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  1. Toward a synthesis of deterministic and probabilistic formulations of causal relations by the functional relation concept.Stanley A. Mulaik - 1986 - Philosophy of Science 53 (3):313-332.
    There have been two principal paradigms for the formulation of the causal relation--logical implication and functional relationship. In this paper, I present a case for preferring the functional relationship formulation and then discuss how the functional relationship formulation may be implemented in the probabilistic case in a manner analogous to the way others have implemented the logical implication formulation in the probabilistic case. I show how the "local independence" assumption found in many models used in the behavioral and social sciences (...)
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  • Idealization and factualization in science.W.?Adys?Aw Krajewski - 1977 - Erkenntnis 11 (1):323-339.
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