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  1. Shadows of complexity: what biological networks reveal about epistasis and pleiotropy.Anna L. Tyler, Folkert W. Asselbergs, Scott M. Williams & Jason H. Moore - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (2):220-227.
    Pleiotropy, in which one mutation causes multiple phenotypes, has traditionally been seen as a deviation from the conventional observation in which one gene affects one phenotype. Epistasis, or gene–gene interaction, has also been treated as an exception to the Mendelian one gene–one phenotype paradigm. This simplified perspective belies the pervasive complexity of biology and hinders progress toward a deeper understanding of biological systems. We assert that epistasis and pleiotropy are not isolated occurrences, but ubiquitous and inherent properties of biomolecular networks. (...)
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  • Revisiting “scale-free” networks.Evelyn Fox Keller - 2005 - Bioessays 27 (10):1060-1068.
    Recent observations of power-law distributions in the connectivity of complex networks came as a big surprise to researchers steeped in the tradition of random networks. Even more surprising was the discovery that power-law distributions also characterize many biological and social networks. Many attributed a deep significance to this fact, inferring a “universal architecture” of complex systems. Closer examination, however, challenges the assumptions that (1) such distributions are special and (2) they signify a common architecture, independent of the system's specifics. The (...)
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  • A biological cosmos of parallel universes: Does protein structural plasticity facilitate evolution?Sebastian Meier & Suat Özbek - 2007 - Bioessays 29 (11):1095-1104.
    While Darwin pictured organismal evolution as “descent with modification” more than 150 years ago, a detailed reconstruction of the basic evolutionary transitions at the molecular level is only emerging now. In particular, the evolution of today's protein structures and their concurrent functions has remained largely mysterious, as the destruction of these structures by mutation seems far easier than their construction. While the accumulation of genomic and structural data has indicated that proteins are related via common ancestors, naturally occurring protein structures (...)
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  • Revisiting ``scale-free'' networks.Evelyn Fox Keller - 2005 - Bioessays 27 (10):1060-1068.
    Recent observations of power-law distributions in the connectivity of complex networks came as a big surprise to researchers steeped in the tradition of random networks. Even more surprising was the discovery that power-law distributions also characterize many biological and social networks. Many attributed a deep significance to this fact, inferring a “universal architecture” of complex systems. Closer examination, however, challenges the assumptions that (1) such distributions are special and (2) they signify a common architecture, independent of the system's specifics. The (...)
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  • Bioactive peptides, networks and systems biology.Kurt Boonen, John W. Creemers & Liliane Schoofs - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (3):300-314.
    Bioactive peptides are a group of diverse intercellular signalling molecules. Almost half a century of research on this topic has resulted in an enormous amount of data. In this essay, a general perspective to interpret all these data will be given. In classical endocrinology, neuropeptides were thought of as simple signalling molecules that each elicit one response. However, the fact that the total bioactive peptide signal is far from simple puts this view under pressure. Cells and tissues express many different (...)
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