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  1. Answers to these comments.Ernst Mayr - 1987 - Biology and Philosophy 2 (2):212-225.
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  • Can abstractions be causes?David M. Johnson - 1990 - Biology and Philosophy 5 (1):63-77.
    The Empiricist or Lockean view says natural kinds do not exist objectively in nature but are practical categories reflecting use of words. The Modern, Ostensive view says they do exist, and one can refer to such a kind by ostention and recursion, assuming his designation of it is related causally to the kind itself. However, this leads to a problem: Kinds are abstract repeatables, and it seems impossible that abstractions could have causal force. In defence of the Modern view, I (...)
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  • The individuality thesis, essences, and laws of nature.Michael T. Ghiselin - 1988 - Biology and Philosophy 3 (4):467-474.
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  • Kinds of kinds: Individuality and biological species.Ronald de Sousa - 1989 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 3 (2):119 – 135.
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