There are two main approaches within classical cognitive science to explaining how humans can entertain mental states that integrate contentsacrossdomains. The language-based framework states that this ability arises from higher cognitive domain-specific systems that combine their outputs through the language faculty, whereas the language-independent framework holds that it comes from non-language-involving connections between such systems. This article turns on its head the most influential empirical argument for the language-based framework, an argument that originates from research on spatial reorientation. I make (...) the case that neuroscientific findings about spatial reorientation in rodents and humans bolster the language-independent framework instead. (shrink)