Abstract
Chiastic order is an ancient expression for cross-classification. Cross-classification, in turn, is one of
many terms used for the operation of conjoining or cross-mapping one domain, class or set of concepts
with another. As such, it is the primordial form of non-quantified modelling and combinatory
heuristics. This article presents a brief epistemological history of non-quantified modelling: its
prehistory in the form of rhetorical chiasmus; its early (pre-symbolic) use by Plato as a cross-order
(paradigmatic) modelling method; and its “modern” (symbolic) use by Leibniz as a calculus of
concepts. It will also be shown how classification theory itself is built on a cross-classificatory
construct involving two fundamental logical/structural relationships: subordination and conjunction.
Finally, examples of modern computer-aided, non-quantified modal modelling are presented in the
areas of design theory, operational research and decision science.