In den westlichen Industrienationen gilt das Prinzip der informierten Einwilligung als das Zentralelement medizinischer Forschungsethik. In anderen, stärker die Relationalität als die Individualität von Personen betonenden Kulturen hingegen werden medizinische Entscheidungen traditionell eher durch die Gemeinschaft bzw. ihr Oberhaupt getroffen. Um verschiedenen kulturellen Normen gerecht zu werden, wird international tätigen Forschungsteams häufig empfohlen, den Community Consent und den Informed Consent einzuholen. Ausschlaggebend soll dabei letztlich der Informed Consent des Individuums sein. Es soll die Teilnahme auch dann verweigern können, wenn die (...) Gemeinschaft bzw. ihr Repräsentant dem Vorhaben zugestimmt hat. Der Beitrag diskutiert, ob eine solche Kopplung von Community Consent und Informed Consent tatsächlich geeignet ist, den Ansprüchen beider Prinzipien gerecht zu werden. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Kopplung von Community Consent und Informed Consent ethisch problematisch ist, wenn der Gemeinschaft hierbei ein Vetorecht eingeräumt wird, das geeignet ist, die Realisation konträrer individueller Interessen und damit das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Betroffenen zu unterlaufen. Um zu gewährleisten, dass in interkulturellen Forschungszusammenhängen sowohl der individuellen als auch der relationalen Autonomie von Personen angemessener Raum gewährt wird, wäre es empfehlenswert, den Informed Consent ausdrücklich mit einer Community Consultation zu koppeln. Hier käme die Entscheidung gegen, aber auch für eine Studienteilnahme in letzter Instanz klar dem Individuum zu, während die Vorzüge einer Einbeziehung der Gemeinschaft in den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess anerkannt und genutzt werden könnten. (shrink)

Non è un caso che l’enhancement umano, cioè il potenziamento di capacità fisiche, cognitive ed emotive degli esseri umani con l’ausilio di tecnologie, sia diventato un tema centrale nei dibattiti etico-applicativi e nei tentativi contemporanei di arrivare a una comprensione più adeguata della natura umana. In esso si incontrano quesiti decisamente ricchi e complessi, sia dal punto di vista tecnoscientifico e medico sia da quello filosofico – e lo fanno in un modo che ci permette di vedere questi quesiti sotto (...) una nuova luce. Il numero raccoglie alcune voci italiane, tedesche, inglesi e statunitensi su diversi aspetti della problematica dell’enhancement umano. Tra le tematiche discusse troviamo il potenziamento genetico, le dimensioni etiche dell’enhancement, la relazione uomo-tecnologia, il cosiddetto enhancement morale, la relazione tra enhancement ed eugenetica, la distinzione tra potenziamento e terapia e la rilevanza delle neuroscienze per lo sviluppo futuro delle bio-tecnologie, della medicina e dell’etica. (shrink)

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation’s Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights refers to the importance of cultural diversity and pluralism in ethical discourse and care of humanity. The aim of this meta-narrative review is to identify indigenous ethical values pertaining to the Ojibway, Xhosa, and Mayan cultures from peer-reviewed sources and cultural review, and to ascertain if there are shared commonalities. Three main themes were identified, namely illness, healing, and health care choices. Illness was described with a (...) more complex and dynamic picture than from the western view, as illness is not considered to be one dimensional. Healing needs to take place on various levels in order to restore a state of equilibrium between the different spheres. Health care choices were also considered from a multi-level perspective. In all three of the indigenous cultures explored, good decision-making is seen to have occurred when choices are informed by commitments to one’s moral and ethical responsibilities towards the community, nature, and the spirit world. (shrink)

In den westlichen Industrienationen gilt das Prinzip der informierten Einwilligung als das Zentralelement medizinischer Forschungsethik. In anderen, stärker die Relationalität als die Individualität von Personen betonenden Kulturen hingegen werden medizinische Entscheidungen traditionell eher durch die Gemeinschaft bzw. ihr Oberhaupt getroffen. Um verschiedenen kulturellen Normen gerecht zu werden, wird international tätigen Forschungsteams häufig empfohlen, den Community Consent und den Informed Consent einzuholen. Ausschlaggebend soll dabei letztlich der Informed Consent des Individuums sein. Es soll die Teilnahme auch dann verweigern können, wenn die (...) Gemeinschaft bzw. ihr Repräsentant dem Vorhaben zugestimmt hat. Der Beitrag diskutiert, ob eine solche Kopplung von Community Consent und Informed Consent tatsächlich geeignet ist, den Ansprüchen beider Prinzipien gerecht zu werden. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Kopplung von Community Consent und Informed Consent ethisch problematisch ist, wenn der Gemeinschaft hierbei ein Vetorecht eingeräumt wird, das geeignet ist, die Realisation konträrer individueller Interessen und damit das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Betroffenen zu unterlaufen. Um zu gewährleisten, dass in interkulturellen Forschungszusammenhängen sowohl der individuellen als auch der relationalen Autonomie von Personen angemessener Raum gewährt wird, wäre es empfehlenswert, den Informed Consent ausdrücklich mit einer Community Consultation zu koppeln. Hier käme die Entscheidung gegen, aber auch für eine Studienteilnahme in letzter Instanz klar dem Individuum zu, während die Vorzüge einer Einbeziehung der Gemeinschaft in den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess anerkannt und genutzt werden könnten. (shrink)

BackgroundAs suggested by Shook and Giordano, understanding and therefore addressing the urgent international governance issues around globalizing bio-medical/technology research and applications is limited by the perception of the underlying science.MethodsA philosophical methodology is used, based on novel and classical philosophical reflection upon existent literature, clinical wisdoms and narrative theory to discover a meta-science and telos of humankind for the development of a relevant and defendable global biomedical bioethics.ResultsIn this article, through pondering an integrative systems approach, I propose a biomedical model (...) that may provide Western biomedicine with leadership and interesting insight into the unity beyond the artificial boundaries of its traditional divisions and the limit between physiological and pathological situations. A unified biomedicine, as scientific foundation, might then provide the basis for dissolution of similar reflected boundaries within bioethics. A principled and communitarian cosmopolitan bioethics may then be synonymous with a recently proposed principled and communitarian cosmopolitan neuroethics based on a novel objective meta-ethics. In an attempt to help facilitate equal and inclusive participation in inter-, multi-, and transdisciplinary intercultural discourse regarding the aforementioned international governance issues, I offer: a meta-science derived through considering the general behaviour of activity, plasticity and balance in biology and; a novel thought framework to encourage and enhance the ability for self-evaluation, self-criticism, and self-revision aimed at broadening perspective, as well as acknowledging and responding to the strengths and limitations of extant knowledge.ConclusionsThrough classical philosophical reflection, I evolve a theory of medicine to discover a telos of humankind which in turn provides an ‘internal’ moral grounding for a proposed global biomedical bioethics. (shrink)

In the 1970s “bioethics” emerged as a new interdisciplinary discourse on medicine, health care, and medical technologies, primarily in Western, developed countries. The main focus was on how individual patients could be empowered to cope with the challenges of science and technology. Since the 1990s, the main source of bioethical problems is the process of globalization, particularly neo-liberal market ideology. Faced with new challenges such as poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, hunger, pandemics, and organ trafficking the bioethical discourse of empowering individuals (...) is no longer sufficient. Global bioethics nowadays is concerned with applying and implementing a universal ethical framework. Islamic bioethics has contributed to creating such framework (exemplified in the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights) while at the same time it is continuously articulating and interpreting this framework in specific settings and contexts. (shrink)

Short-term humanitarian medical volunteerism has grown significantly among both clinicians and trainees over the past several years. Increasingly, both volunteers and their respective institutions have faced important challenges in regard to medical ethics and professional codes that should not be overlooked. We explore these potential concerns and their risk factors in three categories: ethical responsibilities in patient care, professional responsibility to communities and populations, and institutional responsibilities towards trainees. We discuss factors increasing the risk of harm to patients and communities, (...) including inadequate preparation, the use of advanced technology and the translation of Western medicine, issues with clinical epidemiology and test utility, difficulties with the principles of justice and clinical justice, the lack of population-based medicine, sociopolitical effects of foreign aid, volunteer stress management, and need for sufficient trainee supervision. We review existing resources and offer suggestions for future skill-based training, organisational responsibilities, and ethical preparation. (shrink)

In the 1970s “bioethics” emerged as a new interdisciplinary discourse on medicine, health care, and medical technologies, primarily in Western, developed countries. The main focus was on how individual patients could be empowered to cope with the challenges of science and technology. Since the 1990s, the main source of bioethical problems is the process of globalization, particularly neo‐liberal market ideology. Faced with new challenges such as poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, hunger, pandemics, and organ trafficking the bioethical discourse of empowering individuals (...) is no longer sufficient. Global bioethics nowadays is concerned with applying and implementing a universal ethical framework. Islamic bioethics has contributed to creating such framework (exemplified in the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights) while at the same time it is continuously articulating and interpreting this framework in specific settings and contexts. (shrink)

The ethics of providing health care in resource-poor environments is a complex topic. It implies two related questions: What can we do with the resources on hand? Of all the things we can do, which ones should we do? “Resource-poor” environments are situations in which clinicians, organizations, or healthcare systems have the knowledge and skills, but not the means, to carry out highly effective and beneficial interventions. Determinants of a population’s health often rely less on disease and injury management than (...) on recognizing and meeting their basic needs. Many of the world’s people with the greatest health problems live in fragile contexts and remote areas. Their access to food, safe water, personal safety, improved sanitation facilities, and health care remains elusive, with availability often based on socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, or geography. Of course, ethical international healthcare work also requires an understanding of the illnesses and injuries that most frequently plague the population. To function ethically and to know both what can and what should be done with available resources, individuals and organizations involved in international healthcare must be experienced, adaptable, culturally sensitive, inspired, situationally aware, beneficent, courageous, honest, and fair. (shrink)

Definition of the problem: The question whether a prohibition of physician-assisted suicide is justifiable plays a prominent role in recent debate about this practice. Many authors argue that assisted suicide is an issue of individual choice, that a prohibition would base on particular conceptions of the good and that such a justification is not acceptable in a liberal society. Arguments: Within the frame of a communitarian approach the article demonstrates that the handling of dying and what physicians are allowed to (...) do is central for society and the professional identity of physicians and that every ethical position within this debate unavoidably rests upon certain conceptions of the good. Conclusion: Therefore it is necessary to deal with these conceptions in a transparent way and it is justifiable to impose a prohibition of physician-assisted suicide based on a conception of the common good that does not consult supposed social consequences. (shrink)

The ethics of providing health care in resource-poor environments is a complex topic. It implies two related questions: What can we do with the resources on hand? Of all the things we can do, which ones should we do? “Resource-poor” environments are situations in which clinicians, organizations, or healthcare systems have the knowledge and skills, but not the means, to carry out highly effective and beneficial interventions. Determinants of a population’s health often rely less on disease and injury management than (...) on recognizing and meeting their basic needs. Many of the world’s people with the greatest health problems live in fragile contexts and remote areas. Their access to food, safe water, personal safety, improved sanitation facilities, and health care remains elusive, with availability often based on socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, or geography. Of course, ethical international healthcare work also requires an understanding of the illnesses and injuries that most frequently plague the population. To function ethically and to know both what can and what should be done with available resources, individuals and organizations involved in international healthcare must be experienced, adaptable, culturally sensitive, inspired, situationally aware, beneficent, courageous, honest, and fair. (shrink)