ABSTRACT Whether reverse discrimination is justifiable cannot be determined, it is argued, until what is meant by ‘reverse discrimination’ has been. Recent talk of ‘reverse discrimination’ and ‘discrimination in favour of’ suggests that there are some new sorts of discrimination. But the two qualifications ‘reverse’ and ‘in favour of’ seem often to be confused in so far as it is assumed that reverse discrimination is only in favour of. After noting differences between the use of ‘discrimination’ in fiscal contexts—where the (...) phrase ‘discrimination in favour of’ has an established usage—and in political contexts, a sense of the phrase to fit the latter is proposed: to discriminate in favour of a group is to favour it at the expense of some other group so that the other group is discriminated against. The meaning of the qualification ‘reverse’ is then sought. Ambiguities in the terms ‘reverse’ and ‘compensatory’ are noted. In so far as policies described as being reverse discrimination are genuinely discriminatory, for it is not clear from their characterisation that they need constitute discrimination of any sort, it is only within a historical context that they can be distinguished from the old sort of discrimination. It is thus concluded that there are no new sorts of discrimination. (shrink)

Practical methods are introduced for the construction of definitions, both for philosophical purposes and for uses in other disciplines. The structural and contentual requirements on definitions are clarified. It is emphasized that the development of a definition should begin with careful choice of a primary definiendum, followed by the selection of appropriate variables for the definition. Two methods are proposed for the construction of the definiens, the case list method and the method of successive improvements. Four classes of concepts are (...) discussed that are particularly difficult to define: vague concepts, value-laden concepts, controversial concepts, and inconsistent concepts. (shrink)

As we have all learned in recent years, a pandemic can produce shortages in intensive care units. In our jurisdiction, this has led to a ruling by the federal constitutional court, according to which the lawmaker has to provide better protection for persons with disabilities in the event of medical priority setting. From an ethical perspective, this task requires a choice among various competing accounts on what exactly it is that makes a case of discrimination morally problematic. In addition, these (...) accounts require amendments in order to encompass instances of indirect discrimination. As this article demonstrates by appeal to a number of concrete triage criteria, a moderate account of discrimination does the best job of focusing attention on the core of the current issues. Among these issues are the extent to which perceptions of persons with specific pre-existing challenges generally have an impact on the structure of their social interactions. -/- / Zusammenfassung Im Falle von Pandemien können die Kapazitäten auf den Intensivstationen bekanntlich knapp werden. In Deutschland hat dieser Umstand zu einem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts geführt, in dem vom Gesetzgeber verlangt wurde, Menschen mit Behinderungen für solche Fälle besser vor Diskriminierung zu schützen. Aus ethischer Sicht hängt die Frage nach den Diskriminierungspotentialen von Priorisierungskriterien stark davon ab, worin genau das Übel einer Diskriminierung verortet werden muss – eine Frage, zu der es in der Ethik mehrere konkurrierende Theoriegruppen gibt. In diesem Aufsatz soll gezeigt werden, dass diese Theorien darüber hinaus jeweils einer Ergänzung bedürfen, um dem Phänomen der indirekten Diskriminierung gerecht werden zu können. Wie hier am Beispiel einiger konkreter Triage-Kriterien gezeigt werden soll, ist ein Ansatz mittlerer Breite besonders geeignet, um die Aufmerksamkeit auf den Kern der aktuellen Probleme zu lenken. Dazu zählt insbesondere das Ausmaß, in dem soziale Gepflogenheiten gegenüber Menschen mit bereits zuvor bestehenden konkreten Schwierigkeiten generell Auswirkungen auf die Struktur ihrer sozialen Interaktionen haben. (shrink)