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  1. A proto-Normal Star Almanac dating to the reign of Artaxerxes III: BM 65156.John Steele - 2020 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 74 (3):243-253.
    Babylonian methods for predicting planetary phenomena using the so-called goal-year periods are well known. Texts known as Goal-Year Texts contain collections of the observational data needed to make predictions for a given year. The predictions were then recorded in Normal Star Almanacs and Almanacs. Large numbers of Goal-Year Texts, Normal Star Almanacs and Almanacs are attested from the early third century BC onward. A small number of texts dating from before the third century present procedures for using the goal-year periods (...)
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  • A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text.C. B. F. Walker, J. M. Steele & N. A. Roughton - 2004 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 58 (6):537-572.
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  • The new moon interval NA and the beginning of the Babylonian month.John Steele - 2024 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 78 (3):245-270.
    This study examines Babylonian records of the new moon interval NA (sunset to moonset on the day of first lunar visibility) and the connection of this interval to the length of the moon. I show that the NA intervals in the Normal Star Almanacs were computed using the goal-year method and were then used in turn to predict the lengths of each month of the year. I further argue that these predicted month lengths, adjusted occasionally on the basis of observation (...)
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  • Studies on Babylonian goal-year astronomy I: a comparison between planetary data in Goal-Year Texts, Almanacs and Normal Star Almanacs.J. M. Steele & J. M. K. Gray - 2008 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 62 (5):553-600.
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  • A study of Babylonian records of planetary stations.J. M. Steele & E. L. Meszaros - 2021 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 75 (4):415-438.
    Late Babylonian astronomical texts contain records of the stationary points of the outer planets using three different notational formats: Type S where the position is given relative to a Normal Star and whether it is an eastern or western station is noted, Type I which is similar to Type S except that the Normal Star is replaced by a reference to a zodiacal sign, and Type Z the position is given by reference to a zodiacal sign, but no indication of (...)
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  • An early system A-type scheme for Saturn from Babylon.John Steele & Teije de Jong - 2023 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 77 (5):501-535.
    In this paper we publish three fragments of a cuneiform tablet that, when complete, contained the dates and zodiacal positions of Saturn’s synodic phenomena for roughly 60 years. The text is unique in containing comparisons of computed data with observations. Through an analysis of the preserved data we propose that the dates and positions were computed by an otherwise unknown two-zone System A-type scheme and show that the computed data in the tablet can be dated to the fourth century BC. (...)
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  • A study of Babylonian planetary theory I. The outer planets.Teije Jong - 2019 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 73 (1):1-37.
    In this study I attempt to provide an answer to the question how the Babylonian scholars arrived at their mathematical theory of planetary motion. Although no texts are preserved in which the Babylonians tell us how they did it, from the surviving Astronomical Diaries we have a fairly complete picture of the nature of the observational material on which the scholars must have based their theory and from which they must have derived the values of the defining parameters. Limiting the (...)
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  • A study of Babylonian planetary theory I. The outer planets.Teije de Jong - 2019 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 73 (1):1-37.
    In this study I attempt to provide an answer to the question how the Babylonian scholars arrived at their mathematical theory of planetary motion. Although no texts are preserved in which the Babylonians tell us how they did it, from the surviving Astronomical Diaries we have a fairly complete picture of the nature of the observational material on which the scholars must have based their theory and from which they must have derived the values of the defining parameters. Limiting the (...)
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  • Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac.John P. Britton - 2010 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 64 (6):617-663.
    This paper is the third of a multi-part examination of the Babylonian mathematical lunar theories known as Systems A and B. Part I (Britton, AHES 61:83–145, 2007) addressed the development of the empirical elements needed to separate the effects of lunar and solar anomaly on the intervals between syzygies, accomplished in the construction of the System A lunar theory early in the fourth century B.C. Part II (Britton, AHES 63:357–431, 2009) examines the accomplishment of this separation by the construction of (...)
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