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  1. Instruments and rules: R. B. Woodward and the tools of twentieth-century organic chemistry.Leo B. Slater - 2002 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 33 (1):1-33.
    The paper illustrates how organic chemists dramatically altered their practices in the middle part of the twentieth century through the adoption of analytical instrumentation — such as ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy — through which the difficult process of structure determination for small molecules became routine. Changes in practice were manifested in two ways: in the use of these instruments in the development of ‘rule-based’ theories; and in an increased focus on synthesis, at the expense (...)
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  • (1 other version)Epistemic Fencelines: Air Monitoring Instruments and Expert-Resident Boundaries.Gwen Ottinger - 2009 - Spontaneous Generations 3 (1):55-67.
    Scientific instruments can help to shape and re-shape epistemic boundaries, especially those between communities of scienti?c researchers. But how do they function at boundaries between scienti?c communities and communities of non-experts? This paper examines the use of air monitoring instruments at the boundary between petrochemical facilities and nearby residential communities, asking whether a new generation of fenceline monitors shared by industry (and regulatory agency) experts and community members alter the epistemic boundary between the two groups. Arguing that epistemic communities organized (...)
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  • On “the application of science to science itself:” chemistry, instruments, and the scientific labor process.George Borg - 2020 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 79 (C):41-56.
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