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  1. How Should the Precautionary Principle Apply to Pregnant Women in Clinical Research?Indira S. E. van der Zande, Rieke van der Graaf, Martijin A. Oudijk & Johannes J. M. van Delden - 2021 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 46 (5):516-529.
    The precautionary principle is often invoked in relation to pregnant women and may be one of the underlying reasons for their continuous underrepresentation in clinical research. The principle is appealing, because potential fetal harm as a result of research participation is considered to be serious and irreversible. In our paper, we explore through conceptual analysis whether and if so how the precautionary principle should apply to pregnant women. We argue that the principle is a decision-making strategy underlying risk-benefit decisions in (...)
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