Abstract

Title: Explaining the Evolution of Male and Female Through the Universal Formula of Natural Balance Author: Angelito Malicse Abstract: This paper presents a formal explanation of the evolution of male and female sexes through the lens of the universal formula based on the law of balance In nature. By applying principles such as natural feedback mechanisms, equilibrium in systemic functions, and the necessity of defect-free operation within biological systems, the evolution of sexual differentiation is analyzed as a product of natural law. In addition, philosophical and religious insights are acknowledged, supporting the harmony between science and broader human understanding. Introduction: The universal formula developed by the author is grounded in three core natural laws: the universal law of balance, the operation of feedback mechanisms, and the requirement that all systems must function free of defects to operate correctly. This formula, originally conceived to address the problem of free will, can be applied across natural phenomena, including the biological evolution of male and female sexes. It offers a unifying principle that respects scientific rigor, philosophical reasoning, and religious belief systems. I. The Law of Balance in Nature Sexual reproduction represents a natural balance between two complementary roles. The division into male and female sexes facilitates genetic diversity, species resilience, and evolutionary adaptability. This dual structure creates a biological equilibrium where each sex contributes specific and essential functions toward reproduction, thereby maintaining the survival and continuity of species (Maynard Smith, 1978; Roughgarden, 2004). From a philosophical standpoint, balance is a universal value — echoed in classical concepts such as Aristotle’s “Golden Mean,” which emphasizes moderation and harmony. Theologically, many spiritual traditions also recognize the complementarity of masculine and feminine energies (e.g., Yin and Yang in Taoism, or the creation of male and female in Abrahamic religions). II. Feedback Mechanisms in Evolution The emergence of male and female sexes did not occur arbitrarily; rather, it was shaped by continuous feedback from the environment. Evolutionary pressures, such as resource availability, mating competition, and survival challenges, influenced the development of sex-specific traits and behaviors. Internal feedback (hormonal, genetic) and external feedback (ecological and social conditions) work together to refine these characteristics over generations (Darwin, 1871; West-Eberhard, 2003). Philosophically, feedback reflects the dialectical process — the evolution of ideas or forms through interaction and contradiction. In a religious sense, feedback can be likened to moral cause and effect, as expressed in the law of karma, where consequences serve as feedback for moral learning and balance. III. System Functionality and Elimination of Defects In accordance with the third law of the universal formula, biological systems must operate without defects. Sexual reproduction as a system is interdependent: if either the male or female function fails, reproduction cannot occur, leading to extinction. Natural selection acts as a mechanism that continuously eliminates biological “defects” — traits that reduce reproductive success — ensuring that the system of male and female remains efficient and viable (Williams, 1966; Dawkins, 1976). This mirrors the philosophical principle that a coherent system must be internally consistent. In religious contexts, sacred texts often describe creation as “good” or “perfect” (e.g., Genesis 1:31), suggesting that natural systems were designed to work without defect — a view that resonates with the principle of systemic integrity in the universal formula. Conclusion: The evolution of male and female sexes is not random but a necessary development governed by the universal laws of nature. By applying the universal formula, it becomes evident that sexual differentiation serves as a balanced, feedback-informed, and functionally sound system that supports the survival and advancement of life. This framework not only aligns with biological evidence but also integrates philosophical reasoning and religious understanding. Thus, the universal formula provides a bridge that unites scientific, spiritual, and philosophical dimensions of human knowledge. Keywords: universal formula, law of balance, feedback mechanism, sexual reproduction, natural selection, system function, philosophy, religion, free will References: Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray. Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press. Maynard Smith, J. (1978). The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge University Press. Roughgarden, J. (2004). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press. West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press. Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton University Press. Aristotle. (350 BCE). Nicomachean Ethics. (Translated by W.D. Ross). Laozi. (6th Century BCE). Tao Te Ching. The Holy Bible. (n.d.). Genesis 1:27, 1:31. Upanishads. (n.d.). Various texts on the unity of opposites and balance. Malicse, A. (2023). The Universal Formula for Solving the Problem of Free Will (Unpublished manuscript).