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The ethics of biological control: Understanding the moral implications of our most powerful ecological technology

Jeffrey A. Lockwood

Agriculture and Human Values 13 (1):2-19 (1996)

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On the ethics of biological control of insect pests.Jeffery W. Bentley & Robert J. O'Neil - 1997 - Agriculture and Human Values 14 (3):283-289.details Of the four types of biological control, (1) natural, (2) conservation, (3) augmentation, and (4) importation), ethical concerns have been raised almost exclusively about only one type: importation. These concerns rest largely on fears of extinction of animal species. Importation biological control is a cost-effective alternative to chemical control for basic food crops of resource-poor farmers. Regarding the other types of biological control, natural biological control is not consciously manipulated by humans. Augmentation has some technical concerns, but is generally an (...) Download Export citation Bookmark
The ethics of biofungicides – A case study: Trichoderma harzianum ATCC 20476 on Elsanta strawberries against Botrytis cinerea (gray mold). [REVIEW]Jacques L. Ricard & Thomas J. Ricard - 1997 - Agriculture and Human Values 14 (3):251-258.details Trichoderma ATCC 20476 based biofungicides have been marketed continuously on a small scale for 20 years. A more recently developed application for these biofungicides is the treatment of strawberries against the gray mold Botrytis cinerea. That application is examined in terms of Lockwood's criteria for ethics in biological control. Unaddressed risks resulting from the current scramble for market share in northern Europe are pointed out. Download Export citation Bookmark
Biological control of fruit flies in Hawaii: Factors affecting non-target risk analysis.Jian J. Duan & Russell H. Messing - 1997 - Agriculture and Human Values 14 (3):227-236.details The potential negative impacts of biological pest control on non-target species have become the focus of a contentious debate. In this article, we use examples from both classical and augmentative biological control of fruit fly pests in Hawaii to address several important factors in assessing non-target risks of fruit fly parasitoids. Several fruit fly parasitoids have been introduced to Hawaii and contribute substantially to the reduction of pest populations in the state's farms and forests. However, an historical lack of host-specificity (...) Download Export citation Bookmark
Agriculture and biodiversity: Finding our place in this world. [REVIEW]Jeffrey A. Lockwood - 1999 - Agriculture and Human Values 16 (4):365-379.details Agriculture has been recently viewed as the primary destructive force of biodiversity, but the places that produce our food and fiber may also hold the key to saving the richness of life on earth. This argument is based on three fundamental positions. First, it is argued that to value and thereby preserve and restore biodiversity we must begin by employing anthropocentric ethics. While changing our understanding of intrinsic values (i.e., the unconditional values of biodiversity as a state and process in-and-of-itself, (...) Download Export citation Bookmark 3 citations

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