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  1. Simpson’s paradox beyond confounding.Zili Dong, Weixin Cai & Shimin Zhao - 2024 - European Journal for Philosophy of Science 14 (3):1-22.
    Simpson’s paradox (SP) is a statistical phenomenon where the association between two variables reverses, disappears, or emerges, after conditioning on a third variable. It has been proposed (by, e.g., Judea Pearl) that SP should be analyzed using the framework of graphical causal models (i.e., causal DAGs) in which SP is diagnosed as a symptom of confounding bias. This paper contends that this confounding-based analysis cannot fully capture SP: there are cases of SP that cannot be explained away in terms of (...)
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