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  1. Justice and the Normative Standards of Explainability in Healthcare.Saskia K. Nagel, Nils Freyer & Hendrik Kempt - 2022 - Philosophy and Technology 35 (4):1-19.
    Providing healthcare services frequently involves cognitively demanding tasks, including diagnoses and analyses as well as complex decisions about treatments and therapy. From a global perspective, ethically significant inequalities exist between regions where the expert knowledge required for these tasks is scarce or abundant. One possible strategy to diminish such inequalities and increase healthcare opportunities in expert-scarce settings is to provide healthcare solutions involving digital technologies that do not necessarily require the presence of a human expert, e.g., in the form of (...)
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  • The Epistemic Cost of Opacity: How the Use of Artificial Intelligence Undermines the Knowledge of Medical Doctors in High-Stakes Contexts.Eva Schmidt, Paul Martin Putora & Rianne Fijten - 2025 - Philosophy and Technology 38 (1):1-22.
    Artificial intelligent (AI) systems used in medicine are often very reliable and accurate, but at the price of their being increasingly opaque. This raises the question whether a system’s opacity undermines the ability of medical doctors to acquire knowledge on the basis of its outputs. We investigate this question by focusing on a case in which a patient’s risk of recurring breast cancer is predicted by an opaque AI system. We argue that, given the system’s opacity, as well as the (...)
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  • Mapping the landscape of ethical considerations in explainable AI research.Luca Nannini, Marta Marchiori Manerba & Isacco Beretta - 2024 - Ethics and Information Technology 26 (3):1-22.
    With its potential to contribute to the ethical governance of AI, eXplainable AI (XAI) research frequently asserts its relevance to ethical considerations. Yet, the substantiation of these claims with rigorous ethical analysis and reflection remains largely unexamined. This contribution endeavors to scrutinize the relationship between XAI and ethical considerations. By systematically reviewing research papers mentioning ethical terms in XAI frameworks and tools, we investigate the extent and depth of ethical discussions in scholarly research. We observe a limited and often superficial (...)
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  • The ethical requirement of explainability for AI-DSS in healthcare: a systematic review of reasons.Nils Freyer, Dominik Groß & Myriam Lipprandt - 2024 - BMC Medical Ethics 25 (1):1-11.
    Background Despite continuous performance improvements, especially in clinical contexts, a major challenge of Artificial Intelligence based Decision Support Systems (AI-DSS) remains their degree of epistemic opacity. The conditions of and the solutions for the justified use of the occasionally unexplainable technology in healthcare are an active field of research. In March 2024, the European Union agreed upon the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA), requiring medical AI-DSS to be ad-hoc explainable or to use post-hoc explainability methods. The ethical debate does not seem (...)
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  • The Normative Challenges of AI in Outer Space: Law, Ethics, and the Realignment of Terrestrial Standards.Ugo Pagallo, Eleonora Bassi & Massimo Durante - 2023 - Philosophy and Technology 36 (2):1-23.
    The paper examines the open problems that experts of space law shall increasingly address over the next few years, according to four different sets of legal issues. Such differentiation sheds light on what is old and what is new with today’s troubles of space law, e.g., the privatization of space, vis-à-vis the challenges that AI raises in this field. Some AI challenges depend on its unique features, e.g., autonomy and opacity, and how they affect pillars of the law, whether on (...)
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