What does the most fundamental type of perceptual (or mental) reference look like? One view suggests that perceptual reference requires representation-as, while another holds that it requires discriminating the perceived item. I distinguish five types of discrimination, three of which are personal-level and distinctively visual, and explain their implications and interrelations. Next, I argue that the plausibility of the claim that perceiving something requires discriminating it—rather than simply attributing properties to it—depends on the type of discrimination at issue. A weak (...) form of discrimination trivializes the debate, while stronger types of discrimination cannot be fully understood without incorporating representation-as. Thus, representation-as appears to form the more fundamental level of personal-level representation. (shrink)