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  1. What defines a legitimate issue for Skinnerian psychology: Philosophy or technology?Hank Davis - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):137-138.
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  • Tracking brain functions in space and time.Riitta Hari - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):359-360.
    The authors ofImages of mindhave been highly successful in unravelling the neural basis of complex brain functions. Their emphasis on top-down processingin experimental neuroscience is especially important and, it is hoped, influential. Tracking brain activation accurately botli in space and in time would benefit from studiesofindividual subjects without relying on grand average data.
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  • Reinforcement without representation.Stephen José Hanson - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):141-142.
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  • Is attention an appropriate concept for explaining brain processes?G. J. Dalenoort - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):341-342.
    In interpreting measurements of brain processes it is necessary to make the model used explicit. A concept such as attention cannot be used in the description of brain activities without a model of the relation of mental and neural processes.
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  • Multiple scales of brain-mind interactions.Lester Ingber - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):360-362.
    Posner & Raichle'sImages of mindis an excellent educational book and very well written. Some flaws as a scientific publication are: (a) the accuracy of the linear subtraction method used in PET is subject to scrutiny by further research at finer spatial-temporal resolutions; (b) lack of accuracy of the experimental paradigm used for EEG complementary studies.
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  • The meaning of baselines.David Lee Robinson - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):370-370.
    Images of mindsuperbly summarizes work on cognitive neuroscienee using PET scanning. Some of the data emphasized suggests that parietal cortex is involved in the disengagement of attention. We have discovered neurons in awake monkeys which could perform this function. Another point of emphasis is the concept of neutral cues. Although an appealing concept, it is extremely difficult to define what is actually neutral.
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  • Killeen's theory provides an answer – and a question.Mary Ann Metzger & Terje Sagvolden - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):144-145.
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  • Problems and pitfalls for Killeen's mathematical principles of reinforcement.Joseph J. Pear - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):146-147.
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  • From overt behavior to hypothetical behavior to memory: Inference in the wrong direction.Howard Rachlin - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):147-148.
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  • Two models of models in biomedical research.Hugh LaFollette & Niall Shanks - 1995 - Philosophical Quarterly 45 (179):141-160.
    Biomedical researchers claim there is significant biomedical information about humans which can be discovered only through experiments on intact animal systems (AMA p. 2). Although epidemiological studies, computer simulations, clinical investigation, and cell and tissue cultures have become important weapons in the biomedical scientists' arsenal, these are primarily "adjuncts to the use of animals in research" (Sigma Xi p. 76). Controlled laboratory experiments are the core of the scientific enterprise. Biomedical researchers claim these should be conducted on intact biological systems, (...)
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  • If a picture is worth a thousand words, how many pictures is a word worth?Ken A. Paller - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):367-368.
    Pictures of normal brain activity during human thought can be worth a great deal. Electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging together allow both temporal and spatial dimensions of neurocognitive functions to be explored. Although these techniqueshave their limitations, the Cognitive Neuroscience approach is well-suited to pursuing questions about how words are perceived, understood, and remembered.
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  • Images of mind: A window to the brain.Robert L. Solso - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):371-371.
    The authors ofImages of the Mindhave made a significant contribution to our understanding of the brain through imaging technology. The book is well written, timely, beautifully illustrated and conveys a sense of history. It will appeal to alay audience as well as a professional audience.
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  • Moving beyond schedules and rate: A new trajectory?Gregory Galbicka - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):139-140.
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  • When is it sensible to use PET to study brain function?Shane M. O'Mara - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):366-367.
    Posner & Raichle's book is a superbly presented and wellwritten overview of a fast-developing and important field in contemporary neuroscience. It suffers from being an overview, however, because it does not go into sufficient detail or depth in many of the issues that it raises. It also neglects many other important areas of current research, for example, technical advances in other areas, learning and memory, and lesion analysis of brain function.
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  • Validation of behavioural equations: Can neurobiology help?C. M. Bradshaw - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):136-137.
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  • Looking for images of memory.Narinder Kapur - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):364-365.
    This is an excellent book but it lacks a detailed presentation and formulation of images of memory. Positron emission tomography (PET) findings sometimes raise more enigmatic questions than they answer, with differences between studies and differences with established lesion evidence. Perhaps the book could have been more critical in its analysis of these enigmas, covering more of the basic issues and assumptions underlying PET research.
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  • Practical effects of response specification.Richard L. Shull - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):150-150.
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  • Fables of the prefrontal cortex.Jordan Grafman, Arnaud Partiot & Caroline Hollnagel - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):349-358.
    On the basis of neuroiinaging studies, Posner & Raichle summarily report that the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and attention. In contrast to that superficial view, we briefly describe a testable model of the kinds of representations that are stored in prefrontal cortex, which, when activated, are expressed via plans, actions, thematic knowledge, and schemas.
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  • PET may image the gates of awareness, not its center.Eric Halgren - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):358-359.
    PET detects changes in metabolism between task periods and is thus insensitive to areas that are activated during all or most of cognition. Depth-recorded, evokedpotentials indicate that many multimodal and limbic cortical areas may be activated during most cognitive tasks. Thus, PET may be insensitive to some core processes of awareness that are difficult to eliminate from the control periods.
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  • The scale of nature: Fitted parameters and dimensional correctness.D. W. Stephens - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):150-152.
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  • A mathematical theory of reinforcement: An unexpected place to find support for analogical memory coding.Donald M. Wilkie & Lisa M. Saksida - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):155-156.
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  • Précis of Images of Mind.Michael I. Posner & Marcus E. Raichle - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):327-339.
    This volume explores how functional brain imaging techniques like positron emission tomography have influenced cognitive studies. The first chapter outlines efforts to relate human thought and cognition in terms of great books from the late 1800s through the present. Chapter 2 describes mental operations as they are measured in cognitive science studies. It develops a framework for relating mental operations to activity in nerve cells. In Chapter 3, the PET method is reviewed and studies are presented that use PET to (...)
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  • Brain imaging the psychoses.C. D. Frith & R. J. Dolan - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):346-347.
    The approach adopted by Posner & Raichle in this book, with its strong emphasis on the cognitive level of description, is ideally suited to the study of psychotic illnesses. However, their discussion of depression and schizophrenia is based on a very small number of studies and involves ad hoc arguments derived largely from neuroanatomy. Their conclusions are almost certainly wrong.
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  • Computation, PET images, and attention.John K. Tsotsos - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):372-372.
    Posner & Raichle (1994) is a nice addition to the Scientific American Library and the average reader will both enjoy the book and learn a great deal. As an activeresearcher, however, I find the book disappointing in many respects. My two major disappointments are in the illusion of computation that is created throughout the volume and in the inadequate perspective of the presentation on visual attention.
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  • Mind mappers and cognitive modelers: Toward cross-fertilization.Arthur M. Jacobs & Thomas H. Carr - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):362-363.
    It is argued that current neuroimaging studies can provide useful constraints for the construction of models of cognition, and that these studies should be guided by cognitive models. A numberof challenges for a successful cross-fertilization between “mind mappers” and cognitive modelers are discussed in the light of current research on word recognition.
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  • Is the human brain only responsive?Rumyana Kristeva-Feige & Bernd Feige - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):365-366.
    Posner & Raichle's (1994) book is a fascinating and readable account of the studies the authors have conducted on the localization of cognitive functions in the brain mainly using PET and EEC evoked potential methods. Our criticism concerns the underrepresentation of some imaging techniques (magnetoencephalography) and some forms of brain activity (spontaneous activity). Furthermore, the book leaves the reader with the impression that the brain only responds to external events.
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  • The return of the reinforcement theorists.C. D. L. Wynne - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):156-156.
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  • Memories and functional response units.Kennon A. Lattal & Josele Abreu-Rodrigues - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):143-144.
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  • Awareness and reinforcement.Charles P. Shimp - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):149-150.
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  • What do reinforcers strengthen? The unit of selection.John W. Donahoe - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):138-139.
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  • Broca's area: Motor encoding in somatic space.Peter T. Fox - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):344-345.
    Encoding articulate speech is widely accepted as the principal (or sole) role of the frontal operculum. Clinical observations of speech apraxia have been confirmed by brain-imaging studies of speech production. We present evidence that the frontal operculum also programs limb movements. We argue that this area is a ventral counterpart of the dorsal premotor area. The two are functionally distinguished by specialization for somatic and visual space, respectively.
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  • Redefining cognitive psychology.John Jonides & Patricia Reuter-Lorenz - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):363-364.
    Posner & Raichle illustrate how neuroimaging blends profitably with neuropsychology and electrophysiology to advance cognitive theory. Recognizing that there are limitations to each of these techniques, we nonetheless argue that their confluence has fundamentally changed the way cognitive psychologists think about problems of the mind.
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  • Regions, networks: Interpreting functional neuroimaging data.Barry Horwitz - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):360-360.
    The subtraction and covariance paradigms are two analytic techniques used with functional neuroimaging data. The first assumes that a brain region participating in a task should show altered neural activity (relative to a control task). The second assumes that tasks are mediated by networks of interacting regions.Images of mindattempts to link results from the subtraction paradigm with a network interpretation that could have been more explicitly done using the covariance paradigm.
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  • Has learning been shown to be attractor modification within reinforcement modelling?Robert A. M. Gregson - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):140-141.
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  • The neurodynamics of heavy PETing, at/intention, learning, functional recovery, and rehabilitation.Gary Goldberg & Nathaniel H. Mayer - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):348-349.
    Research reported by Posner & Raichle may be usefully applied to the rehabilitation of persons with brain damage. Their findings are related to the “dual premotorsystems hypothesis” that reciprocally interactive medial and lateral brain systems are involved in attention and learning. Recent studies show that “brain healing” occurs through dynamic reorganization involving attentional networks postulated by Posner & Raichle.
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  • Neuroimaging studies of language should connect with (psycho)linguistic theories.David Poeppel & Susan Johnson - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):369-370.
    PET studies in domains like vision and attention have been successful because the experiments are the product of highly articulated theories. In contrast, the results of PET studies investigating language processing are difficult to interpret. We suggest that this difficulty is due to the more tentative connection of these experiments with the insights of psycholinguistics and linguistic theory.
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  • Images in search of a theory.Ben Goertzel - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):347-348.
    Images of mindis an exciting book, well-written and wellorganized, but many of the connections the authors draw between PET scan results and more general psychological issues are somewhat strained.
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  • A major advance in neuropsychology.David Freides - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):345-346.
    Posner & Raichle's book presents methods and data that increase support for mind-brain unity and provide a method for studying and verifying brain dysfunction objectively. Their incorporation into the assessment technology of neuropsychology should accordingly constitute a major advance. In addition, these techniques may help clarify longstanding controversies in cognitive psychology such as whether perception is multimodal or amodal.
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  • Bright red spots or – the meaning of the meaning.G. J. E. Schmitt - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):370-371.
    There are methodological problems with the new techniques reviewed by Posner & Raichle. Some brain mechanisms are not detected by the temporal and spatial resolution. Questions are also raised by the stimulation paradigms.
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  • Neural images and neural coding.Antonio L. Perrone & Gianfranco Basti - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):368-369.
    In Posner & Raichle's (1994) book, two essential and strictly related limitations of cognitive neurophysiology are not sufficiently enhanced: (1) The problem of “coding,” namely the capability of a natural brain to redefine its own “basic symbols” as a function of a changing environment; (2) the inadequacy of a Hebbian rule to reckon with complex computational problems such as those solved by real brains.
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  • Brain imaging, ethology, and the nonhuman mind.Gordon M. Burghardt - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):339-340.
    Posner & Raichle's (1994) exciting, wonderfully illustrated book describes the past successes and future potential of the relatively noninvasive imaging of the nervous systems of living people. The focus has been on cognitive processes but there is no reason why emotional and motivational systems cannot also be tapped. Although the authors do not formally address such contentious issues as consciousness and the private experience of other species, imaging methods may hold promise for helping us to understand these phenomena, as well (...)
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  • The response problem.Robert C. Bolles - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):135-136.
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  • Mathematical principles of reinforcement.Peter R. Killeen - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):105-135.
    Effective conditioning requires a correlation between the experimenter's definition of a response and an organism's, but an animal's perception of its behavior differs from ours. These experiments explore various definitions of the response, using the slopes of learning curves to infer which comes closest to the organism's definition. The resulting exponentially weighted moving average provides a model of memory that is used to ground a quantitative theory of reinforcement. The theory assumes that: incentives excite behavior and focus the excitement on (...)
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  • Tough times for dualists.Merlin Donald - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):342-343.
    Images of mindmarks a new era in human cognitive neuroscience. Despite the difficult conceptual problems associated with using group-averaged data and paired subtractions, human PET images converge well with existing data from other areas of cognitive neuroscience while opening up new theoretical and experimental possibilities. However, greater attention to individual differences might prove necessary in the study of culturally driven adaptations such as literacy.
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  • How general is a general theory of reinforcement?Stephen F. Walker - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):154-155.
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  • Mindwatching.Rodney M. J. Cotterill - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):340-341.
    This book delivers much more than its title appears to promise; it is not merely a description of current methods for remotely monitoring brain activity. It primarily concentrates on just one such method: positron emission tomography, but it demonstrates beautifully how far that technique can now take us in the quest to discover the mechanisms underlying thought.
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  • Interaction of method and theory in cognitive neuroscience.Michael I. Posner & Marcus E. Raichle - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):372-383.
    We divided the many diverse comments on our book into categories. These are: theory, scope and goals of our project, methods, comments on specific anatomical areas, the concept of attention, consciousness and cognitive control, and finally other issues. Although many of the points of the critics are certainly well taken, we believe studies that have emerged since our book provide strong evidence that the general approach taken in our book is now yielding important new data on the relation of cognitive (...)
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  • Rats, responses and reinforcers: Using a little psychology on our subjects.Peter R. Killeen - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):157-172.
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  • Fifty years on: The new “principles of behavior”?J. H. Wearden - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):155-155.
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  • Animal-centered models of reinforcement.William Timberlake - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):153-154.
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