In recent years a concern with the value of personal autonomy has come to dominate discussions in medical ethics. This emphasis on autonomy has naturally led to discussions of what criteria must be met for a person to be autonomous, or to be autonomous with respect to her decisions, her actions, or those of her desires that motivate her to make or to perform the decisions or the actions that she makes or does. It has also led to discussions of (...) whether autonomy is valuable in itself, instrumentally valuable, or whether its value is a combination of the two: that a person’s autonomy is valuable to her not merely as a means to securing something else that she finds valuable, but is valuable as its possession is part of what makes her life go well.Questions that concern the value of autonomy are necessarily linked to the prior question of the precise nature of autonomy. There are two main approaches to answering this question within the Western philosophical tradition. The first is Kantian .. (shrink)

This master thesis studies to what degree Responsible Research & Innovation can be applied to the concept of the Digital Self. In order to examine this properly, it focuses on aspects of privacy, ownership and democracy. This work is inspired by the digital health domain, where a growing number of patients become enabled to benefit from AI-powered clinical decision sup port. Aim of this study is to provide insight into what cases can be considered for exploring new design requirements for (...) digital health applications. Increasingly, we use technology to manage our daily digital selves. Our smartphones, being examples of extensions of ourselves, are able to empower us as citizens within a democracy. The decision-making process belongs more and more to the realm of artificial intelligence, powering our extended selves with algorithms. Although the era of the DS has already begun, it remains unnoticed by the paradigm of RRI. Instead of empowering informational self-determination, RRI tends to be overprotective of an outdated concept of what it is like to act as a human within a democracy which is obviously reshaped by digitization. In order to maintain our general understanding of a democracy, there is a need for a concept of the DS in the near future. Not only will the DS-concept have the capacity to empower a democratic citizen, it will also be able to empower patients within a digital health environment. Due to the data hunger of large technology companies and governments, it has already become clear that the rise of digitization comes with a price for our society and our health. Therefore, it is the DS concept that can make a difference in contributing to ethical and social standards. If the future of digital health offers us – additional to human medical stakeholders – AI-powered digital health apps to increase the quality of healthcare, we have the duty to take our values into account when designing such apps. (shrink)

This special thematic issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy brings together a cross-cultural set of scholars from Asia, Europe, and North America critically to explore foundational questions of familial authority and the implications of such findings for organ procurement policies designed to increase access to transplantation. The substantial disparity between the available supply of human organs and demand for organ transplantation creates significant pressure to manipulate public policy to increase organ procurement. As the articles in this issue explore, (...) however, even if well intentioned, the desire to maximize organ procurement does not justify undermining foundational elements of human flourishing, such as the family. While defending at times quite different understandings of autonomy, informed consent, and familial authority, each author makes clear that a principled appreciation of the family is necessary. Otherwise, health care practice will treat the family in a cynical and instrumental fashion unlikely to support social or individual good. (shrink)