production and distribution arrangements for Isis, and how this was all financed in the years from George Sarton’s retirement up to the 1990 decision to move to the University of Chicago Press. (shrink)