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  1. The traditional square of opposition.Terence Parsons - 2008 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    This entry traces the historical development of the Square of Opposition, a collection of logical relationships traditionally embodied in a square diagram. This body of doctrine provided a foundation for work in logic for over two millenia. For most of this history, logicians assumed that negative particular propositions ("Some S is not P") are vacuously true if their subjects are empty. This validates the logical laws embodied in the diagram, and preserves the doctrine against modern criticisms. Certain additional principles ("contraposition" (...)
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  • Logic-Sensitivity and Bitstring Semantics in the Square of Opposition.Lorenz Demey & Stef Frijters - 2023 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 52 (6):1703-1721.
    This paper explores the interplay between logic-sensitivity and bitstring semantics in the square of opposition. Bitstring semantics is a combinatorial technique for representing the formulas that appear in a logical diagram, while logic-sensitivity entails that such a diagram may depend, not only on the formulas involved, but also on the logic with respect to which they are interpreted. These two topics have already been studied extensively in logical geometry, and are thus well-understood by themselves. However, the precise details of their (...)
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  • Categorical Propositions and Existential Import: A Post-modern Perspective.Byeong-Uk Yi - 2021 - History and Philosophy of Logic 42 (4):307-373.
    This article examines the traditional and modern doctrines of categorical propositions and argues that both doctrines have serious problems. While the doctrines disagree about existential imports...
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  • Aristotelian and Boolean Properties of the Keynes-Johnson Octagon of Opposition.Lorenz Demey & Hans Smessaert - forthcoming - Journal of Philosophical Logic:1-26.
    Around the turn of the 20th century, Keynes and Johnson extended the well-known square of opposition to an octagon of opposition, in order to account for subject negation (e.g., statements like ‘all non-S are P’). The main goal of this paper is to study the logical properties of the Keynes-Johnson (KJ) octagons of opposition. In particular, we will discuss three concrete examples of KJ octagons: the original one for subject-negation, a contemporary one from knowledge representation, and a third one (hitherto (...)
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  • Logical Geometries and Information in the Square of Oppositions.Hans Smessaert & Lorenz Demey - 2014 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 23 (4):527-565.
    The Aristotelian square of oppositions is a well-known diagram in logic and linguistics. In recent years, several extensions of the square have been discovered. However, these extensions have failed to become as widely known as the square. In this paper we argue that there is indeed a fundamental difference between the square and its extensions, viz., a difference in informativity. To do this, we distinguish between concrete Aristotelian diagrams and, on a more abstract level, the Aristotelian geometry. We then introduce (...)
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  • The First Square of Opposition.Ryan Christensen - 2023 - Phronesis 68 (4):371-383.
    It has become an article of faith among historians of logic that the square of opposition diagram is due not to Aristotle, but to Apuleius. I examine three Aristotelian texts and argue that Prior Analytics I.46 contains a square of opposition, making Aristotle the discoverer of the diagram.
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  • Logic and colour.Dany Jaspers - 2012 - Logica Universalis 6 (1-2):227-248.
    In this paper evidence will be provided that Wittgenstein’s intuition about the logic of colour relations is to be taken near-literally. Starting from the Aristotelian oppositions between propositions as represented in the logical square of oppositions on the one hand and oppositions between primary and secondary colors as represented in an octahedron on the other, it will be shown algebraically how definitions for the former carry over to the realm of colour categories and describe very precisely the relations obtaining between (...)
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  • On the Historical Transformations of the Square of Opposition as Semiotic Object.Ioannis M. Vandoulakis & Tatiana Yu Denisova - 2020 - Logica Universalis 14 (1):7-26.
    In this paper, we would show how the logical object “square of opposition”, viewed as semiotic object, has been historically transformed since its appearance in Aristotle’s texts until the works of Vasiliev. These transformations were accompanied each time with a new understanding and interpretation of Aristotle’s original text and, in the last case, with a transformation of its geometric configuration. The initial textual codification of the theory of opposition in Aristotle’s works is transformed into a diagrammatic one, based on a (...)
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