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  1. Ability versus vulnerability: Beliefs about men's and women's emotional behaviour.Monique Timmers, Agneta Fischer & Antony Manstead - 2003 - Cognition and Emotion 17 (1):41-63.
    In the present research we investigated gender-specific beliefs about emotional behaviour. In Study 1, 180 respondents rated the extent to which they agreed with different types of beliefs (prescriptive, descriptive, stereotypical, and contra-stereotypical) regarding the emotional behaviour of men and women. As anticipated, respondents agreed more with descriptive than with prescriptive beliefs, and more with stereotypical than with contra-stereotypical beliefs. However, respondents agreed more with stereotypical beliefs about the emotional behaviour of women than with those about men. These results were (...)
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  • “Anger? No, thank you. I don't mimic it”: how contextual modulation of facial display meaning impacts emotional mimicry.Michal Olszanowski & Aleksandra Tołopiło - 2024 - Cognition and Emotion 38 (4):530-548.
    Research indicates that emotional mimicry predominantly occurs in response to affiliative displays, such as happiness, while the mimicry of antagonistic displays, like anger, is seldom observed in social contexts. However, contextual factors, including the identity of the displayer (e.g. social similarity with the observer) and whose action triggered the emotional reaction (i.e. to whom display is directed), can modulate the meaning of the display. In two experiments, participants observed happiness, sadness, and anger expressed by individuals with similar or different social (...)
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  • The Riddle of Human Emotional Crying: A Challenge for Emotion Researchers.Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets & Lauren M. Bylsma - 2016 - Emotion Review 8 (3):207-217.
    Until now, adult crying has received relatively little interest from investigators, whereas in the popular media there are many strong claims about crying (e.g., crying brings relief) of which the scientific basis is not clear. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of the scientific literature with respect to crying. We identify gaps in knowledge and propose questions for future research. The following topics receive special attention: Ontogenetic development, antecedents, individual and gender differences, and the intra- (...)
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  • There’s No Crying in Baseball, or Is There? Male Athletes, Tears, and Masculinity in North America.Heather J. MacArthur & Stephanie A. Shields - 2015 - Emotion Review 7 (1):39-46.
    We explore men’s negotiation of emotional expression within larger social discourses around masculinity. Drawing on the phenomenon of men’s crying within the competitive sports context, we demonstrate that although the prevailing image of men’s emotion is one of constricted expression and experience, inexpressivity is representative neither of typical nor ideal masculinity in contemporary dominant culture. We first review the literature on prevailing cultural beliefs about normative male emotional expression, then focus on literature specific to men’s tears. Turning to a discussion (...)
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  • Beliefs About Emotion Are Tied to Beliefs About Gender: The Case of Men’s Crying in Competitive Sports.Heather J. MacArthur - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Social messages of crying faces: Their influence on anticipated person perception, emotions and behavioural responses.Michelle Cp Hendriks & Ad Jjm Vingerhoets - 2006 - Cognition and Emotion 20 (6):878-886.
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  • What Drives the Smile and the Tear: Why Women Are More Emotionally Expressive Than Men.Agneta Fischer & Marianne LaFrance - 2015 - Emotion Review 7 (1):22-29.
    In this article we examine gender differences in nonverbal expressiveness, with a particular focus on crying and smiling. We show that women cry and smile more as well as show more facial expressiveness in general, but that the size of this gender difference varies with the social and emotional context. We interpret this variation within a contextual framework (see also Brody & Hall, 2008; Deaux & Major, 1987; LaFrance, Hecht, & Paluck, 2003). More specifically, we distinguish three factors that predict (...)
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  • Reconciling emotions with western personhood.Agneta H. Fischer & Jeroen Jansz - 1995 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 25 (1):59–80.
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