This paper compares Newton’s and Descartes’s conceptions of the complex relationship between physics and metaphysics.

Gravitation is interpreted to be an “ontomathematical” force or interaction rather than an only physical one. That approach restores Newton’s original design of universal gravitation in the framework of “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, which allows for Einstein’s special and general relativity to be also reinterpreted ontomathematically. The entanglement theory of quantum gravitation is inherently involved also ontomathematically by virtue of the consideration of the qubit Hilbert space after entanglement as the Fourier counterpart of pseudo-Riemannian space. Gravitation can be (...) also interpreted as purely mathematical or logical “force” or “interaction” as a corollary from its ontomathematical (rather than physical) realization. The ontomathematical approach to gravitation is implicit in general relativity equating it to operators in pseudo-Riemannian space obeying the Einstein field equation and also well-known by the “geometrization of physics”. Quantum mechanics shares the same by the separable complex Hilbert space and defining “physical quantity” by the Hermitian operators on it. One can interpret special Minkowski space involved by special relativity and the qubit Hilbert space of quantum information as Fourier counterparts immediately noticing that general relativity means gravitation as the Fourier counterpart of non-Hermitian operators implying non-unitarity and the violation of energy conservation and thus destroying Pauli’s particle paradigm. Since the Standard model obeys it, this explains the impossibility of “quantum gravitation” in any framework conservatively generalizing the Standard model so that it would include gravitation along with electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions. Einstein’s geometrization of gravitation can be continued into a purely mathematical theory of it following Euclid’s realization for geometry to be exhaustively built in a deductive and axiomatic way as well as Riemann’s parametrization of all the class of Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries by “space curvature”, then being generalized to Minkowski space as the operators on pseudo-Riemannian space as the Einstein field equation means gravitation. The transition from mathematical gravitation to logical one can rely on the historical lesson of the pair of Lobachevski’s and Riemann’s approaches now “reversely”, i.e., from the latter to the former. Logical gravitation is linkable to Hegel’s dialectical logic and ontological dialectics abandoning their interpretations as a new zero logic substituting classical propionyl logic. The approach of ontomathematics generalizing that of ontology, traceable even to Aristotle’s reformation of Plato’s doctrine, needs Hegel’s doctrine to be formalized as a first-order logic naturally containing Boolean algebra, isomorphic to both classical propositional logic and set theory being the class of all first-order logics, as a sub-logic along with Peano arithmetic as another sub-logic. The first-order logic at issue is called Hilbert arithmetic and elaborated in detail in other papers. It allows for both self-foundation of mathematics to be internally proved as complete and furthermore, quantum mechanics reinterpreted as quantum information to be included by the qubit Hilbert space interpretable in turn as a dual and physical counterpart of Hilbert arithmetic in a narrow sense, that is, both counterparts constitute Hilbert arithmetic in a wide sense, being mathematical and physical simultaneously and thus overcoming the Cartesian dualism of “body” gapped from “mind” by an abyss. Then, the proper philosophical interpretation of gravitation to be the fundamental ontomathematical force or interaction overcomes the ridiculous belief of the Big Bang wrongly alleged to be a scientific theory. Ontomathematical gravitation suggests an omnipresent and omnitemporal medium of “God’s” creation “ex nihilo” following only the natural necessity of quantum-information conservation particularly and locally manifested as energy conservation. (shrink)

This article aims to delve into the concept of taxonomic incommensurability as advocated by Thomas Kuhn from the 1980s onward. According to Kuhn, in this more local and moderate interpretation, the incommensurability between theories results from the semantic alteration of certain central terms, which he refers to as 'taxonomic categories'. He argues that these categories are holistically inter-defined, such that altering the meaning of any one term necessitates a redefinition of the others. To draw examples of such localized holism and (...) the semantic restructuring that ensues following a scientific revolution, Kuhn frequently references the physics of Aristotle and Newton. However, although he identifies these instances as significant, his treatment of them lacks depth. Consequently, this article seeks to thoroughly examine whether an in-depth analysis of these theories substantiates the thesis of taxonomic incommensurability. (shrink)

جهان نیوتن شامل اتم‌هاست که با حرکت در فضای خالی پدیده‌های طبیعی را ایجاد می‌کنند. نیرو عنصر مهم دیگری در جهان نیوتن است. نیوتن منکر این است که گرانش یکی از ویژگی‌های ذاتی ماده است. این مسئله پایبندی نیوتن به برداشت سنتی جوهر را نشان می‌دهد. به ‌علاوه این مسئله دلیلی برای اعتقاد به حضور همه‌جایی خدا فراهم می‌کند. مؤلفۀ مهم دیگر هستی‌شناسی نیوتن فضا و زمان است. نیوتن به فضا و زمان مطلق اعتقاد داشت. به علاوه معتقد بود خداست (...) که با حضور همه‌جایی‌اش فضا و زمان را حفظ می‌کند. هر موجودی و از ‌جمله خداوند، فقط در زمان و مکان وجود دارد و از آنجایی که فضا و زمان چارچوب کنش خداوند است، تأمل در طبیعت راهی برای شناخت خدا نیز هست. نیوتن معتقد بود که فلسفۀ طبیعی او در مقابل فلسفه‌های ماتریالیستی است و حضور طراحی هوشمند و کنش مدام او در جهان را نشان می‌دهد. این مقاله قصد دارد با بررسی آرای نیوتن در باب جهان مادی، فضا و زمان و خداوند، تصویر جامعی از هستی‌شناسی نیوتن ارائه کند. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous proposons une étude du rapport qu’entretient la notion d’espace avec la doctrine de la prisca theologia dans le manuscrit « Tempus et locus » d’Isaac Newton. Nous nous efforçons de montrer que ce manuscrit méconnu remet en question la lecture positiviste qu’il peut être tentant de faire du concept d’espace absolu, tel qu’il est défini à la même période dans la première édition des Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle. Il s’agit au contraire de comprendre l’importance (...) des enjeux théologiques de la construction de ce concept afin d’en saisir la richesse et l’importance dans l’œuvre scientifique du savant anglais. (shrink)