The rejection of an infinitesimal solution to the zero-fit problem by A. Elga ([2004]) does not seem to appreciate the opportunities provided by the use of internal finitely-additive probability measures. Indeed, internal laws of probability can be used to find a satisfactory infinitesimal answer to many zero-fit problems, not only to the one suggested by Elga, but also to the Markov chain (that is, discrete and memory-less) models of reality. Moreover, the generalization of likelihoods that Elga has in mind is (...) not as hopeless as it appears to be in his article. In fact, for many practically important examples, through the use of likelihoods one can succeed in circumventing the zero-fit problem. 1 The Zero-fit Problem on Infinite State Spaces 2 Elga's Critique of the Infinitesimal Approach to the Zero-fit Problem 3 Two Examples for Infinitesimal Solutions to the Zero-fit Problem 4 Mathematical Modelling in Nonstandard Universes? 5 Are Nonstandard Models Unnatural? 6 Likelihoods and Densities A Internal Probability Measures and the Loeb Measure Construction B The (Countable) Coin Tossing Sequence Revisited C Solution to the Zero-fit Problem for a Finite-state Model without Memory D An Additional Note on ‘Integrating over Densities’ E Well-defined Continuous Versions of Density Functions. (shrink)

The separation, uniformization, and other properties of the Borel and projective hierarchies over hyperfinite sets are investigated and compared to the corresponding properties in classical descriptive set theory. The techniques used in this investigation also provide some results about countably determined sets and functions, as well as an improvement of an earlier theorem of Kunen and Miller.

In this paper we show that the compactness of a Loeb space depends on its cardinality, the nonstandard universe it belongs to and the underlying model of set theory we live in. In $\S1$ we prove that Loeb spaces are compact under various assumptions, and in $\S2$ we prove that Loeb spaces are not compact under various other assumptions. The results in $\S1$ and $\S2$ give a quite complete answer to a question of D. Ross in [9], [11] and [12].

We give positive answers to two open questions from [15]. (1) For every set C countably determined over A, if C is Π 0 α (Σ 0 α ) then it must be Π 0 α (Σ 0 α ) over A, and (2) every Borel subset of the product of two internal sets X and Y all of whose vertical sections are Π 0 α (Σ 0 α ) can be represented as an intersection (union) of Borel sets with (...) vertical sections of lower Borel rank. We in fact show that (2) is a consequence of the analogous result in the case when X is a measurable space and Y a complete separable metric space (Polish space) which was proved by A. Louveau and that (1) is equivalent to the property shared by the inverse standard part map in Polish spaces of preserving almost all levels of the Borel hierarchy. (shrink)

Type two cuts, bad cuts and very bad cuts are introduced in [10] for studying the relationship between Loeb measure and U-topology of a hyperfinite time line in an ω 1 -saturated nonstandard universe. The questions concerning the existence of those cuts are asked there. In this paper we answer, fully or partially, some of those questions by showing that: (1) type two cuts exist, (2) the ℵ 1 -isomorphism property implies that bad cuts exist, but no bad cuts are (...) very bad. (shrink)

In § 1 of this paper, we characterize the isomorphism property of nonstandard universes in terms of the realization of some second-order types in model theory. In § 2, several applications are given. One of the applications answers a question of D. Ross in [this Journal, vol. 55 (1990), pp. 1233-1242] about infinite Loeb measure spaces.

In an ω1-saturated nonstandard universe a cut is an initial segment of the hyperintegers which is closed under addition. Keisler and Leth in [KL] introduced, for each given cut U, a corresponding U-topology on the hyperintegers by letting O be U-open if for any x ∈ O there is a y greater than all the elements in U such that the interval $\lbrack x - y, x + y\rbrack \subseteq O$ . Let U be a cut in a hyperfinite time (...) line H, which is a hyperfinite initial segment of the hyperintegers. A subset B of H is called a U-Lusin set in H if B is uncountable and for any Loeb-Borel U-meager subset X of H, B ∩ X is countable. Here a Loeb-Borel set is an element of the σ-algebra generated by all internal subsets of H. In this paper we answer some questions of Keisler and Leth about the existence of U-Lusin sets by proving the following facts. (1) If $U = x/\mathbb{N} = \{y \in \mathscr{H}: \forall n \in \mathbb{N}(y < x/n)\}$ for some x ∈ H, then there exists a U-Lusin set of power κ if and only if there exists a Lusin set of the reals of power κ. (2) If U ≠ x/N but the coinitiality of U is ω, then there are no U-Lusin sets if CH fails. (3) Under ZFC there exists a nonstandard universe in which U-Lusin sets exist for every cut U with uncountable cofinality and coinitiality. (4) In any ω2-saturated nonstandard universe there are no U-Lusin sets for all cuts U except U = x/N. (shrink)

In an ω1-saturated nonstandard universe a cut is an initial segment of the hyperintegers which is closed under addition. Keisler and Leth in [KL] introduced, for each given cut U, a corresponding U-topology on the hyperintegers by letting O be U-open if for any x ∈ O there is a y greater than all the elements in U such that the interval $\lbrack x - y, x + y\rbrack \subseteq O$ . Let U be a cut in a hyperfinite time (...) line H, which is a hyperfinite initial segment of the hyperintegers. U is called a good cut if there exists a U-meager subset of H of Loeb measure one. Otherwise U is bad. In this paper we discuss the questions of Keisler and Leth about the existence of bad cuts and related cuts. We show that assuming $\mathbf{b} > \omega_1$, every hyperfinite time line has a cut with both cofinality and coinitiality uncountable. We construct bad cuts in a nonstandard universe under ZFC. We also give two results about the existence of other kinds of cuts. (shrink)