The paper is a study of the logic of existence, negation, and order in the Neoplatonic tradition. The central idea is that Neoplatonists assume a logic in which the existence predicate is a comparative adjective and in which monadic predicates function as scalar adjectives that nest the background order. Various scalar predicate negations are then identifiable with various Neoplatonic negations, including a privative negation appropriate for the lower orders of reality and a hyper-negation appropriate for the higher. Reversion to the (...) One can then be explained as the logical inference of hyper-negations from mundane knowledge. Part I develops the relevant linguistic and logical theory, and Part II defends Wolfson and the scalar interpretation against the more traditional Aristotelian understanding of Whittaker and others of reversion as intensional abstraction. (shrink)

In the times preceding the emergence of Neo-Platonism, the philosophers now known as Middle Platonists elaborated an extensive reflection on the possibility of knowing God, and the ways that could lead to acquiring knowledge about the transcendent. According to Plato, “To discover the Maker and Father of this Universe were a task indeed; and having discovered Him, to declare Him unto all men were a thing impossible” ​​. The Middle Platonists believed that God, whom they sometimes identified with the Platonic (...) One and Good, is possible to know but not possible to express. Even though the knowledge of God is accompanied by all the difficulties associated with the process of intellectual and ethical improvement, and although what one comes to know in this process is ultimately impossible to express in human language, gaining knowledge of God and becoming like Him is nevertheless the goal of all Platonic philosophy. Jewish and Christian thinkers working at this time came to similar conclusions. These include Philo of Alexandria, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, who are themselves sometimes deemed Middle-Platonic philosophers. Unlike their pagan colleagues, they believed that man’s process of coming to know God would go on forever. They thought that the finite human mind would never be able to contain the infinite, and they held that the essence and power of God are indeed infinite. The goal of this article is to expose the relationship between the infinity and the unknowability of God, and at the same time to point out the differences in the theses put forward on this question by pagan Middle Platonists and those who accepted Judeo-Christian revelation. (shrink)

Riassunto Attraverso le pagine di Celso e di Origene vediamo delinearsi due Weltanschauungen contrapposte. La prima esclude un intervento attivo di Dio nel mondo, ipostatizza l’ordine di cose esistente, privilegia rigorosamente la cura dell’anima, nega che l’uomo possa far affidamento sul corpo per raggiungere la meta cui deve tendere, irride come irragionevoli e blasfeme sia la credenza nell’incarnazione sia quella nella resurrezione. La seconda è decisamente più sfaccettata. Il corpo per un verso sembra costituire un gravame, se è vero che (...) le creature razionali cadono in un soma a seguito della trasgressione originaria cui le conduce l’esercizio del libero arbitrio; per l’altro è anch’esso un portato della creazione divina e dall’inizio il Figlio pervade il mondo nella sua consistenza materiale, sino a che si produce il decisivo evento dell’incarnazione; alla fine dei tempi avrà luogo senza dubbio la resurrezione che chiama in causa una volta di più il corpo, in quanto l’esistere creaturale sembra inseparabile da una dotazione corporea. A partire da questo quadro complesso e almeno in parte aporetico si profila – all’interno della seconda Weltanschauung qui considerata attraverso la lente di Origene – una linea di tendenza, che cerca di sciogliere i nodi problematici persistenti negando essere la materia causa del male e rivendicando al corpo nato dalla vergine la capacità di salvare l’umanità. (shrink)

This paper explores early Australasian philosophy in some detail. Two approaches have dominated Western philosophy in Australia: idealism and materialism. Idealism was prevalent between the 1880s and the 1930s, but dissipated thereafter. Idealism in Australia often reflected Kantian themes, but it also reflected the revival of interest in Hegel through the work of ‘absolute idealists’ such as T. H. Green, F. H. Bradley, and Henry Jones. A number of the early New Zealand philosophers were also educated in the idealist tradition (...) and were influential in their communities, but produced relatively little. In Australia, materialism gained prominence through the work of John Anderson, who arrived in Australia in 1927, and continues to be influential. John Anderson had been a student of Henry Jones, who might therefore be said to have influenced both main strands of Australian philosophical thought. (shrink)