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  1. (Meta)systems as constraints on variation— a classification and natural history of metasystem transitions.Francis Heylighen - 1995 - World Futures 45 (1):59-85.
    A new conceptual framework is proposed to situate and integrate the parallel theories of Turchin, Powers, Campbell and Simon. A system is defined as a constraint on variety. This entails a 2 × 2 × 2 classification scheme for “higher‐order” systems, using the dimensions of constraint, (static) variety, and (dynamic) variation. The scheme distinguishes two classes of metasystems from supersystems and other types of emergent phenomena. Metasystems are defined as constrained variations of constrained variety. Control is characterized as a constraint (...)
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  • Semantic control systems.Cliff Joslyn - 1995 - World Futures 45 (1):87-123.
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