Abstract

In the ongoing fight against infectious diseases, a subtle yet formidable threat is emerging: biocides. These chemical agents, widely employed to control harmful microorganisms across households, hospitals, agriculture, and industry, play an indispensable role in maintaining hygiene and preventing infections. However, as highlighted in a recent comprehensive review by Sousa et al. (2025), their excessive and often unregulated use is contributing to the alarming rise of antibiotic resistance—a growing concern for both public health and environmental sustainability.