Ecological research and conservation practice frequently raise difficult and varied ethical questions for scientific investigators and managers, including duties to public welfare, nonhuman individuals (i.e., animals and plants), populations, and ecosystems. The field of environmental ethics has contributed much to the understanding of general duties and values to nature, but it has not developed the resources to address the diverse and often unique practical concerns of ecological researchers and managers in the field, lab, and conservation facility. The emerging field of (...) “ecological ethics” is a practical or scientific ethics that offers a superior approach to the ethical dilemmas of the ecologist and conservation manager. Even though ecological ethics necessarily draws from the principles and commitments of mainstream environmental ethics, it is normatively pluralistic, including as well the frameworks of animal, research, and professional ethics. It is also methodologically pragmatic, focused on the practical problems of researchers and managers and informed by these problems in turn. The ecological ethics model offers environmental scientists and practitioners a useful analytical tool for identifying, clarifying, and harmonizing values and positions in challenging ecological research and management situations. Just as bioethics provides a critical intellectual and problem-solving service to the biomedical community, ecological ethics can help inform and improve ethical decision making in the ecology and conservation communities. (shrink)

Given the possibilities of synthetic biology, weapons of mass destruction and global climate change, humans may achieve the capacity globally to alter life. This crisis calls for an ethics that furnishes effective motives to take global action necessary for survival. We propose a research program for understanding why ethical principles change across time and culture. We also propose provisional motives and methods for reaching global consensus on engineering field ethics. Current interdisciplinary research in ethics, psychology, neuroscience and evolutionary theory grounds (...) these proposals. Experimental ethics, the application of scientific principles to ethical studies, provides a model for developing policies to advance solutions. A growing literature proposes evolutionary explanations for moral development. Connecting these approaches necessitates an experimental or scientific ethics that deliberately examines theories of morality for reliability. To illustrate how such an approach works, we cover three areas. The first section analyzes cross-cultural ethical systems in light of evolutionary theory. While such research is in its early stages, its assumptions entail consequences for engineering education. The second section discusses Howard University and University of Puerto Rico/Mayagüez (UPRM) courses that bring ethicists together with scientists and engineers to unite ethical theory and practice. We include a syllabus for engineering and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) ethics courses and a checklist model for translating educational theory and practice into community action. The model is based on aviation, medicine and engineering practice. The third and concluding section illustrates Howard University and UPRM efforts to translate engineering educational theory into community action. Multidisciplinary teams of engineering students and instructors take their expertise from the classroom to global communities to examine further the ethicality of prospective technologies and the decision-making processes that lead to them. (shrink)

El acelerado proceso de degradación ambiental alerta sobre una grave situación en la que la inteligencia artificial (IA) no puede mantenerse al margen. Las propuestas de Aimee van Wynsbergue y Mark Coeckelbergh sobre una IA comprometida con la sostenibilidad ambiental, suponen un primer paso para plantear un desarrollo alternativo de esta tecnología disruptiva. Sin embargo, es necesario ofrecer un fundamento teórico para plantear una inteligencia artificial sostenible (IAS). Este fundamento puede originarse en dos propuestas éticas familiarizadas con la responsabilidad y (...) el cuidado. Por un lado, se encuentra la ética de la responsabilidad de Hans Jonas; y por otro, las éticas del cuidado de Carol Gilligan y los pueblos indígenas, fuertemente sensibilizados con la naturaleza. (shrink)

Ethical dissonance arises from conflicts between beliefs or behaviors and affects ethical factors such as normality or conformity. This paper proposes a weak signal-oriented framework to investigate ethical dissonance from experiences linked to human–machine interactions. It is based on a systems engineering principle called human-systems inclusion, which considers any experience feedback of weak signals as beneficial to learn. The framework studies weak signal-based scenarios from testimonies of individual experiences and these scenarios are assessed by other people. For this purpose, the (...) framework proposes several databases as sources of weak signals, formalization tools of experience feedback of weak signals, models of references of conformity, ethical factors, and a list of examples of ethical dissonance. It also includes sequential steps to make the latter credible regarding the results from the experimental protocols. The framework was used to investigate ethical dissonance by analyzing experiences pertaining to achieving inclusive mobility. The first example focuses on ethical dissonance in terms of hindrance that goes against autonomous mobility due to a misunderstanding of how the system functions in terms of negative and positive emotions. Two other examples present possible ethical dissonance when the use of safety systems such as car driver-assistance systems, may create danger. Investigating ethical dissonance can then help system-inclusive design or evaluation processes by taking into account scenarios from weak signal-based experiences and making them credible. (shrink)