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  1. Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation.Gijs van Dijck, Carlos Aguilera & Shashank M. Chakravarthy - forthcoming - Artificial Intelligence and Law:1-36.
    The topic of annotating legal data has received surprisingly little attention. A key challenge of the annotation process is reaching a sufficient agreement between annotators and filtering mistakes from genuine disagreement. This study presents an approach that provides insights into and resolves potential disagreement amongst annotators. It (1) introduces different strategies to calculate agreement levels and compares (2) agreement levels between annotators (inter-annotator agreement) before and after a revision round and (3) agreement levels for annotators who annotate the same texts (...)
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  • Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation.Davide Audrito, Emilio Sulis, Llio Humphreys & Luigi Di Caro - 2023 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 31 (3):629-652.
    This article describes the creation of a lightweight ontology of European Union (EU) criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation. The ontology is intended to help legal practitioners understand the precise contextual meaning of terms as well as helping to inform the creation of a rule ontology of criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation. In particular, we started from the problem that directives sometimes do not contain articles dedicated to definitions. This issue provided us with an opportunity to explore a phenomenon (...)
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