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  1. Failures of Scale Separation in Biology and the Problem of Inter-Level Causation.Tudor M. Baetu - forthcoming - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science:1-19.
    A conflict between evidence for causation and the metaphysical requirement of spatiotemporal distinct causal relata arises if the results of experiments commonly described as ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ are taken to demonstrate ontological determination dependencies between parts and wholes or their respective behaviours. It has been argued that the problem can be circumvented if experimental results are interpreted in terms of relationships between variables measured and manipulated at separating scales. I argue that scale separation fails in the case of biological phenomena (...)
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